182
Report of State Board of Health of Massachusetts. (CHEMICAL,

O&. 27, 1876.
For the quantitative determination of cellulose Dr. , absence of offensive smell. Here he contradicts one of
Müller proceeds as follows :—Two grms. of the material the most preposterous assertions of the Rivers' Pollution
in question are dried at 110° to 115° If resins, wax, &c., Commission, that bad smells are always perceptible.''
are present, they are extracted with a mixture of strong My statement is—“There is no offensive smell
alcohol and benzol, and the mass is then repeatedly boiled except from the moist precipitate” (p. 349).
with water or very dilute ammonia. The residue is then As to Leamington, I find my notes confirmed by the
bruised in a mortar with a pestle of box-wood. In ope- London Standard of October 17, 1874, and by the London
rating on woods fine plane-shavings are the most conve- Times of October 21, 1875. I am sure that the authorities
nient form, and require no further preparation. The mass will not say that my expression of “costly and expensive
is now placed in a large wide-mouthed stoppered glass, failures," as applied to their experience with the precipi-
with 100 c.c. of water. A solution of bromine, containing tating processes, is at all too strong,
2 c.c. of bromine to 500 c.c. of water, is then added, to You say—“No mention is made of the important results
the extent of 5 or 10 C.C., according to the nature of the obtained by Mr. Smee, jun., who showed that milk and
material. When the yellow colour of the liquid disap: 1 butter obtained from cows fed on sewage grass became
pears a fresh portion of the bromine solution is added, and more rapidly offensive than that of cows fed upon normal
so on until free bromine may be recognised in the liquid, herbage. No notice is taken of the important evidence of
even after standing from twelve to twenty-four hours. Mr. Markham that irrigation, even with common river
The mass is now filtered, washed with water, and heated water, and applied only when necessitated by dry weather,
nearly to a boil, with about 500 c.c. of water to which injures the health of the surrounding districts in India.
2 c.c. of ammonia have been added. The mass is filtered, No less has Dr. Folsom left out of account the valuable
washed with water, returned to the stoppered glass, and report of M. Lefeldt, the Prussian Commissioner, who
again treated with water and solution of bromine, as be complains of the mephitic odours' on the model sewage
fore. This alternating treatment with ammonia and farm, and who found the stems of grass from irrigated
bromine is thus repeated three or four times, and finally-meadows full of unassimilated sewage matters."
on washing with water, and then with boiling alcohol- I have given more than a page to the consideration of
pure cellulose is obtained as a mass, dazzling in its Mr. Smee's statement (pp. 344 and 345). I have dis-
whiteness. It may be considered pure if-after remaining tinctly stated the fact well known to Mr. Markham and
for twenty-four hours in contact with very dilute solution others with regard to irrigation in India (p. 335). The
of bromine, and subsequent treatment with warm dilute “ mephitic odours" found by Lefeldt on" the model sewage
ammonia-no coloration appears in the liquid.

farm ,' (Breton's Farm) were due, as he says on page 6 of The author is of opinion that the determination of his Report, lines 24, 25, 26, not to the process of irrigacellulose will become of practical importance in the future, tion, but to the precipitating tanks, which he and I both as new fibrous materials will doubtless be introduced into condemned. His other statement, with reference to the the market, and as it will become necessary to ascertain Craigentinny Meadows, is that " when the rye-grass is the result of the various processes for their preparation. irrigated within two days of the time of cutting a rank

The remaining and larger portion of the work is devoted growth was produced which cattle do not eat, and which to an elaborate description of the vegetable fibres already was full of unassimilated sewage for a few inches above in use, and of those capable of industrial application, the the roots." This fact he did not consider of sufficient imnumber of which will surprise those who have not exam- portance (being due to bad management) to mention at all ined this subject. Particular attention is given to a survey | in his general resumé. Finally, Lefeldt says that sewage of materials suitable for the paper-trade, and to an account distribution, if properly managed, does not create more of the improved processes, mechanical and chemical, for stink than is ordinary on farms (pp. 13 and 54), and (p.48) its preparation.

that there was a horrible smell (Ein entsetzlicher Geruch
We must strongly recommend Dr. Müller's work to all war damit verbunden) from the drying of the precipitate
who take an interest in vegetable fibres and their applica- in the A B C process, even when special care was taken
tions, and especially to all concerned in textile manufac. at the time of his pre-arranged visit with the chief en-
tures, in the paper-trade, and in the development of the gineer.
resources of our colonies.

As to England, I have given my authorities, and there
I am content to let the matter rest.-I am, &c.,

Chas. F. FOLSOM.

Boston, September 1, 1876.
CORRESPONDENCE.

[In inserting Dr. Folsom's letter we cannot see that he

has in any way substantiated those statements upon REPORT OF STATE BOARD OF Health Of sewage precipitation which we denounced as grossly in.

accurate. As regards Leeds, surely the name which a MASSACHUSETTS.

local company has thought fit to assume, even if backed

by random newspaper articles, is a curiously feeble arguTo the Editor of the Chemical News.

ment to set against the official reports and certificates of My attention has recently been called to your issue of the responsible authorities, the analyses of a chemist like July 28, in which I find a review of the last report of the the late Dr. Letheby, and the observations of scientific State Board of Health of Massachusetts ; I rely on your men made during prolonged and reiterated visits of incandour and courtesy to give equal prominence to my spection! The informants who misled Dr. Folsom into reply.

speaking of six tanks of iron in place of twelve of stone First, as regards Leeds, my statements are, in the main, may well be deemed inaccurate in matters less obvious, corroborated by the prospectus of " The Clarifying and and may possibly have evolved the odour of the mud out Utilisation of Sewage Company” (asknowledging by their of the depths of their own consciousness. Dr. Folsom's very name that they do not assume to purify the sewage), statement that "there is no offensive smell except from the by authorities whom I have quoted, and by articles in the moist precipitate ” does not agree with the declaration of Leeds Mercury and the Yorkshire Post, of December 23, the Rivers' Pollution Commissioners that “ bad smells 1874, although I may have misunderstood my informant, / are always perceptible ;" so that we cannot withdraw the who was an intelligent man, familiar with the details of compliment which we offered him. As concerns Leaming. the work, as to some unimportant matters. I do not know ton, whatever canards may have found their way into the how the error occurred by which I made the number of papers, our statement is an indisputable truth. When tanks six instead of twelve, unless by mistake in copying we read the next paragraphs of Dr. Folsom's letter we or proof-reading, which I failed to detect; it does not began to fear that we had inadvertently made an un. appear in my notes. You say—-" The author admits the founded accusation. But we turned to "page 335," and

CHEMICAL NEWS, } Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources.
O1876.

183 found no mention whatever of Mr. Markham or of his PROF. DITTMAR AND THE “ ANALYST." report, not a word to prove that Dr. Folsom was aware even of his existence ! We turned next to “pages 344

To the Editor of the Chemical News. and 345," and found matters very little better. Three lines are given to a notice of Mr. Smee's letter to the Sir,—My object in troubling you with my former letter Times in 1873, but the more recent work of Mr. Smee, jun.,

was to do an act of justice to Prof. Dittmar, viz., to prevent to which we referred, is not noticed. The remainder of the

the assailants of Prof. Dittmar from passing off their own “ more than a page” consists of “opinions” and negative private act as the public act of a Society which refuses to evidence, of very little value when opposed to actual ex

take part in it; and my position as one of the Viceperiments. As regards the “mephitic odour" on Breton's Presidents of that Society, and as chairman of the meeting Farm, Dr. Folsom's attempt to explain it away is in which condemned the attack on Prof. Dittmar, made it my genious, but cannot be admitted for a moment. The

clear duty to interfere. settling-pits (not precipitation-pits, which would imply in the names of Mr. Wigner and Dr. Muter as proprietors,

As I have already mentioned, the Analyst was registered the use of a precipitant) were part and parcel of a system and in the last resort the control of the paper and the legal of irrigation. If abolished, the solid impurities which they were intended to retain would be scattered over the responsibility rest with these two persons. whole farm, and would produce a nuisance less concen.

The six persons forming the Committee of Publication trated but more general. If unassimilated fæcal matters

are the President of the Society (Dr. Redwood), myself, can penetrate into living vegetable organisms at all, who

Dr. Muter, Dr. Dupré, Mr. Heisch, and Mr. Wigner. The dares to fix the time required to render them harmless? editorship of the Analyst is in the hands either of Mr. If there is anything wrong on a sewage farm it is always Wigner or of some person in his employ. ascribed to "bad management." But if there is the

I have the permission of the President (Dr. Redwood) slightest nuisance at any precipitation works it is charged to record that the article under discussion was published as a fundamental error to all sewage processes. To M. without his knowledge or consent. I take this opportunity Lefeldt's allegation, that an evil odour arises from pre- knowledge or consent ; and in his letter which appeared in

of formally recording that it was published without my cipitation-manure on drying, we may oppose the testimony of Mr. Keates, an authority no less eminent than impartial. the CHEMICAL News (vol, xxxiv., p. 162) Dr. Muter has We will merely add that Dr. Folsom's remarks on Leeds the circumstance that in the letter signed conjointly by

disclaimed all knowledge or consent.

I call attention to and Leamington could be refuted, if necessary, both by Mr. Heisch and Dr. Dupré those gentlemen omit

to say official documents and oral testimony sufficient to satisfy whether they were present at any committee meeting any court of justice.-Ed. C.N.)

sanctioning the issue of the article on Prof. Dittmar, and confine themselves to a general expression of responsi.

bility: and with all these facts before them I do not doubt THE PINK LIQUORS OF THE CHLORATE OF that the real character of the attack on Prof. Dittmar will POTASH MANUFACTURE.

be obvious to your readers. I am, &c.,

J. ALFRED WANKLYN. To the Editor of the Chemical News.

117, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, London, W.

October 24, 1876. SIR,-It has often been said that the rose-red colour which appears upon the complete saturation of the lime with chlorine in the manufacture of chlorate of potash also appears in the absence of manganese, and as it is well known that this colour is due to permanganic acid, I was

acid, I was CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN not a little surprised to find Dr. Mylius (CHEMICAL News,

SOURCES vol. xxxiv., p. 139) giving even slight credence to the statement that this colouration could appear “in the absence of manganese.”. In the same paragraph it is also Note:--All degrees of temperature are Centigrade, unless otherwise

expressed. stated that the rose-red colour is also obtained in the absence of manganese at Messrs. Kunheim's works at Berlin, where Deacon's process is used for the preparation Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, de l'Academie of the chlorine, leading one to suppose that the colouring

des Sciences. No. 14, October 2, 1876. matter was other than permanganic acid in this case. Industrial Application of the Sun's Rays.-M. A.

In Dingl. Polyt. Fourn., ccxv., p. 237, Opl states that an Mouchot.—The author presents to the Academy a small unfiltered chloride of lime solution becomes rose-coloured " solar alembic,” easy to set up and to remove. The on boiling by the formation of ferric acid from the ferric mirror is 50 c.m. in diameter; the boiler contains 1 litre oxide of the calcium hydrate employed. Now, from ex- of wine, which is brought to a boil by half an hour's periments made at intervals during the last five years, I exposure to the sun. The vapour of alcohol enters a tube find that the colour is always due to permanganic acid, placed in the centre of the boiler, traverses the foot of the and that the manganese is not carried over mechanically mirror, and descends into the worm, where it condenses. with the chlorine ; but the permanganic acid is formed by The foot of the mirror is a gas-tap fitted with a groove and the continued action of the chlorine upon the manganese a set-screw, which permit the boiler to be always turned compounds contained in the lime used in the process. to the sun. If the boiler is filled with water, and if a re

I have examined many samples of lime, limestone, and ceptacle full of leaves or odoriferous flowers is interposed chalk, but have not met with one yet absolutely free from between it and the worm, all the essences procurable by manganese; and, furthermore, all the pink liquors from distillation may be obtained. the chlorate manufacture, bleaching-powders and bleachingliquors, made either by Deacon's process, Weldon's pro- J. M. Gaugain.- Not suitable for abstraction.

Influence of Temperature upon Magnetisation.cess, or the old process, have all yielded manganese on analysis, and the corresponding pink solutions, when ex

Chemical Reactions of Gallium.-M. Lecoq de Boisamined by the aid of the micro-spectroscope, have all given baudran.-Solution of pure gallium, mixed with acid the characteristic absorption spectrum of potassium per

acetate of ammonia, are not rendered turbid by sulphuretted manganate—the five well-known bands in the yellow and hydrogen, but if zinc is present the sulphide of this metal green,- I am, &c.,

is charged with gallium, but the liquid is not entirely freed GEORGE E. Davis.

from it. If the salts of zinc are not plentiful enough to 30, Faulkner Street, Manchester.

draw down at once all the gallium precipitable by sulphuretted hydrogen, it must be added in small portions

184

Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources. { ,

O&. 27, 1876. until these products no longer give the ray Ga a 417'0 in Quercitrin and Quercetin.-M. J. Loewe.- Quercitrin the spectroscope. Only slight traces of gallium remain is generally regarded as a glucoside which is split up under then in the liquid. On proceeding thus, the amount in the influence of acids into quercetin and sugar (the isothe precipitates appears to remain at first almost constant, dulcite of Hlasiwetz and Pfaundler). The author comor at least to decrease slowly, and then more and more bats this view, and secks to demonstrate that quercetin rapidly: it does not, therefore, seem to be a function of differs from quercitrin merely by containing two equiva. the amount of gallium in the liquid. Is there not here an lents of water less. indication of a combination between the two substances,

Density of Nitric Acid at Different Temperatures. or perhaps more probably a surface-attraction analogous -M. H. Gebel.–A table showing how the hydrometric to the fixation of a colouring matter upon a mordant. It value of nitric acid is affected by changes of temperature. is known that salts of zinc slightly acid are precipitatedDingler's Polytechnisches Fournal. by sulphuretted hydrogen, the action being limited by the quantity of strong acid set at liberty. If the experiment -M. H. Schwarz.-There are found at Kalusz deposits

Researches on the Kainite of Kalusz in Galicia. is made with a chloride of zinc containing gallium, a notable quantity of this metal falls along with the sulphide of pure sylvine (chloride of potassium) and of kainite. of zinc. 'An ammoniacal solution of the salts of gallium This latter is found in yellowish grey fragments, generally and zinc is precipitated by hydrosulphate of ammonia. moist from the presence of chloride of magnesium. On An excess of the reagent does not remove the gallium, l analysis it is found to be a tolerably constant mixture of unless, indeed, the sulphide of zincis in such small quantity the double sulphate of potassium and magnesium (picroas to dissolve also. The case is different when the salt of merite or schoenite), chlorides of sodium and magnesium, gallium is pure. The ammoniacal solution is not rendered and clay in variable quantities. turbid by the sulphide of ammonium. If a neutral or New Process of Dyeing with Artificial Alizarin.slightly acid solution of the chlorides of zinc and gallium M. R. Forster.—The author fixes first the aluminous moris submitted to fractionated precipitation with sulphide of dant, and then a mixture of alizarin and of fatty acid, by ammonium containing free ammonia, the gallium is con- operating as follows :-He dissolves a sufficient quantity centrated in the first products. If an ammoniacal solution of alizarin and of soap, and then neutralises the solution of zinc and gallium is submitted to the same treatment, with sulphuric acid. The alizarin and the fatty acid are the gallium, on the contrary, accumulates in the last precipitated in very finely divided flocks, which attach precipitates.

themselves very readily to the mordanted tissues, giving Syphonment and “ Migration” of Gases.-M. F. very bright and solid colours. Bellamy.—The phenomena classed here as "migration' Distinctive Reaction between Reds from Artificial are cases of gaseous osmose. The author has given them Alizarin and those from Extract of Madder.-M. J. the name of " migration” to distinguish them from osmose, Wagner.—The author finds that extract reds are very properly so-called, which is effected through septa, con- much injured by a mixture of soda and potassic ferri. ductors of large surfaces and very small length. In cyanide, whilst artificial alizarin-reds are scarcely affected. “migration" the conductor presents a narrow surface and This difference is doubtless due to the presence of pura length relatively great.

purin in the extract which is destroyed by this reaction.

Bulletin de Mulhouse.
Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de Paris,

Solution of Damaged Albumen in Pepsin.-M. J.
Nos. 4 and 5, September 5, 1876.

Wagner.-The author utilises damaged lots of albumen Transformation of Aromatic Carbides into For- by dissolving them in pepsin. The solutions thus obtained menic Carbides.-M. Berthelot.-The author remarks give, according to his account, colours almost as solid as that in effecting total hydrogenations with hydriodic acid albumen of the first quality. Nevertheless, the albumen and phosphorus, red phosphorus should not be used, since thus re-dissolved is no longer coagulable by heat, and the it dissolves completely at the temperature required, and degree of solidity of the colours fixed by its intervention gives rise to such a great formation of gas that the tubes is not comparable to that of colours fixed by unmodified cannot be preserved.

albumen. "The process, therefore, is only applicable in Thermo-chemical Researches Lead

certain cases.-Moniteur de la Teinture.

and Thallium.-M. J. Thomsen.-(Fournal fur Praktische

Formation of Aniline-Black.-M. Rich. Meyer.-An Chemic.)

acid solution of pure aniline sulphate gives, on the addi

tion of a concentrated solution of MnO,K, a deep oliveThermo-chemical Researches on Copper and Silver.-M. J. Thomsen.- These two papers consist be totally deprived of sulphuric acid. The author con

green precipitate, verging upon black, but which cannot merely of columns of formulæ and figures.

siders that the original precipitate is a sulphate which is “Action of Mass” of Water.-M. W. Ostwald.- gradually decomposed by washing. This body presents The author has studied the decomposition of bismuth the general characters of aniline-black. It is insoluble in chloride by water increasing with the quantity of the alcohol, ether, benzol, and acetic acid, to which, however, latter.

it still imparts a more or less olive tint. Concentrated Borates of Lithium.-M. F. Filsinger.—The author sulphuric acid dissolves it with a black-blue colour, but it has obtained a biborate and four other compounds, or is re-precipitated on the addition of water. If the sul. possibly mixtures.

phuric solution is heated SO2 escapes, and the liquid beCrystalline Fluosilicates of Iron and Cobalt.-M.

comes a dirty brown. Further researches are required to F. Stolba.- The author prepares the former of these two

ascertain if this black is identical with that of M, Coquil. .compounds by dissolving metallic iron in hydro-Auosilicic | lion and M. Goppelsroeder. acid, and the latter by decomposing the carbonate of On Litmus.-M. V. Wartha.—The blue colouring cobalt with the same acid.

matter, indifferent to acids, often found in blocks of litmus, Purification of Bisulphide of Carbon.-M. L. H. is simply indigo, which, in the author's opinion, is inten Friedburg.— The author distils the sulphide over a pure tionally added to heighten the blue colour. It may, howvegetable fat, such as palm oil. To free the sulphide of ever, result from the fermentation of the lichens at the carbon from a little fatty matter which it carries over, it expense of the urine added. is poured into fuming nitric acid, stirred, and allowed to digest for twenty-four hours. It is then mixed with cold water, distilled at 50° or 60°, mixed with water again, County Analyst for Warwick.-On the 17th inst, and re-distilled, when it is obtained perfectly pure.- Mr. A. Bostock Hill, M.D., was elected Analyst for the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft su Berlin.' County of Warwick.

on

OP

OR THE

Notes and Queries. , oa. 27, 1876.

185 MISCELLANEOUS.

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, University of Oxford.—The following are the lectures

Edited by WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S., &c. to be delivered during the present term "Organic Che. mistry (Phenic Compounds)," on Mondays and Thursdays,

Now ready No. LII., October, 1876, price 55. at noon, at the Museum, by the Waynflete Professor of

CONTENTS.

1. Japanese Mines. Chemistry, Dr. W. Odling, M.A. Lectures On Elemen

II. The Cradle of Civilisation. tary Organic Chemistry are given by the Aldrichian

III. The Constants of Colour. By Prof. O. N. Rocd,
Demonstrator of Chemistry, Mr. W. W. Fisher, M.A., of IV. The Encouragement of Research.
Corpus Christi College, on Wednesdays and Saturdays,

V. The Book of the Balance of Wisdom. By H. Carrington

Bolton, Ph.D. at 11 a.m.; and lectures “On Elementary Inorganic Che.

VI. The Philosophy of the Radiometer and its Cosmical Reve. mistry," by Mr. W. F. Donkin, M.A., of Magdalen

lations. By W. Mattieu Williams, F.R.A.S., F.C.S. College, on Tuesdays and Fridays, at 11 a.m. The in

The British Association for the Advancement of Science.

Notices of Scientific Works, Progress of the Various Sciences, &c. stru&ion in the Laboratory of the University, which is

London: 3, Horse-Shoe Court, Ludgate Hill, E.C. open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. daily, is given by the Aldri. chian Demonstrator, and by Mr. John Watts, D.Sc. A Now ready, Third Edition, enlarged and revised, with 74 engravings;

8vo., 155. Course of Practical Intruction in Organic Chemistry is conducted by Mr. W. H. Pike, Ph.D. The Professor will

A SYSTEMATIC HANDBOOK be glad to hear from gentlemen who, having passed the necessary examinations for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS; wish to carry on original work in the University Laboratory.

QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ChemicAL SUBSTANCES

BY MeasuRE, APPLIED TO LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, AND Gases. NOTES AND QUERIES.

Adapted to the requirements of Pure Chemical Research, Pathological Chemistry, Pharmacy, Metallurgy, Manufacturing Chemistry

Photography, &c., and for the Valuation of Substances used in Com. Fluoride of Potassium.-Having seen a question asked for a

merce, Agriculture, and the Arts. ready process for the production of fluoride of potassium I should feel

By FRANCIS SUTTON, F.C.S. obliged if you would 'kindly allow me to give the following process

1. and A. CHURCHILL, New Burlington Street. which might be found of some use to " Fluorine":-By using a small leaden vessel having a diameter at the bottom 3t", and 2" at the top,

Now ready, New Edition, 8vo., 7s. 6d., to hold a pint, to which a cover is attached with iwo holes bored in it, one for putting the mixture through and the other for the delivery tube.

CHEMIA COARTATA: 2000 grms. of Auor-spar is now placed in the leaden vessel in the state

OR, The Key TO MODERN Chemistry. of small lumps, as it will be found to operate better in this state than powdered. ioo grms. of sulphuric acid to 20 grms, of water is then

By A. H. KOLLMYER, A.M., M.D.,

Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics at Montreal. poured upon it, the hold is now plugged with a gutta-percha cork, and a tube put through a similar cork and placed in the other hole.

J. and A. CHURCHILL, New Burlington Street. Hydrofluoric given to pass potassium the I , heat is

CHEMICAL STUDENTS. Vol. I., Fifth Thousand (Inorganic), matter of course it boils at 19:4° = hydrofluoric.-LATENT. 45. Vol. II., Second Edition (Organic), 58.

“These 'Notes' will, we believe, be found very useful for students, MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK.

containing, as they do exactly what is wanted, without being over loaded with any superfluous matter, and what is of no less importance in a constantly expanding science like chemistry, bringing up the

information to the latest date, and in accordance with the most THURSDAY, Nov. 20d.-Chemical, 8. ," on some New Compounds of Potassium," by Sidney Lupton. "On cer.

advanced views of English and Continental chemists.- Educational tain Bismuth Compounds" (Part III.), by

Times.
M. M. Pattison Muir. "On Phospho- and

London: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, Paternoster Row.

, Arsenio-Cyanogen," by W. R. Hodgkinson. KING'S COLLEGE.-EVENING CLASSES.

On a Secondary Oxidised Product formed during the Reduction of Stannic Chloride," by W. R. Hodgkinson and G. C. Matthews.

WINTER SESSION, 1876-77.
"Preliminary Notice on Pigmentum Nigrum,

Matter
“On Barwood," by the

October 9th, and terminate in March.
late Dr. Anderson.

CHEMISTRY-Mr. W. N. Hartley, at 7 o'clock. Mondays and

Thursdays. Fee, £i ris. 6d.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY—Tuesday from 7 to 9. Fee, £2 25. TO CORRESPONDENTS.

ORRIS TANNENBAUM, 37, FITZROY

STREET, offers Jewellers, Mineralogists, Lapidaries, and R. P. Davies.-It was a printer's error. See erratum. ERRATUN.-In No. 881, p. 155, col. 1, 1. 34 from top, for 28-88 per existing kinds), large Collections of Fine Hyacinths in all Colours,

specially Collectors of Rare Cut Gems (which he possesses in all cent Zn0, read 28.88 per cent Fe,Og.

Clear Spanish Topazes, Blue and Yellow Amethysts, Jargon,
Olivine, Fossils, Fine Collections of Shells, Thousands of Indian

Pebbles. Polished Agates, &c., Starstones and Catseyes, Garnets, Now ready, in crown 8vo., with 58 Woodcuts, price 25. 6d., Cape Rubies, Fine Slabs of Lapis Lazuli, Fine Emeralds in the

Matrix, Fine Crystallised Rubies and Brazilian Topazes, and ESSONS IN ELECTRICITY at the Royal Thousands of Rare Opals. Specimens and for Cuttings. Orders

Institution, 1875-6. By John TYNDALL, D.C.L., LL.D., eflected to all parts of the world.
F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution of
Great Britain.
London: LONGMANS and Co.

and Saving Lite from Fire, by Professor GARDNER.

POLYTECHNIC SEANCE, conducted by the Polytechnic Medium Now ready, cloth, post 4to., price 35. 6d.

and by Polytechnic Means. The WAR IN THE EAST, with a NOTE-BOOK AND large number of Dissolving Views, by Mr. Kino.

Demonstration of

a NEW THEORY of the ORBITAL REVOLUTION of the LECTURE NOTES FOR The use of CHEMICAL

EARTH, by Mr. John HARRIS, with Magnificent Models. PLATE STUDENTS preparing for Matriculation (University of London), SPINNING and THOUGHT TELEGRAPHY, by the Taylor College of Surgeons, Science and Art Department, and other Ex

FAMILY The NEW FOREST, with Dissolving Views, by Mr. J. aminations. By THOMAS ELTOFT, F.C.S., Senior Chemical Assistant

L. King. Diving Bell, Cosmoramic Views, &c., &c. Concluding and Chemical Teacher to the Matriculation Classes, St. Bartholomew's

at 4.15 and 9.15 p.m. daily, with a Musical, Optical, and Scenic Hospital; Chemical Lecturer, City of London College, St. Thomas, Entertainment, entitled The INVISIBLE PRINCE, WITH A Charterhouse, Science Schools, &c.

NEW FEATHER IN HIS CAP; written by Mr. ELLIS REYNOLDS London : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, and Co., Stationers' Hall Court. Open from 12 till 5 and 7 till 10. Admission to the whole 18. Manchester : JOHN HEYWOOD, Deansgate.

Schools and Children under 10 years, 6d.

vetsel containing the potassium, with which it forms a nuoride, as the FRANKLAND'S LECTURE

NOTES for

Hair and Feathers," by W. R. Hodgkinson The Evening Lectures commence on Monday,

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC - PYROMANCY

The

THE COMBINED

AND

o o 6
I 150
3 0 o

186 Advertisements.

{,

CHEMICAL News, S. A. SADLER,

THE CHEMICAL NEWS
CLEVELAND CHEMICAL WORKS,
MIDDLESBROUGH;

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
Newfall Tar Works, Carlton;

Edited by WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S., &c. and Ammonia Works, Stockton-on-Tees. anufacturer of Benzole, Toluole, Xylol, Published every Friday: Price ad. Annual Subscription, post free.

including Indices, £1 Powder, Refined Anthracene, Naphthaline, Black Varnish, Refined Tar, Crude Liquid Ammonia, Galvanising Salts, Coal-Tar, Pitch

CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS. Creosote, Grease, &c., &c.

£ s. d. S. A. S. is always a buyer of Coal-Tar Naphthas, Crude Anthracene

Five lines in column (about 10 words to line) O 3 6 and all Tar Products.

Each additional line

Whole column All communications to be addressed to the offices at Middlesbrough.

Whole page ..

A reduction made for a series of insertions. Methylated Spirits.-- David Smith Kidd,

Licensed Maker, Commercial Street, Shoreditch, N.E. Cheques and Post-Office Orders, crossed “ London and County Also FINISH, FUSEL'OIL and RECT, NAPHTHA.

Bank," payable to the order of William Crookes.

BOY COURT, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON E.C. BERNERS COLLEGE of CHEMISTRY,

in conjunction with the SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT of the ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.

Instruction and preparation in CHEMISTRY and the EXPERI

MENTAL SCIENCES under the direction of Professor E. V.
JOSEPH GILLOTT'S

GARDNER, F.A.S., M.S.A.
STEEL PENS.

The Class Rooms are open from it to 5 a.m. and from 7 to 10 p.m. daily.

Especial facilities for persons preparing for Government and other Sold by all Dealers throughout the World,

examinations.

Private Pupils will find every convenience.

Analyses, Assays, and Practical Investigations connected with MINERALS AND

Patents, &c., conducted.
FOSSILS.

Prospectuses and full particulars on application to Prof. Gardner

at Berner's College, 44, Berners-street, W., or at the Royal PolyAlso Rock Specimens, British and Foreign Shells,

technic Institution.
Crustacea, Microscopic Objects, Glass-
Capped Boxes, Card Trays, Tablets, &c.

PATENTS.-Mr. Vaughan, F.C.S., British Specimens sent for Selection to known or approved applicants.

Foreign, and Colonial PATENT AGENT. Special attention

given to Inventions relating to Chemistry, Mining, and Metallurgy. THOMAS D. RUSSELL,

Guide to Inventors" Free by Post.-Ofhces, 67, Chancery Lane, 48, ESSEX STREET, STRAND, W.C. London, W.C., and 8, Houndgate, Darlington. Catalogues Free,

F. , CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.

Apparatus and Chemicals for Scientific Pursuits. Laboratory Fitter and Furnisher. Photographic Apparatus and Materials,

8, KINGSLAND GREEN (WEST SIDE), LONDON. GLOVER AND GAY-LUSSAC TOWERS, Ryall's Chemical Black Lead (Registered) SULPHURIC ACID AND BLEACHING-POWDER and the cleanliness of application makes this one of the marvels of

creates no waste or dust by its magnetic adherence to the stove, CHAMBERS,

household economy.-Sold by all respectable grocers and oilmen in AND OTHER CHEMICAL PLANT,

blocks id., 2d., 4d., and is. boxes. Works, 94, Little Compton Street,

Soho, London. Circular Reofs, Building, &c., contracted for by BECKER & SONS, Rotterdam, 'J. BRADBURY,

MANUFACTURERS OF
CHEMICAL ENGINEER AND CONTRACTOR,

ASSAY, ANALYTICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL, 148, STRETFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER,

AND OTHER
ESTABLISHED 1798.

BALANCES AND WEIGHTS.
ROBERT DAGLISH & Co.,

Sole Agents for England, Ireland, and Wales :BOILER MAKERS, ENGINEERS, AND TOWNSON & MERCER, MILL-WRIGHTS,

89, BISHOPSGATE ST. WITHIN, LONDON. BRASS AND IRONFOUNDERS,

Balances are exhibited at the South Kensington Museum, and ST. HELEN'S FOUNDRY, LANCASHIRE. T. & M. will forward complete Ilustrated Catalogue on receipt of

Samples kept in stock by their Agents.

postage stamp id. Makers of every description of Chemical,

Colliery, Copper Ore, Gold Mining and Glass Machinery, including Crown, German Sheet, and Water-glass, or Soluble Silicates of Soda Plate Glass Plant, as supplied to some ofthe largest Firmsin England,

and Potash, in large or small quantities, and either solid Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

or in solution, at ROBERT RUMNEY'S, Ardwick Chemical Makers of the latest Improved Revolving Black Ash Furnace Works, Manchester. with Siemens's Patent Gas Arrangement, and as used in the Manufac.

INDIA-RUBBER SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR ture of Soda. Improved Valveless Air Engines, and Pumps or Acid Forcing, Air

CHEMICAL PURPOSES.
Agitators, Compressors for Collieries, and Weldon's Patent Chlorine
Process.

Boots, Gloves, Gauntlets, Aprons, Pure Tube and Caustic, Chlorate, Decomposing, and Oxalic Pans.

Hose, all Warranted Best Quality.
Gas Producers for Heating Furnaces.
Pyrites Burners for Irish, Norwegian, and Spanish Ores.

J. G. INGRAM & SON,
Retorts, Acid Gas, Nitre, Nitric Acid, and Vitriol Refining.
Improved Steam Superheaters for Resin Refining, &c.

Manufacturers of Mechanical, Surgical, Chemical, and Improved Steam Sulphur Pans.

all other Vulcanised India-Rubber Goods. Photographs, and other information, supplied on receipt

The London India-Rubber Works, Hackney Wick, E., of Orders.

AND AT HOXTON AND RAINHAM, Essex.