2

gies, rules of religious orders, civil ordinances regarding ecclesiastical affairs, and treaties between Church and State, or concordats.3

Private testimony consists of the writings of individuals without any sort of official character, but conveying valuable information concerning remarkable personages, Such are the acts and events and religious opinions. biographies of the martyrs and confessors, the works of

4

ime collecta, etc., Lemg. 1770. Hahn, Library of the symbols and rules of faith of the apostolic Catholic Church, Breslau, 1842. †Denzinger, Enchiridion symbolorum et definitionum quæ in rebus fidei et morum a Roman. Pontif. et concil. oecum. emanarunt. Wirceb. ed. IV. 1865.

1 J. A. Assemani, Codex liturgicus eccl. universae, Romae, 1749, sq. 13 T. in 4to. Eus. Renaudot, liturgiarum orientalium collectio, Paris, 1716, 2 T. 4to. Muratori, liturgia Romana vetus, Venet. 1748. 2 T. f. Daniel, codex liturgicus eccl. universae in epitomen redactus, Lipsiae, 1847, sq. 4 T. Treatises: Martène, de antiquis eccl. ritibus. lib. III. ed. auct. Antv. 1736. 4 T. 4to. and many portions of eccl. Archæology.

2 Codex regularum monast. ed. Luc. Holstenius, Romae, 1661. 3 T. 4to. aux. M. Brockie, Aug. Vind. 1759. 6 T. f. Treatises on the history of religious orders, by Helyot, ordres monastiques et militaires, Paris, 1714-19. 8 T. 4to. by Henrion, Histoire des ordres religieux, 8 vols. German treatise by Fehr, Tübing, 1845, 2 vols.

3 Codex Theodosian., ed. Ritter, 1737. 6 T. f. Codex Justinianeus, by Tribonianus, 529. Capitularium regum Francorum collectio ed. Steph. Baluz. Paris, 1677, cur. P. de Chinia. Paris, 1780. 2 T. f. In *Pertz, Monumenta Germaniae T. III-IV. Collectio constitutionum imperialium, studio. Goldasti, Francofurti, 1713. 4 T. fol. Complete collection of all ancient and modern concordates, by E. Muench. Lpz. 1830. 2 vols. † Walter, fontes juris ecclesiastici antiqui et hodierni. Bonnae, 1861. †Nussi, conventiones, etc. Moguntii, 1870. Treatises on the same, by tde Marca, arch. Paris, dissert. de concordia sacerdotii et imperii, etc. libb. VIII. ed. stud. Baluz. Paris, 1633, f. ed. H. Boehmer. Lipsiae, 1708, f. †Riffel, Historical account of the Relation of Church and State in the Roman Empire (Mentz, 1836), down to the most recent times. †Phillips, Canon Law, vol. 3, pt. 1.

4 Ruinart, acta primorum Martyrum sincera et selecta, ed. II. Amst. 1713, f. repet. Galura, Aug. Vind. 1802, sq. Ratisb. 1859. Assemani, acta st. mar‐ Acta Sanctorum, tyrum oriental. et occidental. Romae, 1748. 2 vols. f. quotquot toto orbe coluntur edd. Bollandus aliique (Soc. Jes.). Antw. 1643–94. 53 vols. f. New edition. Paris, 1863, sq. Of which six volumes are to appear annually. Continuations of the months still wanting, October, November, and December, announced at Paris and Brussels (see de prosecutione operis Bollandini, quod Acta sanctor. inscribitur. Namur, 1838.) Acta Sanctorum Octobris-edd. Vandermoere and Vanhecke. Brux. 1845, sq., and have appeared already in eleven volumes up to the 26th of October. de Ram, les nouveaux

the holy fathers, ecclesiastical writers, and church histo

Bollandistes, rapport fait à la commission royale d'histoire, Brux. 1860. For the history of the Bollandists, see the Bonn Periodical for Philos. and Cath. Theology, number 17, page 245, sq. n. 20, page 235, sq. Extracted from the whole work, and printed separately, appeared: Praefationes, tractatus, diatribae et exergeses praeliminares atque nonnulla venerandae antiquitatis tum sacrae tum profanae monumenta a J. Bollando, etc. Nunc primum conjunctim edita et in 3 tomos distributa. Ven. 1749-51. 3 T. f. Surius († 1578), vitae Sanctor. (1570, sq.) Colon, 1617. 6 T. f. Butler (1773), the lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal Saints. New edition. Dublin, 1838. 2 T. royal 8vo. Translated into French (1763, sq.), 1786-88, by Godescard. 12 T. into German (from the French) by Rass and Weis. Mentz, 1821-27. 23 vols.

1 Maxima bibl. vett. Patrum, Lugd. 1677, sq. 28 T. f. (with 2 vols. of indexes, comprises but less extensive works, and the Greeks only in Latin translation). Bibliotheca vett. Patrum antiquorumque scriptorum eccl. op. Andr. Gallandii, presbyt. congreg. orat. Ven. 1756, sq. 14 T. f. (the Greeks both in original text and translation.) Patrologia completa ed. Migne. Paris, 1843, sq., in 217 T. 4to. The Latins, down to Innocent III.; the Greeks, down to Photius. Paris, 1857, sq., in 104 T., and the series altera to the sixteenth century, in T. 105162; in which, to a great extent, are contained the supplementary gleanings of Routh, reliquiae sacr. Oxoniae, 1814, sq. 4 T. ed. 2, 1840. Pitra, Spicilegium Solesmense. Paris, 1852, sq. Angelo Mai, Scriptorum veterum nova collectio. Romae, 1825-38. 10 T. in 4to. Spicilegium Roman. Romae, 1839-44. 10 T. Nova Patrum bibl. Romae, 1852-55. 7 T. 4to. By Canisius, Lectiones antiquae auxit Basnage, Amst. 1672. 4 T. f. By Combefis, Graecolatinae Patrum bibliothecae auctuarium novum. Paris, 1648. 2 T. f. D'Achery, Spicilegium veterum aliquot scriptor. Paris, 1655-77. 13 T. 4to. ed. de la Barre. Paris, 1723. 3 T. f. Martène and Durand, Amplissima collectio. Paris, 1724-33. 9 T. fol. and thesaurus novus anecdotorum. Paris, 1717. 5 T. fol. Pez, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum. Aug. Vind. 1721. 6 T. fol. J. A. Fabricii, bibl. Latina mediae et infimae aetatis. Hamb. 1734, sq. 6 T. 8vo. auxit. Mansi, Patav. 1754. 6 T. 4to. Ejusdem bibl. graeca. Hamb. 1705, sq. 14 vols. 4to. ed. nova curante G. Ch. Harless. Hamb. 1790-1809. 12 T. 4to. J. S. Assemani, bibliotheca orientalis. Romae, 1719, sq. 4 T. f. Add to these the treatises on the history of Christian Literature, by St. Jerome de viris illustribus, with all his continuators in J. A. Fabricii bibliotheca ecclesiastica. Hamb. 1718, f. By Ellies du Pin, Bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1686, sq. 47 T. 8vo.) Amst. 1690, sq. 19 T. 4to. and oftener. By the same: Bibliothèque des auteurs séparés de la communion de l'église romaine du 16 et 17 siècle. Paris, 1718, sq. 3 T. conf. †Richard Simon, Critique de la bibl. de M. du Pin. Paris, 1730. 4 T. Cave, Scriptorum ecclesiasticor. hist. litteraria (Lond. 1688) ed. 3. Oxon. 1740, sq. 2 T. f. Remy Ceillier, Histoire générale des auteurs sacrés et ecclésiastiques, etc. Paris, 1729-63. 24 vols. in 4to. (down to the thirteenth century), ed. 2, Paris, 1860, sq. 15 T., enlarged, but not sufficiently corrected. Casim. Oudinus, Commentarius de scriptoribus ecclesiae antiquis illorumque scriptis. Lipsiae, 1722. 3 vols. f. (down to 1460.) Tillemont, Mémoires, etc. (see further down,

rians,1 to which may be added the writings of the Pagans who rose up against the Church.

Monuments consist chiefly of churches, inscriptions,3 paintings,1 and coins.5

219.) Histoire litéraire de la France, par des relig. Bénédictins de St. Maur. Paris, 1733. 20 T. 4to. †Busse, Sketch of Christian Literature (down to the fifteenth century). Münster, 1829. 2 parts. †* Moehler, Patrology, or History of Christian Literature. 1 vol. Edited by Reithmayr. Ratisb. 1840. † Fessler, Institutiones Patrologiae. Oenip. 1850-52. 2 T. (down to 604.) Alzog, Abridgment of Patrology. 1 vol. Freiburg (1866), 1869. Transl. into French. (Tr.) 1 See chap. IV. of this introduction.

2 Hospiniani libb. V. de templis. Tig. 1603 f. †Kreuser, Christian Church Architecture, Bonn, 1856. 2 vols. Huebsch, The Ancient Christian churches. Carlsruhe, 1858, seq. 63 plates, and explanatory text. Dr. Wm. Lübke, Hist. of Architecture. 2 ed. Cologne, 1858. (The last two authors added by translator.) 3 3 Apianus et Amantius, Inscr. ss. vetustatis. Ingolst. 1534. (Tr.) GruReinesius teri thesaurus inscriptionum, cura Graevii, Amst. 1707. 2 T. syntagma inscript. Lips. 1682. Fleetwood, Inscr. ant. Sylloge. Lond. 1691. *Fabretti, Inscr. ant. explic. Rom. 1699. † Muratori, novus thesaurus vett. inscription. Mediol. 1739 sq. 4 vols. in f. *Boissieu, Inscr. antiq. de Lyon, Lyons, 1846-54. * Gazzera, Inscr. christ. antiche del Piemonte. Torino, 1849. Le Blant, Inscr. chrét de la Gaule. 2 vols. Paris, 1855-65. (Tr.) Sebastian Donati supplementa, Lucc. 1764. †de' Rossi, inscriptiones christianae (17,000) Urbis Romae septimo saeculo antiquiores. Rom. 1857-61. The same, Roma sotterranea; Boeckh, corpus inscriptionum graec. Berol. 1828-59. †Zell, Manual of Roman Epigraphics, Heidelberg, 1850 sq. 2 vols. Furthermore, added by the transl.: Corpus inscriptionum latinarum (20,000), edited by the viz: Royal Academy of Science at Berlin. So far three parts have appeared, 1st part, by Ritsche and Mommsen, 1863, containing the inscriptions until Caesar's death; 2d part, by Huebner, 1868, containing Spanish inscriptions; 3d part, by Zangermeister, 1870, containing the mural inscriptions of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiae. Inscriptiones regni Neapolis, by Mommsen. Particular collection, Berlin.

4J. Ciampini, vett. monumenta, Rom. 1747. 3 T. f. Jacutii christian. antiquitatum specimina, Rom. 1752. 4. On the historical development of the pictorial art of the middle ages: Seroux d'Agincourt, histoire de l'art par les monuments. Paris et Strasbg. 1823. New ed. with German text, Berlin, 1840. And (as stated by the transl.) with Italian text, Mantua, 1841, 7 vols. in fol. max. (Tr.) Kugler, manual of the hist. of art, 3 ed., Stuttg. 1856. 4 ed. 1871, with atlas by Caspar and Guhl, Stuttg. 1845-56. L. Perret, Catacombes de Rome. Paris, 1852-53. 6 vols. fol. max. (Tr.) Rio, de l'art chrétien. 6 vols. Paris et Fribourg, 1861-70. (Tr.)

5F. J. Eckhel, doctrina nummor. vett. Vienna, 1792 sq. 8 vols. 4to. Cohen, description historique des monnaies frappées sous l'empire Romain. Paris, 1859 sq. Sabatier, Descr. générale des monnaies byzantines. 2 vols. Paris, Olearius, Prodr. 1862. Lenormant, Mélanges d'archéol. tom. III. Par. s. a. hagiol. numism. cf. bibl. scr. eccl. Jen. 1711. (Tr.)

Legends and popular traditions1 may be finally mentioned as sources of information, of which the historian may make a legitimate use.

§ 11. Criticism and Use of Sources.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.-Honoré de St. Marie, réflexions sur les règles et sur l'usage de la critique, Paris, 1713, 1 vol. f. lat. serm. 3 vols. 4to. † Mabillon, tractatus de stud. monast. P. II. c. 8. Danz, de Eusebio Caesar. etc. 2 7, pp. 13, seq. † Fessler, de arte critica (institutiones Patrologiae, T. I. pp. 65-87). Conf. Tubingen Quarterly, 1842, pp. 437–442.

As the truth of facts depends entirely upon the trustworthiness of the sources, it becomes a matter of the utmost importance that these should be examined with care and used with prudence. For this purpose judicious criticism must be employed in sifting the following questions:

1. Are the writings attributed to each author authentic in every particular? Are they in no part supposititious or interpolated? Can their authenticity and integrity be proved by intrinsic and extrinsic arguments?

2. Had the writer the advantages of position which would enable him to become either an ocular or an auricular witness? Was he qualified by education to give intelligent testimony of the facts he narrated? Was he sufficiently free from prejudice to guarantee the veracity of his narration?

Should an author possess all these requisites, we may still hesitate to put implicit trust in all he says, for it is quite possible that, while wishing to be fair, he may be blinded by prejudice, which will give a character of partiality to his writings.

When it is impossible to fully establish the authenticity and integrity of writings, and the veracity of their authors, it is necessary to assign the probable date and circumstances of their origin, and to make only such use of them as the investigation will warrant. If, however, it is evident that any

1On the importance for history of legendary lore and popular tales: Hist. polit. periodical, vol. 1, p. 389 sq., and Illgen, hist. theol. treatise, vol. 3, p. 140 sq. Wiseman, truth in legends and fables. Huttler, Cath. Studies, n. 2.

writings are genuine, it is simply an arrogant assumption on the part of the critic, when he tries, by a priori reasoning, to prove the possibility or impossibility of what they contain. This would be equivalent to the rejection of an established fact.

§ 12. Preparatory and Auxiliary Sciences necessary to C. H. A knowledge of the following subjects is necessary for an intelligent criticism and a proper use of the sources:

1. Of the languages in which they are written. This requires an acquaintance not only with the ancient classical languages, but also with ecclesiastical philology, in order that the literature of the church and its idioms may be understood.

2. Of ancient documents,2 and skill in deciphering and reading their characters and determining their ages.

3. Of ecclesiastical geography,3 which renders one familiar with the places where the events happened.

Amst. 1728. 2 Tom. f.

1 Suiceri thesaurus eccles. e patribus Graec. Spec. Supplem. in Suiceri thesaur. by Nothnagel, 1821. Dufresne du Cange, glossarium mediae et infimae graecitatis. Lugd. 1688. 2 T. in fol. Ejusdem 6 T. f. ed. locupleglossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis. Paris, 1733 sq. tior, opera et stud. monach. St. Benedicti. Par. 1733. 6 T. f. Venet. 1737; 6 parts in 3 vols. f. Basle, 1762 (Tr.); new ed. by Henschel. Paris, 1840-50. 7 vols. in 4to. (Adelung) glossarium manuale ad script. med. et inf. latinitatis. Halae, 1772. 6 T. Also, the glossaries on the Romanic and Germanic languages. 2 Mabillon, de re diplomatica ed. II., Paris, 1709 f.; Nouveau traité de diplomatique par deux religieux Bénédictins de la congrégation de St. Maur ( Toustain et Tassin). Paris, 1750 sq., 6 vols. in 4to. B. de Montfaucon, palaeographia graeca. Paris, 1708. Schoenemann, complete system of general diplomatics. Hamb. 1801, 2 pts. Wailly, éléments de palaeographie. Paris, 1838. 2 T. f. Wattenbach, a guide to Greek Paleography, Lpsg. 1867; the same, a guide to Latin Paleography, Lps. 1869. Sickel, History of Records. Vienna, 1869, 2 vols.

3†Emman. Schelstrate, antiquitates ecclesiar. illustr. in Tom. II. Miraeus, notitia episcopatuum orbis christiani. Antv. 1613 f. † Carolus a St. Paulo, geographia sacra cura Clerici. Amst. 1703 f. Nic. Sansonis atlas antiquus sacer et profanus, collectus ex. tabb. geog.; emend. Clericus. Amst. 1705 f. Spanhemii geographia sacra et eccles. (Opp. Lugd. 1701. 1 T. f.) †Le Quien, ordin. Praedic. presb., Oriens christianus, quo exhibentur ecclesiae, patriarchae, etc. totius Orientis. cum. tabb. geogr. Paris, 1740. 3 Tom. in f. Bingham, origines ecclesiasticae; or, the Antiquities of the Christian Church. libb. IX. Staeudlin,