CHEMICAL NEWS, Jan. 15, 1915

35

Gain by regenerative working: Theoretically the energy saved by using steam from the boiler to generate electricity is about 15 per cent.

Gain by oxygenated air: By blowing through the furnace equal parts of oxygen and nitrogen instead of 21 and 79 parts, as they exist in ordinary air, the yield is increased in the ratio of 4 to 5, or by 20 per cent.

Gain by increased temperature: The yield increases from 819 to 1850 kg. per k.w. year, or 225 per cent, when the temperature of the arc flames is increased from 3200° C. to 4200° C., or only 30 per cent.

I claim that a combined three phase arc flame is hotter and acts on more of the air than three single-phase flames each in separate furnaces, and that taken in conjunction with the other features of the design detailed above, including the effective cooling by a boiler, using the steam so raised regeneratively, and also blowing oxygenated air through the furnace, a yield considerably in excess of that obtained in Norway is possible.

Manufacture.-When considering manufacturing, one naturally thinks first of water power. It is true that such powers as we have are not large, but the assumption that they are not worth harnessing, or if developed electric products cannot be made profitable, is quite untrue. The success of the aluminium works in North Wales and Scotland is evidence of that. No doubt in the future nitrates will be made by electric energy from a water power, but it is not necessary to wait for that. Even if Norway could compete, the establishment of factories in this country to make nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, and sodium nitrate from the air is a national duty. They are urgently wanted for explosives and for the aniline dye industry.

Model furnaces were shown at work and the paper was illustrated with lantern slides and diagrams.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis. Edited by GEORGE LUNGE, Ph.D., Dr. Ing. English Translation edited by CHARLES ALEXANDER KEANE, D.Sc., Ph.D. Volume III., Part II. London: Gurney and Jackson.

1914.

THE second part of Volume III. of Lunge's compendious work on technical analysis deals with sugar, starch, alcoholic liquors, paper, textile fibres, and inorganic colours. In the section on sugar many additions have been made to the descriptions of the technical analysis of the sugar beet and its products, and those who are in terested in the project of the establishment of a British sugar industry will find much valuable information in it. The section on brewing materials and beer has been entirely re-written for the English edition by Messrs. Arthur R. Ling and G. Cecil Jones, and that on inorganic colours, and in fact the whole of the text, has been very thoroughly revised by some of the best known British experts.

Food Products. By HENRY C. SHERMAN, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1914.

In this book succinct accounts are given of the composition and food value of the more important classes of foods. The production of each article of food in the United States and elsewhere, and their preparation for

Then the composition and nutritive value are described, and very interesting discussions of the place of each substance in the diet follow. The advice given by the author as to choice of foods, quantities, &c., is based upon sound economic considerations and will be very useful to all who are interested in catering. Copious tables of analysis are included, and much attention is paid to legislation applied to foods, which, although relating chiefly to America, is by no means devoid of interest for English readers.

London University Guide and University Correspondence College Calendar, 1915.

THIS guide, which is issued gratis by the University Correspondence College, gives full information relating to the regulations of the examinations of the University to be held in 1915 and 1916, and to the classes of the college. An interesting account is included of the history and constitution of the University, and sound advice is given as to the choice of text-books for the more important examinations.

CORRESPONDENCE.

NATIONAL DYE INDUSTRY.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-I have read with very great interest the letter published in to-day's Press by Mr. C. Diamond on the National Dye Scheme. The impression that is left on one's mind after reading the letter, and I do not wish to be unfair to Mr. Diamond, is that the hard-headed business men of Lancashire and Yorkshire are wiser than Mr. Diamond.

The Government Scheme is a palliative, and only forms a part of a very much larger issue. Apart from this consideration it is a most unsound proposal financially.

Business men and the public are asked to subscribe £3,000,000 to establish a National Dye Industry, and the Government will find £1,500,000 on the security of the £3,000,000. There is some wiseacre at the Treasury who knows something. Had the proposition been attractive and had the proper working conditions been there, it would surely have been accomplished long before the declaration of War, but the position of the dye and allied industries is no better off to-day than it was nine months ago.

The whole problem forms part of a very much larger issue. The working conditions which at present surround the whole of our national industries must be considered in their entirety.

At the conclusion of the War we can safely assume that if the working conditions are the same in this country as existed prior to the declaration of War, the German chemical industry will resume the campaign with increased vigour, and should that event happen those who find the three million pounds to establish a National Dye Industry in this country, would realise that what they may now look upon as an investment is in reality a speculation.

The cost of production of articles of utility are continuously on the decrease and never on the increase, even in countries having a protective tariff, and for Mr. Diamond to make the statement that the cost of dues would be increased to the consumer by the extent of a tariff is to weaken his case. If he had stated that, if a tariff were placed on the raw or natural materials, the consumer of the raw or natural materials would have to pay the tariff, business men would agree with him; but to say that a tariff, if imposed on a manufactured article, would be paid by the consumer is to state a proposition which is not correct. However, history has a good deal to teach us as to the manner in which we have arrived at

our present position, and if any fault is to be found on the historical side it is to be found in the fact that the study of the Science of Production has been left too long with those who are largely engaged in the development of political constitutions. The leading industrialists of to-day are, however, owing to the advance of Science and Education, in a much better position to state precisely the requisite working conditions that are required to produce articles of utility at the lowest possible cost, and incidentally to procure the maximum production of wealth from industry.

The difficulties surrounding the dye industry at the present moment form part of a very much larger issue, which is now being dealt with by the Institute of Industry

and Commerce.

{

MISCELLANEOUS.

CHEMICAL NEWS Jan. 15, 1915

Literary Intelligence.-As usual, the new issue of the British Pharmacopoeia will be accompanied by the publication of several books which are based upon and supplement the information contained in the official work. In this connection we draw attention to Messrs. J. and A. Churchill's announcements :-"Materia Medica," 14th edition, by Dr. W. Hale White, Physician to Guy's Hospital; "The Book of Prescriptions," 10th edition, by Mr. E. W. Lucas, a member of the B.P. Reference Committee; "The Book of Pharmacopoeias," by Mr. E. W. Lucas and Mr. H. B. Stevens. This is a new book, containing about 5000 formulæ, British and foreign, arranged on a comparative system.

MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK.

J. TAYLOR PEddie, Vice-President and Chairman.

Institute of Industry and Commerce, January 11, 1915.

CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN SOURCES.

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. Vol. clix., No. 23, December 7, 1914. Electrolytic Dissociation of Acetylene and its Metallic Derivatives.-M. Skossarewsky.-The electrolytic dissociation of acetylene and of its monosodium derivative in solution in liquid ammonia is shown by determinations of conductivity. The dissociation of acetylene increases with the dilution of the solution. The thermic coefficient of the specific conductivity is equal to about 2 per cent per degree, and is almost independent of the concentration. When the mono-sodium derivative of acetylene is electrolysed complex products are obtained, which the author intends to investigate.

Molecular Transposition in the Cyclohexane Series: Passage to the Cyclopentane Series.-M. Tiffeneau. - When the iodohydrine of cyclohexane diol is subjected to the action of silver nitrate, cyclopentane carbonic aldehyde is obtained. HI is first eliminated, the cyclic chain opens and then closes on a new carbon, and thus the passage from cyclohexane to pentane is effected. The iodohydrine derived from cyclopentene is transformed by silver nitrate into the corresponding ethylene oxide, no aldehyde being formed.

Molecular Transposition in the Phenyl Cyclohexane Series: Phenyl Migration without Formation of Cyclopentane.-Marcel le Brazidec.-In the phenylcyclohexane series the elimination of HI in the iodohydrines of the glycols, effected by the action of silver nitrate, produces only one break between carbons, and the phenyl group migrates from the para- to the meta-position. Thus a true molecular transposition takes place.

The Sir John Cass Technical Institute.-The Annual Distribution of Prizes and the opening of the new Metallurgical Laboratory by Sir Robert Mowbray, Bart., the Prime Warden of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, arranged for Wednesday, January 13, has been postponed owing to the death of Sir Owen Roberts, the Chairman of the Governing Body of the Institute.

their Production and Manufacture," by Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin.

19th.-Royal Institution, 3

TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,

"Muscle in the Service of Nerve," by Prof. C. S. Sherrington, F.R.S. 20th.-Royal Society of Arts, 8. "The Textile Industries of Great Britain and Germany," by J. A. Hunter.

THURSDAY, 21st.-Royal Institution, 3. "Modern Theories and Methods in Medicine," by H. G. Plimmer, F.R.S. Royal Society of Arts, 4.30. "Nepal," by H. J. Elwes, F.R.S.

"The

Institute of Petroleum Technologists, 8. Prospective Oilfields of Western Canada," by E. H. Cunningham Craig.

Keene.

"An

Royal Society. "Atmospheric Electricity Potential
Gradient at Kew Observatory, 1898-1912," by C.
Chree. "Transmission of Electric Waves over
the Surface of the Earth," by A. E. H. Love.
"Electromagnetic Waves in a Perfectly Con.
ducting Tube," by L. Silberstein.
Electrically-heated Full Radiator," by H. B.
Chemical, 8.30. "Guanidine-Part II, Copper
Derivatives; Part III., Potassium Derivatives;
Part IV, Silver Derivatives and Constitution,"
by H. Krall. "Studies on Alcoholysis-Part I.,
Dilatometric Determination of the Velocity of
Alcoholysis in the presence of a Large Excess of
Alcohol," by G. K. Kolhatkar. "Wet Oxida-
tion of Metals-Part IV., The Question of
Passivity," by B. Lambert." "Velocity of Ion-
isation at Low Temperatures," by A. R.
Normand. "Studies in Catalysis-Part II.,
The Inversion of Cane-sugar," by A. Lamble and
W. C. McC. Lewis. "Synthesis of p-Thiol-8-
phenylethylamine," by H. King. "Nitrites of
the Sulphonium Series-Trimethyl and Tri-
ethyl Sulphonium Nitrites," by P. C. Ray.
"Constitution of the Aminoazo-compounds," by
E. C. C. Baly and R. E. V. Hampson.
"The
Reactions of both the Ions and the Molecules of
Acids, Bases, and Salts—(1) A Re-interpretation
of the Reactions of Sodium Methylate and
Sodium Ethylate with 1.2-Dinitrobenzene,
1.2.4-Dinitrochlorbenzene, and 1.2.4-Di-
nitrobrombenzene," by S. F. Acree; (2) "The
Reactions of Sodium Ethylate with Methyl
Iodide in Absolute Ethyl Alcohol at 25°," by
H. C. Robertson and S. F. Acree; (3) "The
Conductivity and Ionisation of Sodium Ethylate,
Potassium Ethylate, Lithium Ethylate, Sodium
Phenolate, Potassium Phenolate, Lithium
Phenolate, Sodium Phenolthiourazole, Sodium
Iodide, Sodium Bromide, and Mixtures of these
Electrolytes in Absolute Ethyl Alcohol at 0°, 25°,
and 35," by H. C. Robertson and S. F. Acree;
(4) "The Reaction of Sodium Ethylate with
Ethyl Bromide and Ethyl Iodide in Absolute
Ethyl Alcohol at 25," by E. K. Marshall and
S. F. Acree. "Addition of Auxochromes in the
Flavone Group," by A. G. Perkin and E. R.
Watson.

FRIDAY, 22nd.-Royal Institution, 9. "Problems of Hydrogen and the
Rare Gases," by Sir James Dewar, F.RS., &c.
Physical, 5. "Practical Harmonic Analysis," by A.
Russell. "Measuring the Focal Length of a Photo-
graphic Lens," by T. Smith.

SATURDAY, 23rd.-Royal Institution, 3. "Aerial Navigation-Scientific Principles," by R. T. Glazebrook, C.B., F.R.S., &c.

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