PAGE

mission of 1885–The Commission dissolved–The Wolff Con-

vention-Signature of the Canal Convention-Its application .

382

CHAPTER XLVIII

THE ANGLO-FRENCH AGREEMENT OF 1904

Apparent insolubility of the Egyptian question-Gradual change

in public opinion-Statement of Lord Ellenborough-The busi-

ness of diplomacy—The main facts of the problem— The events

of 1904—Morocco-Signature of the Anglo-French Agreement

-Remarks on the Agreement

388

PART VI

THE REFORMS

CHAPTER XLIX

THE COURBASH

Universal use of the courbash-Lord Dufferin's Circular-It was

partially inoperative-Final abolition of the courbash

997

CHAPTER L

THE CORVÉE

Connection between the courbash and the corvée — Merits and

demerits of the corvée system- The corvée law-Dredging the

canals—Proposed reduction of the land-tax-Proposal to abolish

the corvée instead of reducing the land-tax-The Powers object

-Action of the British Government–The corvée is not called

out-A Decree is issued partially abolishing the corvée-Final

settlement of the question in 1892

406

CHAPTER LI

CORRUPTION

Universality of corruption—Steps taken to arrest it-Example of

British officials-Diminution of corrupt practices

420

CHAPTER LII

EUROPEAN PRIVILEGE

PAGO

Origin of the Capitulations-Difference between Turkey and Egypt

-Abuse of the Capitulations-Raison d'être of European privi-

lege-Anomaly of the British position-Impossibility of arriving

at any general solution–Minor changes—The right to enact by-

laws—The House Tax-The Professional Tax-Proposal to

create a local legislature-Internationalism

426

CHAPTER LIII

FINANCE

The first bankruptcy of Egypt-Risk of a second bankruptcy, The

Race against bankruptcy – The era of reform-Fiscal relief

- Reduction of taxation-Increase of revenue-Expenditure-

Aggregate surplus since 1888–The indebtedness of the fella-

heen-Distribution of land-Importance of the financial ques-

tion

CHAPTER LIV

IRRIGATION

Nature's bounty to Egypt–The work of the Pharaohs—Turkish

neglect, Progress under British guidance-Programme of the

future-Causes of the progress-Qualifications of the officers

selected - Absence of international obstruction - Loan of

£1,800,000-Support of the public-Importance of the work.

468

CHAPTER LY

THE ARMY

Disbandment of the army in 1882–History of the army-Mehemet

Ali's Syrian campaigns—Ismail Pasha-The Abyssinian cam-

paign–Tel-el-Kebir-It is decided to form a fellaheen army

officered by Englishmen—The black battalions—Will the army

fight ?—Reasons why the reorganisation has been successfully

conducted.

488

CHAPTER LVI

THE INTERIOR

PAOB

Uncertainty of British policy–Difficulties of administrative reform

- Lord Dufferin's Police proposals – Mr. Clifford Lloyd –

Changes made in the Police organisation – Nubar Pasha's

conflict with Mr. Clifford Lloyd—The latter resigns—Friction in

the Interior-Appointment of an Adviser-And of Inspectors-

Difficulties of the present moment

478

CHAPTER LVII

SUB-DEPARTMENTS OF THE INTERIOR

1. PRISONS— State of the prisons in 1882— Reform-2. SLAVERY-

The Slave Trade and slavery—The Convention of 1877—The

Slave Home-Change of opinion in Egypt_Success of the

Convention–3. MEDICAL AND SANITARY ADMINISTRATION-

Egyptian superstitions-Clot Bey-State of things in 1883–

Improvements effected - Sanitary reform – Impediments to

progress—Treatment of epidemics

491

CHAPTER LVIII

JUSTICE

Sir Edward Malet's opinion—The Mixed and Consular Courts-

The Kadis' Courts - The Native Tribunals - Justice prior to

1883 — The French system taken as a model — The judicial

machinery — Reforms instituted by Sir John Scott and Sir

Malcolm Mcllwraith - Opposition to these reforms - The

personnel of the Courts-Result of the reforms.

• 614

CHAPTER LIX

EDUCATION

Educational policy-Obstacles to progress—Want of money—The

Pashas—Intellectual awakening of Egypt— The Mosque schools

-Primary and Secondary education-Progress made in forming

the characters of the Egyptians-Female education . 684

CHAPTER LX

THE SOUDAN

PAGB

The nature of the Soudan problem-Extent-Population-Results

obtained by the Convention of 1899 — Executive agency -

Finance-Railways-Slavery

543

CHAPTER LXI

CONCLUSION

Summary of this work-Changes since the time of Ismail—The

British reformers — Their Egyptian allies — Stability of the

reforms

555

PART VII

THE FUTURE OF EGYPT

CHAPTER LXII

THE FUTURE OF EGYPT

Quo Vadis ? — The question of the occupation — Its duration-

Egyptian autonomy-The Capitulations-Desirability of train-

ing the Egyptians — Importance of finance— Display of sym-

pathy-Conclusion

563

APPENDIX

Khedives of Egypt-British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs

- British Agents and Consuls-General in Egypt-Chronological

Table of Events

573

INDEX

585

PART III (Continued)

THE SOUDAN

1882-1907

VOL. II

1