heat of CO2 gas from which the specific heats are deduced; (2) a few re-measurements of the total heat of liquid CO2; and (3) a series of throttling experiments on CO2 gas.

By means of the first series the op chart, part of which was drawn in the former paper, is extended over the superheated gas area; its accuracy is then checked by means of the throttling experiments. Graphic methods are described for plotting the results of throttling experiments, and thereby checking the specific heats of the gas and position of the gas-limit curve.

Finally, an Io chart is constructed for CO2 based on the measurements described in both papers. To assist in the construction of this chart a series of theorems connecting the total heat I with the other variables p, v, 0, and are worked out, and their use in checking the accuracy of Io charts for any substances is explained.

The authors hope that the new Ip for CO2 chart, which extends and corrects Mollier's, may be of some technical value in the refrigeration industry.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Absorption Spectra of Solutions as Studied by means of the Radio-micrometer. By HARRY C. JONES and Collaborators. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution. 1915.

CHEMICAL NEWS 1 May 28, 1915

ductivity, as in binary solvents, and the formation of
solvates is a possible explanation of the difference between
these coefficients. The investigation emphasises the
already known fact that fluidity probably outweighs all
the other factors affecting conductivity. The last chapter
of the book consists of the monograph recently noticed in
the CHEMICAL NEWS. The lines of evidence in favour of
the solvate theory are summarised in it and discussed, and
the significance of the theory is well explained.
CHEMICAL

NOTICES FROM FOREIGN
SOURCES.

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie
des Sciences. Vol. clx. No. 16, April 19, 1915.
Benzofulvanol and Benzofulvene.-V. Grignard and
Ch. Courtot. - Benzofulvanol can be prepared by the
action of the magnesium derivative of indene on trioxy-
methylene. The magnesium compound is precipitated in
toluene and washed with anhydrous ether, in which it is
afterwards suspended. The calculated quantity of dry
trioxymethylene is then added, and the mixture is heated
with a reflux condenser for about five hours in an
atmosphere of hydrogen. The liquid is hydrolysed over
ice with ammonium chloride and ammonia, the ethereal
solution is dried, and the ether is distilled off at a temperature
not exceeding 50°. The residue consists of benzofulvanol,
which can be purified by distillation in vacuo. It appears
to be the a-alcohol, and it can be dehydrated quantitatively
by Senderens' catalytic method in vacuo, the product
being benzofulvene, which readily polymerises giving a
vitreous mass like colophane.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

THE working bearing directly or indirectly on the solvate theory of solution which has been done in the Johns Hopkins Laboratory during the last fifteen years has been brought together in this monograph. The first paper describes the work on the absorption spectra of solutions done by Dr. Shaeffer and Mr. Paulus. The radio-micro- Theory of Oscillation of the Indene Double Bond. meter used for studying the absorption spectra quantita--Ch. Courtot.-By the action of benzyl chloride upon the tively consisted of a thermo-electric junction attached to a magnesium derivative of indene the author has shown that loop of non-magnetic wire, the whole being suspended in the mono-substituted indenes are capable of existing in the a magnetic field. A differential method of determining free state in the a- and y-forms, the a-form being readily the transmission of light was employed, and special cells converted into the other by the action of alkalis. This were constructed for the purpose. The work of earlier phenomenon of isomerisation has made it impossible, up investigators showed that combined water has less power to the present, to isolate the a-derivatives. to absorb light than free water, and the authors have now found that solutions of some non-hydrated salts are about as transparent as pure water, except at the bottoms of the absorption bands, where they are more opaque. Solutions of hydrated salts have generally greater transparence than pure water at the centres of the absorption bands. The second chapter contains the report of Dr. Leslie D. Smith's work on the conductivities, temperature coefficients of conductivity, dissociations, and constants of some organic acids in aqueous solutions, the object of the investigation being to obtain more data over a wide range of temperature and dilution, to improve methods and discover new relations. Most of the earlier work has been confirmed, and some fresh results have been obtained. In the next paper work on the conductivity of certain organic acids in ethyl alcohol is described. For the purposes of this investigation different types of cells had to be employed owing to the high resistances of alcoholic solutions. The THURSDAY, 3rd.-Royal Institution, 3. "Methods of Presenting

investigation was of a preliminary nature only, but some very important results were obtained and certain anomalies in the variation of the conductivity were observed. It is found that with the organic acids the conductivities in alcohol are often several hundred times smaller than in water. The conductivity and viscosity of solutions of potassium iodide and sodium iodide in mixtures of ethyl alcohol and water were studied by Dr. Wightman, Dr. Davis, and Mr. Holmes, and some improvements in methods of determining them were suggested; in general the results of previous workers were confirmed. Rubidium salts in mixtures of acetone and water, and also rubidium and ammonium salts in ternary mixtures of glycerol, acetone, and water have also been investigated. conductivities of the ternary solvents indicate that water and acetone act as dissociating agents in glycerol. Temperature coefficients of fluidity are larger than for con

The

Vanillin and Benzaldehyde -The favour is requested of the aldehyde. These chemicals I have imported from Germany, but would address of an English manufacturer of vanillin and chlor-free benzlike to get same from England.-ALFR. AVEP.

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TUESDAY, June 1st.-Royal Institution, 3

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"The Evolution of Steel
Influence on Civilisation," by Prof. J. 0.
Arnold, F R.S.
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Starch in Cocoa by the use of Taka Diastase,"
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tion of B-Naphthol in Lysol and similar Com-
pounds," by R. Bodmer. "Composition of
Dutch Cheese," by J. J. L. van Ryn.

Character in Biography and Fiction," by Wilfrid
Ward.

Royal Society. "Soil Protozoa and Soil Bacteria,"
by E. J. Russell. "The Chromosome Cycle in
Coccidia and Gregarines," by C. Dobell and A. P.
Jameson. "Influence of Gases on the Emission
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and on their Effect on the Measurement of
Atmospheric Potential Gradients," by C. H. Lees.
"The Band Spectrum associated with Helium,"
by J. W. Nicholson.
Chemical, 8.30.

"Thermal Study of the Carbonisation Process," by H. Hollings and J W. Cobb. "Properties of Cold-worked Metals-Part I., The Density of Metallic Filings," by T. M. Lowry and "Radiations from Exploding Ernest Rutherford, F.R.S., &c. "Mary Queen of Scots," by

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Atoms," by Prof. Sir
SATURDAY, 5th.-Royal Institution, 3.
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