result would be above 620,000 weekly, or 36 millions and a half annually, to be added to the mass of the metropolis, and augmenting the grand total to above fifty millions of sheets within the year.

Education in Italy.-The Lancasterian system has been introduced into many of the principal cities and towns of the Italian Peninsula, such as Naples, Milan, Brescia, Valenza on the Po, Rivoli, &c. and schools on this plan are now actually establishing at both Genoa and Rome. The Abbé Cesola and M. Caupin have employed themselves in forming similar ones in the city and environs of Nice. Nor has this method of instruction met with less encouragement at Florence, in which city is the "Florentine Institution," a very remarkable establishment, being, in fact, a combination of several schools. It is under the immediate patronage of the government, and is superintended by Zuccagni Orlandini, the first projector of the plan. He is assisted by Boreini, Pierrotini, and Giuliani, young men who zealously co-operate with him in a design so patriotic, and tending so greatly to ameliorate the condition of their fellow citizens. This Institution does not confine its instructions to the mere elements of reading and writing; for, in addition to the preparatory school, there are teachers for elegant penmanship, arithmetic, drawing, geography, and profane and literary history. The pupils are likewise taught universal grammar, and its application to their own idiom. They learn French, and are initiated into the higher departments of literature, and into physics and natural history. For

the accommodation of pupils from a distance, a boarding school has lately been opened in the vicinity of the Institute.

The Normal school, at Florence, in the first year, had 379 pupils, 19 of whom were adults: of this number, 98, at the end of eleven months, had risen to the eighth class, and soon after left the school. It has been remarked of these pupils, that they carried with them habits of order, industry, obedience, acquired in the school, into their families, or the manufactories wherein they were placed. At Florence there are two schools; at Sienna, one; at Pisa, one; at Pistoia, one; at Montevarchi, one; at Stia, one; at Caviglia, one; at Gaiola, one; at Pereta, two; at Limita, one; and one at Montalaino,-founded and maintained at the charge of the bishop. New schools are in a course of preparation at Florence, St. Cassano, Santa Maria, Monte Pescia, S. Crose, Fusecinio, and Leghorn. Four Normal schools, on the plan of that at Florence, have been constructed within the papal territories, by the liberality of enlightened citizens; a measure which will tend to remove prejudices, and diffuse knowledge through the rest of Italy. The duchess of Parma has founded and maintains four schools. In Lombardy, also, 5,000 learners were lately counted in different Normal schools.

State of Education in France.
The number of communes having
one or more schools was
In 1817
In 1820

Increase in 1820 ....
Total No. of schools in 1817

17,800

24,124

6,324

20,200

Number of masters in 1817, 20,784; in 1820, 28,945.

Number of schools held by the religious, 60 in 1817; in 1820,

187.

Lost Classic Authors.-M. Maïo has made some new discoveries of lost works of ancient writers; among which are several parts of the mutilated and lost books of Polybius, of Diodorus, of Dion Cassius, some fragments of Aristotle, of Ephorus, of Timeus, of Hyperides, of Demetrius of Phalaris, &c. some parts of the unknown writings of Eunapius, of Menander of Byzantium, of Priscus, and of Peter the Protector. Among the inedited works of Polybius are prologues of the lost books, and the entire conclusion of the 39th, in which the author takes a review of his history, and devotes his 40th book to chronology. The fragments of Diodorus and of Dion are numerous and most precious. Among them is a rapid recital of many of the wars of Rome; a narrative of the Civil, Punic, social or Italic, and Macedonian wars; those of Epirus, Syria, Gaul, Spain, Portugal, and Persia. Parts of the history of the Greeks and other nations, and that of the successors of Alexander, &c. are among these. These were discovered in a MS. containing the harangues of the rhetorician Aristides, from a large collection of ancient writings, made by order of Constantinus Porphyrogenetes, of which only

Cicero.-The Abbé Peyron, professor of oriental languages at the University of Turin, has found in a MS. belonging to the convent of St. Columbano at Bobbio, a town of Sardinia, several fragments of the great Roman orator. They are partly portions of works already known, such as the Oratio pro Scauro,' that Pro M.M. Tullio,' &c. Some of these have been previously brought to light by the labours of Angelo Maïo, but this manuscript is much more perfect and correct, so that the deficiencies and errors of the other can be supplied and altered from this. There is a considerable difference in the writing of the two MSS. and also in their form, the one being in two columns, the other in three.

Greek MSS.-The following is a list of Greek MSS. purchased by professor Everett, in the month of June, last year, from a Greek prince residing in Constantinople, and which have since arrived at Boston, United States: 1. A quarto MS. containing sixteen discourses of Gregory Nazianzen; the writing is of the 13th or 14th century. 2. A large quarto MS. containing the Gospels arranged in lessons as they

An Evangelistarion and an Apostolion; or the whole New Testament, divided into lessons for the use of the Greek church. This MS. is in two quarto volumes, very well written; with the vignettes and the titles in gold letters. It has never yet been consulted for any edition of the New Testament. The text of John, 1 Ep. ch. 5, v. 7. is wanting, as in many other Greek MS. It appears to be of the 12th century. 4. A quarto MS. containing the Psalms, very well written, and in good preservation. It has also an explanation of the title of the Psalms, by Psellus, and a Menologia, or Greek Missal, with astronomical tables and diagrams to fix the returns of Easter. It is of the 13th century. 5. A fragment, containing some leaves of a large quarto, written in Roman letters, and apparently of the 8th or 9th century. It contains a part of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. John. 6. A quarto MS. very beautiful and well written, containing the chronicle of Michael Glycus, a Sicilian of the 12th century. This chronicle, which comprises the history of the World, from the creation to the death of Alexius Comnenus, in 1118, was first published by Leunclavius, in 1572, from a very incorrect MS. It is of the 12th century. All these MSS. are of parchment, and in excellent pre

servation.

North American Antiquity. A discovery has been made in Newfoundland, during the last

summer, which has exercised the conjectures of antiquarians. About half a mile from the shores of Gander Bay, there has been found a fragment of a small pillar of white marble of an octangular form; about 18 inches long, and 10 in diameter. Its surface is much corroded by the effects of the weather, and it has probably lain there for a considerable time. It cannot have been left in ballast, because it is half a mile inland, and because no ships can come within three quarters of a mile of the shore of this place. This part of the country is not inhabited, and no similar stones, or works of art have been found on searching in the same neighbourhood. The texture of the marble is perfectly different from any of those used in sculpture or architecture, being of a yellowish white colour, and the texture is in some places crystalline granular, of a large grain; but there are every where intermixed with it parts of very complicated curvatures: capable of being separated in succession in parallel curved laminæ as thin as paper.

Nismes.-The beautiful temple known by the appellation of the Maison Carrée, has undergone considerable repairs. The roof has been restored to its ancient shape; and the cornice in the eastern façade, which was much decayed and very loose, has been rendered quite firm, and secure. It is now intended to clear away the rubbish below, which has accumulated to a depth of nearly nine feet, and to restore the bases of the columns; so that the temple will then be completely visible, although much sunk beneath the level of the surrounding place,

from which it will be separated by a handsome iron pallisading, placed on the top of the stone facing of the area surrounding this beautiful relic of ancient architecture. These repairs are undertaken in consequence of the exertions of the general council for the Department du Gard, seconded by the liberality of the king.

Egyptian Obelisk.-The Jour nal des Debats gives the following, as the version of the inscription on the Egyptian Obelisk lately brought from the Island of Phile to this country, by Mr. Banks. The translator, M. Letronne, says, that it contains a petition from the priests of Isis, in the Island of Philæ, to Ptolomæus Euergetus the Second:

"To the King Ptolomæus; to the Queen Cleopatra, his sister; to the Queen Cleopatra, his wife; the gods of Euergetus, greeting: We, the priests of Isis, who is adored in the Abatum and at Philæ, the most mighty goddess: Considering that the Strategists, the Epistatists, the Thebarchons, the Royal Registrars, the Commanders of the troops guarding the frontiers, and all others of the king's officers, who come to Phila; in short, that the troops which accompany them, and the whole of their suite, compel us to furnish them with abundant supplies belonging to the Temple; the consequence of which is, that the Temple is impoverished, and we run the risk of not having means to defray the regular and fixed expences, caused by the ceremonies and libations, the object of which is the preservation of yourselves and your children: We supplicate you, most powerful gods, to authorize your kins

man and epistolographist Numenius, to write to Lorchus, also your kinsman, and the Strategist of the Thebaid, enjoining him not to practise such vexations with regard to us, nor to permit any persons whomsoever to do so; to grant us, moreover, letters testifying your decision on this subject, and granting us permission to erect a Stele or Pillar on which we will inscribe the beneficence you have displayed to us on this occasion, in order that this Stele may transmit to the remotest posterity the eternal memory of the favours you have granted us. This being permitted us, we shall be, we and the Temple of Isis, in this, as in all other things, your grateful servants. May you be ever happy."

New life of Cervantes.-The Madrid academy have published a new edition of Don Quixote, with an entire new series of embellishments; and, instead of the biographical memoir prefixed to the other editions, they have given a fifth or supplementary volume, containing a life of the author, written by Don Martin Fernandez de Navarete. This is far superior to any of the preceding biographies of Cervantes; containing a number of well authenticated facts hitherto unnoticed; and it is rendered still more interesting by the information it gives respecting the contemporaneous history and literature of Spain, as well as by the sound critical taste which it exhibits.

Lady of the Lake.-Two German translations of this beautiful production of Sir Walter Scott, appeared in the course of the year 1819; one at Leipzig, the other at Essen. The former

of these is by Mad. Schubart, who has likewise translated the ballads of the same poet-the latter version is from the pen of Dr. Adam Storck, professor at Bremen. Both possess considerable merit that by the professor, conveys a more exact idea of the style and peculiar manner of the original, as it adheres to the measure and versification; while Mad. Schubart has, not very judiciously, adopted the regular octave stanza of the Italian school; which, whatever be its beauties or its merits, does not accord with the wild and lyric cast of the original.

Italian Literature.-From a recent coup d'œil of the literary productions of Italy, for 1819, it appears, that during that period, the press was fully employed, if not on any modern work of particular merit, at least in the republication of the classic works of earlier days. Many editions were published of the Greek and Latin classics during that yearnor was there any want of translations. Among those most deserving of being specified, are Mancini's Version of the Iliad into octave rhime; Manzi's translation of Lucian; and Nibby's of Pausanias. But it is their translations from modern languages which will tend to excite the emulation of the Italians; at the same time that they present to them new models of composition. Sismondi's History of the Republics, by Ticozzi, is, by this time, completed in 16 vols 8vo. Rassi has translated two historical works from the French; viz. Michaud's History of the Cru sades, and Segur's Universal History. A new edition of Rollin, in Italian, appeared at Venice,

besides many other translations from the French language; among the rest of some of Madame Genlis' novels; not to mention many medical, botanical, and other scientific works. England has contributed some of its most popular writers of the present day of these, Byron and Moore are the most conspicuous. Leoni, who is known by his numerous translations from the best English poets, has given his countrymen a version of the 4th Canto of Childe Harold, under the title of l'Italia: The Corsair of the same noble author has also been translated; as has Moore's Lalla Rookh (written Lala Rook), the latter by Gatti, of Turin. Hume, has received two different Italian garbs, the first from the pen of Antoniotti, a second from that of the indefatigable Leoni. Among the other translations from the English, we meet with the names of Locke, Goldsmith, and Accum, besides some poems from Pope, and Darwin's Loves of the Plants. The German language is every day more cultivated in Italy, and a number of elementary works are produced, for the purpose of facilitating its study and acquisition, in addition to new editions of former ones. Nor is the number of the works translated from this idiom, by any means inconsiderable, while the names of Lichtenstern, Hormayr, Engel, Schiller, Meiners, &c. &c. are a pledge for the importance of the works themselves.

The Dying Gladiator. - No doubts were entertained as to the character of the statue thus designated, until the time of Winckelmann, who rejected that appellation as erroneous, although