Syntheses with Phenol Derivatives. CHEMICAL NEWS, June 18, 1909 133-135/200 mm. It yields an oxime decomposing at 161°, a semicarbazone decomposing at 176°, and a hydrazone decomposing at 152° (not 129° as stated by Brunner, Monatsh., 1895, xv., 763). Its ethyl ester boils at 173°/764 mm. The authors wish to reserve this acid for further investigation. 146. "The Physical Properties of Aqueous Sodium Sulphite." By HAROLD HARTLEY and WILLIAM HENRY BARRETT. 297 Some further experiments (compare Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 1908, xiv., 580; Proc., 1909, xxv., 24) have been made on the decomposition of benzene diazonium chloride, and direct measurements of the amount of nitrogen stored up in the solution have been obtained. When rather more than ordinary care is taken to keep the vessels and solutions free from dust and impurities, degrees of supersaturation up to 300 times the normal amount of gas dissolved have been observed. Further experiments with direct measurement of temIn a systematic examination of the system sodium sul-perature have confirmed the values of the constants phite-water, the solubility of the two stable forms previously obtained for the reaction (Trans. Camb. Phil. Na2SO3,7H2O and Na2SO3 has been determined, and a Soc., 1908, xiv., 590). transition temperature has been found in the neighbourhood of 22°. The conditions under which either the hydrated modification or ice separates from a supersaturated solution have been studied; the extent of the metastable region in the former case amounts to as much as 30°. The crystallographic properties of the anhydrous salt have also been examined. 147. "The Preparation of Disulphides. Part V. Di. ethyl esters of a Dithiodibutyric, a-Dithiodiisobutyric, and a-Dithiodiisovaleric Acids." By THOMAS SLATER PRICE and DOUGLAS FRANK TWIss. In continuation of previous work the diethyl esters of a-dithiodibutyric, a-dithiodiisobutyric, and a-dithiodiisovaleric acids have been prepared by the electrolytic reduction of the mixtures obtained by the interaction of sodium thiosulphate with ethyl a-bromobutyrate, ethyl a-bromoisobutyrate, and ethyl a-bromoisovalerate respectively. These esters are all liquids heavier than water and distil unchanged under diminished pressure; the boiling points are as follows:-Diethyl a-dithiodibutyrate, 1870/22 mm. ; diethyl a dithiodiisobutyrate, 166°/19 mm. ; diethyl a-dithiodiisovalerate, 173°/12 mm. From these esters only a-dithiodi isobutyric acid could be prepared in a pure state; it is a solid, melting at 197-198°. 148. "Relation between Chemical Constitution and Physiological Action in the Tropeines." Part II. By HOOPER ALBERT DICKINSON JOWETT and FRANK LEE PYMAN. In continuation of former work on the subject, the authors have prepared and submitted to physiological examination a large number of tropeines, many of which had not been previously described. The physiological results indicated that the so-called Ladenburg's generalisation (which is not due to Ladenburg) cannot be strictly applied. 149. "The Formation of Silicates, Glasses, and Glazes." By JOHN W. COBB. On the assumption that a glass can be regarded as formed by the combination and solution of its constituent oxides, the author has studied the process of formation of the glass represented by the formula NazO,CaO,Al2O3,roSiOz. An investigation on the combination of lime and silica shows that the compounds formed are 2CaO,SiO2 and CaO,SiOz. Lime and alumina interact to form the compounds CaO,Al2O3, CaO,2Al2O3, and an insoluble calcium aluminate, presumably containing a large amount of alumina. The general question of chemical interaction between solids was discussed, and the conclusion was drawn that: -(1) The temperature of formation of a slag and its fusion point are not identical, nor are they apparently related (in opposition to Boudouard's generalisation); (2) interaction between solids may go far, even to completion, without fusion; (3) from 800 upwards the state of mixed solid particles is one of fairly effective molecular contact, allowing free play to selective chemical affinities. 150. "The Determination of the Rate of Decomposition of Benzenediazonium Chloride." By FRANCIS EDWARD ÉVERARD LAmplough. 151. "Acids as Accelerators in Acetylation." Part II. By ALICE EMILY SMITH and KENNEDY JOSEPH PREVITE Orton. The speed of acetylation of s-tribromophenol in the presence of sulphuric, perchloric, and orthophosphoric acids has been measured. Whereas in acetic acid and chloroform solution, acetic anhydride has no perceptible action on s-tribromophenol at the ordinary temperature, even after keeping for several weeks, in the presence of perchloric and sulphuric acids, acetylation takes place very rapidly. Orthophosphoric acid (or phosphoric oxide) comes far behind as an accelerator. When the quantity of acid is small, the rate of the reaction is approximately proportional to its concentration. Comparing gram-molecular proportions, perchloric acid is about 2.5 times as effective as sulphuric acid. Chloroform is the medium in which acetylation is the most rapid, but acetic acid is only slightly inferior. Benzene and acetone are unfavourable to acetylation. A comparison of pyridine, acids, and sodium acetate as accelerators of acetylation by acetic anhydride, shows that both the two former are far superior. Pyridine is approximately as effective as perchloric acid and therefore superior to sulphuric acid. 152. "Resolution of Racemic Alcohols." (Preliminary Note). By ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD and JOSEPH KENYON. Pickard and Littlebury have recently described (Trans., 1907, xci., 1973) a method for the complete resolution of racemic alcohols by the fractional crystallation of salts formed by acid esters of the alcohol with optically active bases. By this method they obtained the pure borneols and isoborneols, and have synthesised 1-menthol from thymol (Proc., 1908, xxiv., 217). 2058) carried out the first successful resolution of an The present authors in a similar way (Trans., 1907, xci., aliphatic alcohol, namely, that of octane-2-ol with [17±99°, and in view of work recently published abroad, wish to state that in conjunction with several collaborators they are engaged in applying the method to alcohols of very varied types. Among the secondary alcohols already resolved (the specific rotatory power, [a'n 17, being given in brackets) are: - Butane-2-ol (+13.3°); pentane-2-ol (+143°) ; hexane-2-ol (+ 11.6°); nonane-3-ol (+80°); phenylmethylcarbinol (+32.8°); and phenylethylcarbinol (27.3°). 153. "Syntheses with Phenol Derivatives containing a Mobile Nitro-group. Part II. The Interaction of 2:3:5Trinitro-4-acetylaminophenol and Amines" (continued). By RAPHAEL MELDOLA and JAMES GORDON HAY. In continuation of former researches (Trans., 1906, xxxix., 1935; 1908, xciii., 1659) the authors have studied the formation of iminazoles and other compounds quantitatively from the point of view of steric hindrance. The protective influence of substituents in the ortho-position is brought out very clearly in the recorded results. With the hydroxyl or methoxy-group in the para-position, some protecting influence is also exerted, the yields in the case of p-aminophenol and p-anisidine being less than with the corresponding meta-compounds. The general results obtained with the six series of isomeric substituted amines, viz., the chloroanilines, bromoanilines, nitroanilines, amino- | represented by new diagrams which are decidedly simpler phenols, anisidines, and aminobenzoic acids, have been than the usual graphic representations, and in some other classified in the order of yield and compared with the details the author's treatment of the subject exhibits results obtained by Wedekind with picryl chloride. Ex- innovations. periments with the trinitro-compound and secondary amines have revealed the remarkable fact that catenation takes place only with dimethylamine and piperidine All the homologues of dimethylamine, from diethylamine to diisoamylamine, are without action. This fact has led the authors to suggest an extension of the hypothesis of steric hindrance to cases in which a mobile atom or radicle is protected on both sides by ortho-substituents, and in which the actual size of the radicles carried by the reacting compound determines the possibility of catenation. All the new iminazoles and m-aminophenol derivatives prepared in the course of the research were described and characterised. NOTICES OF BOOKS. Elementary Practical Chemistry. Part II. Analytical Die Bedeutung der Kolloide jur die Technik. ("The Importance of Colloids in Technics"). By Professor Dr. KURT ARNDT. Dresden: Theodor Steinkopff. 1909. THE literature of colloids is growing with such rapidity that the chemist is beginning to find a difficulty in keeping pace with it, and with the amount of theoretical and practical knowledge required of him in order that he may profitably study its latest developments. Hence this book, which does not touch upon theoretical matters at all, but simply discusses from a practical point of view the importance of colloids in various branches of technics, will be acceptable to the many practising chemists who feel that the growth of the subject has left them a little behind. The nomenclature of colloid chemistry and the general properties of colloids are first outlined, and then the industries in which the colloidal substance plays an important part are treated individually. The text is based upon a lecture which the author delivered in Berlin, and which was found most illuminating and interesting by the audience, and there can be no doubt that the wider circle who will be able to become familiar with it in book form will find it equally valuable. CORRESPONDENCE. WITH MATHEMATICAL THEORY, AND THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE THE second part of this laboratory book for the use of elementary students of chemistry deals with qualitative analysis as far as the commoner metals and acid radicles are concerned. A thorough elementary course of volumetric analysis is also included, and simple gravimetric estimations are described. A useful section dealing with the preparation of various inorganic compounds and their puri- A METHOD OF HARMONISING THE ELEMENTS fication by crystallisation, sublimation, &c., will provide plenty of practical work for the student, who, by the time he has worked through most of the typical exercises described, should have gained a fair amount of manipulative skill and also a practical knowledge of a large number of important metallic and non-metallic compounds. The book is already well known as a thoroughly trustworthy practical guide, and every fresh edition contains some new feature which represents an improvement either in the scheme or in the details of the work. Sugar. A Handbook for Planters and Refiners. By the Gesätligte Salzlösungen. ("Saturated Salt Solutions"). In this monograph a systematic summary of the solutions ELEMENTS. To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-When in October, 1906, I discovered the approxi mate relationship of the heats given out by the elements to their atomic weights in going into combination, I was unaware of Mr. Geoffrey Martin's book on "Thermochemistry" (reviewed in Knowledge). The subject demonstrated in any manner by a wave theory does not detract from the value of an experimental proof of thermo-chemical equivalents. 66 Mr. Loring's paper (CHEMICAL NEWS, xcix., 148) on Harmonising the Atomic Weights with Mathematical Theory" might lead us to quote Pattison Muir :-" Mathematical theories of physical phenomena in which the forces at work are thoroughly known are complete, and capable of making predictions which may afterwards be verified by experiment, or even of predicting phenomena which are altogether beyond the reach of experimental verification. When, however, the forces are but partly known, the theory may predict results, but cannot account for the phenomena to which it is applied." In noting Mr. Daniel Rankin on "Potential Energy of J. C. THOMLINSON. Cape Chemical Society.-The Annual Meeting was held on April 30th, 1909, Dr. Chas. F. Juritz, President, in the Chair. The President laid before the Society a paper on "The Yellowing of Citrus Trees," by J. Muller, B.A., Member of the Society. Dr. R. Marlot (PresidentElect) read his Presidential Address on "The Chemistry of some Vegetable Products of South Africa." The following office-bearers for 1909 were elected :-Vice-President, Chas. F. Juritz, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C.; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, St. Clair O. Sinclair, M.A.; Additional Members of Council, G. N. Blackshaw, B.Sc., F.C.S., and Prof. P. D. Hahn, Ph.D., M.A. The Treasurer's financial statement showed a balance in hand of £37 6s. gd. The rules, after amendment, were passed as now printed. CHEMICAL NEWS, June 18, 1909 Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources. CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN yields ThC14. NH4Cl. SOURCES. NOTE.-All degrees of temperature are Centigrade unless otherwise expressed. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. Vol. cxlviii., No. 18, May 3, 1909. Solidification of Mixtures of Water and Normal Butyric Acid.-H. Faucon.-Neither the fusibility curve nor microscopic examination suggests the existence of a hydrate of butyric acid. Below -3.8° water and normal butyric acid are miscible in all proportions. Above this temperature, and for concentrations varying from 25 to 60 per cent of acid, mixtures are not homogeneous. Solutions containing small quantities of acid do not exhibit a break at the eutectic temperature; only solutions containing more than 60 per cent of acid give a break at -13.4°, the eutectic temperature. Action of Oxidising Agents on Silicochloroform.— 299 This last compound is obtained by dehydrating the compound ThC14.2NH4Cl. 10H2O at 150°. Benzoylacrylic Acid. Condensation of Glyoxalic Acid with some Ketones.-J. Bougault.-Benzoylacrylic acid with potash or soda in the cold gives diphenylacetic greatly increased by the addition of acetophenone. This acid, (C6H5-CO-CH2)2CH-CO2H, the yield being may be explained in two ways:-(1) Either one part of the benzoylacrylic acid condenses to give acetophenone and glyoxalic acid, and the acetophenone then reacts with the undecomposed benzoylacrylic acid; (2) or the acid entirely condenses to give acetophenone and glyoxalic acid, and the latter condenses with the acetophenone,2C6H5COCH3+CHO–CO,H= = = seems ·H2O+ (C6H5—CO-CH2)2CH-CO2H. From the fact that glyoxalic acid condenses very readily with acetophenone the second hypothesis most probably correct. The author has prepared by this method two new acids, dianisacylacetic acid (CH3O.C6H4.CO.CH2)2.CH.CO2H, and dipiperacylacetic acid, (CH2O2.C6H3.CO.CH2)2.CH.CO2H. Modifications of Anthesterol and of its Benzoate. A. Besson and L. Fournier.-At -80° mixtures of silicochloroform and dry oxygen, after exposure to sunlight, give a mixture of oxychlorides from which Si2C160 can be isolated. Ozone acts very violently on SiHCl3, the pro-T. Klobb.-By the action of reagents such as benzoyl ducts being Si2C160 and a large proportion of oxychlorides of higher molecular weight. NO2 has an extremely violent action on SiHCl3, which may be represented by the equation SiHCl3 +2NO2 = SiO2+2NOCI+ HCl. Sulphuric anhydride acts slowly on silicochloroform in the cold, giving SO2 and oxychlorides of silicon, besides sulphur oxychloride. Influence of Colloidal State on Dyeing. Léo Vignon. The author has studied the action of an acid, basic, and substantive dye on two colloidal substances, starch and gelatin. The dyes used were rocellin, fuchsine, and congo-red. It was found that starch jellies behave like cotton, and gelatin jellies like wool and silk. New Method of Isomerisation in the Terpene Series.-Géza Austerweil-When pinene is heated under pressure to a temperature not exceeding that at which resinification commences, a good yield of optically active borneol is obtained. The pinene employed has to be absolutely free from water. Sub-oxides of Casium.-E. Rengade.—The fusibility curves of mixtures of varying proportions of monoxide of cæsium and the metal show that there are at least four definite compounds containing less oxygen than the monoxide, Cs20. The formulæ of these compounds are CS70, CS40, CS702, and Cs30. Nearly pure crystals of CS7O2 can be isolated. These formulæ are incompatible with the monovalence which is generally regarded as characteristic of the alkali metals. Vol. cxlviii., No. 19, May 10, 1909. Influence of Radium on the Rate of Crystallisation. -Louis Frischauer.—When sulphur is allowed to crystallise, being meanwhile exposed to the action of radium, it is found that the number of centres of crystallisation is greatly increased, rising to double that in specimens of sulphur which were treated in exactly the same way but were screened from the effect of the radium rays by means of lead-foil. Moreover, the propagation of the crystallisation from drop to drop is more rapid. When crystallising sulphur is exposed to radium emanation it is found that the acceleration is caused by the induced activity rather than by the a-rays of the emanation. Probably the y-rays of radium have no action upon the crystalline transformation, the effects being due only to the 3-rays. Anhydrous Compounds of Thorium Chloride with Alkaline Chlorides.-Ed. Chauvenet.-By direct fusion anhydrous thorium chloride can be made to combine with the alkaline chlorides, giving compounds of formula ThC14.2MCI, where M is Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs, and ThC14.4MCI with Rb and Cs only. Ammonium chloride chloride and different solvents upon anthesterol benzoate, different modifications can be prepared. Also anthesterol itself exists in different forms, and these are not stereoisomers, for their rotatory powers are all in the same direction. Some of the modifications may be due to polymorphism. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. Vol. xlii., No. 6, March 20, 1909. Tautomerism of Aliphatic Ketones.-V. Hâncu.Simple ketones of the aliphatic series can be converted into the enol form by the action of acetic acid anhydride and sodium acetate. Acetone is, however, an exception to the general rule, the result of the action being the condensation Mixed ketones of the same series product mesityloxide. do not behave like the simple ketones, but the author has not yet discovered the reason for this difference. Organic Mercury Compounds.-Einar Biilmann and Johannes Witt.-Schrauth and Schoeller state that by the action of methyl malonic ester on mercuric oxide a mercury dimalonic methyl ester is obtained, and is converted into the anhydride of oxy-mercury acetic acid by The authors, saponification and the addition of acid. however, find that the compound obtained on repeating these experiments is a derivative of malonic acid and not of acetic acid, and appears to be derived from the mercury They have malonic acid described by Biilmann in 1902. observed that very slight alterations in the conditions of the experiment lead to unexpectedly great variations in the composition of the substances obtained. CH2.CH(OC2H5)2' Acetalyl Sulphide.-Emil Fischer.-On heating chloracetal with an aqueous alcoholic solution of potassium sulphide or sulphydrate to 120— -150°, filtering, and evaporating the filtrate, a residue which gives an oily substance with water is obtained. After fractionation acetalyl sulphide may be separated from the product. Acetalyl sulphide, s< CH2.CH(OC2H5)2, is very readily dissolved by ordinary organic solvents. It gives an amorphous mass in liquid air. The smell of the pure liquid is faint and not characteristic, but when it is warmed with water it becomes considerably stronger and recalls other sulphides. It is rapidly dissolved by a 1 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid. The odour disappears, and a colourless liquid is obtained which gradually alters alkaline copper solutions on warming, and gives a silver mirror with ammoniacal silver solution. Reductions with Sodium Amylate.-Otto Diels and Richard Rhodius.-A solution of sodium amylate is an energetic reducing agent, reducing benzalaniline to benzylaniline, azobenzene to hydrazobenzene and isoamylaniline, &c. It has for some time been known that sodium and amyl alcohol effect reductions which are not obtained with ethyl alcohol, and this difference has been ascribed to the higher temperature employed when amyl alcohol is used, This, however, is incorrect, for sodium ethylate does not reduce at the temperature of a boiling amylate solution. Separation of Antimony and Tin.-G. Panajotow.— Antimony sulphide is completely soluble in strong hydrochloric acid on warming, and tin sulphide dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid at the ordinary temperature. If acid of the right concentration is used the addition of sulphuretted hydrogen to the hydrochloric acid solution can be employed to separate the two metals. Antimony is precipitated quantitatively as sulphide at the ordinary temperature by a 15 per cent hydrochloric acid solution, while tin in acid of this concentration gives no precipitate with H2S. In a mixture of the two metals after separation of the antimony trisulphide, the filtrate may be partially neutralised with ammonia, diluted with water, and then warmed and precipitated with H2S. The precipitate of tin sulphide thus obtained can easily be filtered. This method of separating antimony and tin is very simple and rapid. It can be used in all cases in which antimony is in solution as trioxide, and it can also be applied for the separation of arsenic from antimony and tin by Nehr's method. Determination of Tungsten.-M. Tschilikin.— Tungsten can be determined by means of a-naphthylamine, and the method gives good results. The compound formed has the formula 2(C10H9N).5WO3.3H2O, and the reaction takes place at the ordinary temperature. From the results of analyses carried out by this method the author has found that commercial sodium tungstate has the formula Na2WO4 + 2aq. Determination of Carbon in Aliphatic Compounds containing Hydroxyl in the Wet Way.-E. Berl and A. G. Innes.-A convenient method of determining carbon in aliphatic compounds is based upon the oxidation of the substance to CO2 with chromic acid and phosphoric acid, the CO2 being determined by Lunge and Rittener's method, Substances which are difficult to burn are often oxidised more easily if mercury is added. This method can only be applied to aliphatic derivatives; with aromatic compounds the result is too low, probably owing to the formation of CO and hydrocarbons which are not absorbed. NOTES AND QUERIES. Our Notes and Queries column was opened for the purpose of giving and obtaining information likely to be of use to our readers generally. We cannot undertake to let this column be the means of transmitting merely private information, or such trade notices as should legitimately come in the advertisement columns. Enamelled Iron.-I wish to ascertain whether the acid of milk affects detrimentally in any way enamelled iron vessels in which the milk may be deposited and allowed to remain for several hours from day to day.-B. Cook. Estimation of Manganese.-(Reply to J. Williams).-Hugh Marshall (CHEMICAL NEWS, lxxxiii., 76, Feb. 15, 1901) discusses the (catalytic) function of the silver nitrate, and shows that "it seems to to depend on formation and decomposition of silver peroxide."CHARLES RATNER. MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK FRIDAY, 25th.-Physical, 5. "Transition-point in Zinc Amalgam," by Prof. Carhart. "Method of producing an Intense Cadmium Spectrum, with a proposal for the Use of Mercury and Cadmium as Standards in Refractometry," by T. M. Lowry. "Measurement of Wavelength for High-frequency Electrical Oscillations," by A. Campbell. "Electro-magnetic Method of Studying the Theory of and Solving Algebraical Equations of any Degree," by A. Russell and J. N. Alty. "The Sine Condition in relation to the Coma of Optical Systems," by S. D. Chalmers. Exhibition of a New Fery Thermo-electric Calorimeter, by C. V. Drysdale. "Instrument for Measuring the Strength of an Intense Horizontal Magnetic Field," by F. W. Jordan. "Method of Determining the Sensibility of a Balance," by Prof. Poynting and G. W. Todd. "The Balance as a Sensitive Barometer," by G. W. Todd. STANDARD BOOKS ON PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. FOURTH EDItion, entirELY RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED. CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF OILS, FATS, AND WAXES. BY Dr. J. LEWKOWITSCH, M.A., F.I.C., Consulting and Analytical Chemist and Chemical Engineer; Examiner in Soap Manufacture and in Fats and Oils to the City and Guilds of London Institute. With 102 Illustrations and numerous Tables. In Three Volumes. Medium 8vo, gilt tops. 50s. net. CHEMICAL NEWS.-"Will prove of the utmost value to all persons using oils and fats in the arts-and they are a very numerous body-as well as to analysts. Dr. Lewkowitsch has greatly enriched our technical literature." Laboratory Companion to By J. Fats and Oils Industries. A Dictionary of Chemical An Experimental Study of Gases. By Prof. M. W. TRAYERS. 8vo. IOS. net. Practical Chemistry. By R. ABEGG and W. HERZ. Translated by H. T. A System of Volumetric Analysis. By Dr. EMIL FLEISCHER. Trans- Practical Methods of Or ganic Chemistry. By LUDWIG GATTERMANN, Ph.D. Translated by W. B. SHOBER. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. Blowpipe Analysis. By FREDERICK HUTTON GETMAN. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d. net. Methods of Gas Analysis. By Dr. WALTHER HEMPEL. L. M. DENNIS. Crown 8vo. IOS. net. Blowpipe Translated by J. LANDAUER. Third Edition. Translated by J. TAYLOR. Globe 8vo. 4s. 6d. MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd., LONDON. Advertisements. JENA LABORATORY CLASSWARE. COMPOUND TUBING (D.R.P.) Resisting in a high degree sudden changes of temperature and the COMBUSTION TUBING FOR ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS. Price-list sent free on application SCHOTT & GEN. Glassworks, Jena (GERMANY). The Jena Glasses are, amongst others in the U.K., on sale with the following firms: THE CHEMICAL NEWS PLATINUM Utensils. - We supply all forms and sizes of Platinum Utensils and Apparatus for Chemical and Physical purposes. All our utensils are hammered to shape, tested, and finished in the best manner. All kinds of Platinum scrap bought or cash or taken in exchange for new.-DERBY and CO., Ltd., 44, Clerkenwell Road, London, E.C. TRAIS MAME Highest prices allowed by ROBERT PRINGLE & SONS, Gold and Silver finers, &c., 40 and 42, Clerkenwell R. E.C. Photographic Residues Reduced and Purchased. SILICATES OF SODA AND POTASH. IN THE STATE OF SOLUBLE GLASS OR IN CONCENTRATED SOLUTION. WILLIAM GOSSAGE & SONS, Ltd., Soap Works, Widnes. |