CHEMICAL NEWS, Sept. 8, 1876. British Association.- Mr. Perkin's Address. Looking at these reactions, it appears rather remarkable that Graebe and Liebermann should have succeeded in preparing alizarin from dibromanthraquinon. It can only be explained on the assumption that the hydrogen atoms replaced in the disulpho-acid are different in position from those replaced in the dibromanthraquinon; and of course it is possible that a disulpho-acid isomeric with that now known may be discovered that will yield alizarin as a first product on treatment with alkali. In the reaction which takes place when monoxyanthraquinon or isoanthraflavic acid become oxidised and change into alizarin and anthrapurpurin nascent hydrogen is formed; and this causes a reverse action to take placeordinary anthraquinon, or its hydrogen derivative, being formed, and a loss of colouring matter resulting. A small amount of potassic chlorate is now used with the caustic alkali, just sufficient to overcome the reducing action, which has resulted in an increased yield of colouring matter, the percentage obtained being now not very much below the theoretical quantity. When the process for making commercial artificial alizarin by treating anthraquinon with sulphuric acid was first adopted, the product from that treatment was a mixture of the mono- and disulpho-acids of anthraquinon. Consequently, the colouring matter prepared in this manner was a mixture of alizarin and anthrapurpurin; and the reason why dichloranthracen, when used in place of anthraquinon, yields a product very rich in anthrapurpurin, is on account of the readiness with which it forms a disulpho-acid of dichloranthracen, which afterwards changes into the disulpho-acid of anthraquinon. At first it was supposed by many that the quantity of coal-tar produced would not yield a sufficient supply of anthracen for the manufacture of artificial alizarin. Experience has, however, proved that this supposition was groundless, as now the supply is greater than the demand. Moreover, some very interesting experiments have lately been made, by which anthraquinon and its derivatives have been obtained without the use of anthracen. The most interesting are those in which phthalic anhydride is employed with benzolic derivatives: for example, this anhydride gives with hydroquinon a colouring matter having the same composition, as well as most of the other properties of alizarin. It is called quinizarin. Baeyer and Caro have also obtained from phthalic anhydride and phenol oxyanthraquinon, and by using pyrocatechin in place of phenol they got alizarin itself. Although these products have not been obtained in sufficient quantities by these processes to be of any practical value, we do not know what further research may do. Already one of the substances used is being prepared on the large scale for the manufacture of that beautiful colouring matter "eosin ;" I refer to phthalic anhydride. Now, with reference to the origin of the products which are used for the manufacture of artificial alizarin, we find the first researches made in reference to anthracen were by Dumas and Laurent in 1832; subsequently, Laurent further worked upon this subject, and obtained, by the oxidation of this hydrocarbon, a substance which he called anthrahe also obtained dichloranthracen. Dr. Anderson cenuse; also made an investigation on anthracen and its compounds in 1863, and assigned to it its correct formula; he re-examined its oxidation product, which Laurent called anthracenuse, and named it oxyanthracen, the substance we now know as anthraquinon. All these substances were without any practical value until 1868; but we now find them of the greatest importance, and used daily in immense quantities. But to bring out more clearly the practical importance of these fruits of scientific research, it will be well perhaps to see what has been their influence on the colouring matters which were in use before them, and also the extent of their present consumption. The influence of the so-called aniline colours on dyewoods, &c., has been remarkably small. It is true that at first magenta had a depreciating influence upon cochineal; 107 but this has passed away, and now the consumption o that dye is as great as ever; certainly its price is much lower than it used to be, but this is due to a variety of causes, especially the great increase in the cultivation of the insect at Teneriffe. And perhaps this want of influence is not so very remarkable when we consider the aniline colours are entirely new products, differing in composition and properties from the old colouring matters, and therefore could only displace them to a certain extent. But whilst this is the case, the aniline colours have been more and more used, until at present it is computed that their annual sale in the United Kingdom and on the Continent exceeds £2,000,000. This is probably due to new applications and increase of trade. When, however, we come to consider the influence of the anthracen colours, alizarin and anthrapurpurin, more generally known as "artificial alizarin," we find we have a very different tale to tell. Here, in the case of alizarin, we have a competition not between two colouring matters, but the same from different sources the old source being the madder-root, the new one coal-tar. And when we introduce the consideration of anthrapurpurin, which produces such magnificent reds, much brighter than alizarin or ordinary purpurin, we see we have not only a replacement but an improvement, so that these new colouring matters throw the old ones into the shade. The products being purer, the clearing processes for goods dyed with them are also necessarily easier and simpler. It will be interesting to examine into the statistics of the madder and garancin trade in a brief manner, to see what has been the influence of artificial alizarin on their consumption. The following figures are mostly calculated from the Board of Trade returns. During the ten years immediately preceding the introduction of artificial alizarin the average annual imports of madder into the United Kingdom were 15,292 tons, and of garancin 2278 tons. Estimating the value of the former at £2 2s. 6d., and the latter at £8 per cwt., which were about the average prices during that period, the annual value in round numbers was about one million sterling. The introduction of artificial alizarin, however, has so influenced the value of madder that its price is now less than one-half; and thus a saving of over half a million sterling per annum has been effected to the manufacturers of the United Kingdom, one-half of which may be put down to Glasgow. So much for its effect in reducing prices; but what has been its influence on the consumption of these dye-stuffs? I have already stated the average quantity of these substances imported per annum prior to the discovery of the artificial product, and will now compare it with the imports of last year and this. That for the present year of course is an estimated quantity, and calculated from the returns for the first seven months. These figures speak for themselves. At the present prices the cultivation of madder-roots is unremunerative; and it is to be expected that maddergrowing will soon be a thing of the past, thousands of acres of land being at the same time liberated for the growth of those products which we cannot produce artificially, and without which we cannot exist. The quantity of madder grown in all the madder-growing countries of the world prior to 1868, was estimated to be 70,000 tons per annum; and at the present time the artificial colour is manufactured to an extent equivalent to 50,000 tons, or 108 Thermochromatism, or Heat Colouration. CHEMICAL NEWS, Sept. 8, 1876. more than two-thirds of the quantity grown when its cul- | this respect tripolite has many imitations in commerce, tivation had reached its highest point. I might have referred to other subjects besides the coaltar colours which have resulted from scientific research; but I know of no other of such interest and magnitude. From the brief history I have given, we see that the origin of these colouring-matters is entirely the fruit of many researches made quite independently by different chemists, who worked at them without any knowledge of their future importance; and on looking at the researches which have thus culminated in this industry, it is interesting to notice that many, if not most of them, were conducted for the purpose of elucidating some theoretical point. These facts certainly ought to be a great encouragement to chemists, and stimulate them to greater activity. It would be very pleasing to see more work emanating from the chemical schools of the United Kingdom; and I think no student should consider his chemical curriculum finished until he has conducted an original research. The knowledge obtained by a general course of instruction is of course of very great value; but a good deal of it is carried on by rule. In research, however, we have to depend upon the exercise of our judgment, and, in fact, of all our faculties; and a student having once conducted even one, under the guidance of an efficient director, will find that he has acquired an amount of experience and knowledge which will be of the greatest value to him afterwards. It is hoped these remarks will encourage young chemists to patiently and earnestly work at whatever subject they may undertake, knowing that their results, although sometimes apparently only of small interest, may contain the germ of something of great scientific or practical importance, or may, like a keystone in an arch, complete some subject which before was fragmentary and useless. but it can be recognised at once by analysis, and also by the microscope. Below I give my analysis of a Barbadoes sample (a fair sample from many cwts. of this wonderful deposit) and that of a Swedish sample, together with two kinds of imitation tripolite met with in London:— A sample of genuine tripolite from the Puy de Dome (France) gave :-Fournier: Silica, 872; water, 10'0; alumina, oxide of iron, &c., 2.8. Another sample from Algiers gave:-Salvétat: Silica, 80'0; water, 9'0; oxide of iron, alumina, lime, &c., 10.0. In all cases the silica is mostly soluble in strong boiling alkaline ley. The genera most easily recognised in these deposits, with the aid of a moderately powerful microscope (200 to 260 diameters) are Desmidium, Euastrum, Xantidium, Peridinium, Gomphonema, Hemanthidium, Pinnularia, The following is a list of the Officers of Section B Navicula, Actinocyclus, Pixidula, Gallionella, Synedra, (Chemical Science) : President-W. H. Perkin, F.R.S., Secretary of [the Chemical Society. Vice-Presidents-Prof. J. Ferguson, M.A.; Prof. Edmund J. Mills, D.Sc., F.R.S.; Prof. T. Andrews, F.R.S.; Prof. Crum Brown, F.R.S.; Prof. J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S.; Prof. A. W. Williamson, F.R.S.; W. Crookes, F.R.S. Secretaries-W. Dittmar; W. Chandler Roberts, F.R.S.; John M. Thomson; W. A. Tilden, D.Sc. Committee J. Attfield, Ph.D.; R. H. Bosanquet; P. Braham; Prof. Brazier; J. Y. Buchanan; J. Campbell Brown, D.Sc.; J. G. Coleman; Alfred E. Fletcher; J. H. Gilbert, F.R.S.; W. N. Hartley; J. F. Hodges, M.D.; C. T. Kingzett; Stevenson Macadam, M.D., F.R.S.E; J. Mactear, Prof. M'Leod; M. M. P. Muir, F.R.S.E.; J. Napier; Benjamin H. Paul, Ph.D.; W. Ramsay, Ph.D.; E. C. C. Stanford; J. Smythe, M.A.; W. W. Stoddart; Robert Tatlock, F.R.S.E.; J. Thom; E. T. Thorpe, F.R.S.; W. Thorp, B.Sc.; W. Wallace, Ph.D., F.R.S.E.; W. Weldon; J. Watts, D.Sc.; James White; J. Williams; C. R. A. Wright, D.Sc. and Bacillaria. I have italicised those which appear to Gallionella, Desmidium, Bacillaria, and Navicula are me most prominent in the Barbadoes deposit. Of these, supposed to be plants, all the others to be animals. The great resemblance of these fossil animalcules to some of the active little beings in our ditches and stagnant waters is very striking. tripolite has been applied latterly, we may mention that, Among other useful purposes to which the Barbadoes having been found a bad conductor of heat, it has been used with advantage for covering boilers. Boettger says tripolite will displace the aniline colours from their solution in spirit and fix them so that after awhile the solution filters colourless. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, THERMOCHROMATISM, OR HEAT COLOURATION. By MAJOR W. A. ROSS, late R.A. MANY months ago, soon after the South Kensington Museum purchased a copy of my work, "Pyrology, or Fire Chemistry," in December, 1875, Mr. Valentin informed me in the chemical laboratory of that Museum that Mr. Ackroyd (one of his pupils) was "examining" my " ingenious" hypothesis published in that work as to the cause of the colours assumed by some heated substances. I have just seen in the CHEMICAL NEWS (vol. xxxiv., p. 75) the result of this examination in an article called "Metachromatism," in which, however, my name is not mentioned, and ask you to do me the justice to publish CHEMICAL NEWS, Sept. 8, 1876. Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources. similarly in your valuable paper the following examination of his examen. (1.) The term "metachromatism" applied to a temporary alteration of colour, is obviously a misnomer, for, without that adjective, it implies a chronic change; a substitution, in fact, of one colour for another, which phenomenon does not take place in the majority of these cases, while the principal producing agent-heat-remains in it utterly unrepresented. But while the term "metachromatism" is, as applied to heated bodies, in itself erroneous, what are we to think of the derivative "metachrome" with which, Mr. Ackroyd tells us, it will be "convenient to label all "colour-changing" bodies? I should think, on the contrary, such a phraseology would be highly inconvenient, and might lead to serious results, if, for instance, a young gentleman, about to "pop the question," were to call the blushing "object of his affections "metachrome;" while the analogous mis a use of classical derivatives would lead us to call a man a" poudinerement," because he has temporarily increased his weight by eating roast beef and plum pudding. (2.) The term "thermochromatism" would therefore seem more suitable for this class of phenomena than that roposed by Mr. Ackroyd, while I cannot but think that the intolerable confusion between ideas of function and of form, implied by his other term "metachrome," should be carefully avoided. (3.) Although Mr. Ackroyd has not made the faintest reference to the article on colour in my published work above mentioned, which, according to Mr. Valentin, led to his investigations, he has, notwithstanding, done me the honour, under the disguise of a cloud of high-sounding but rather pedantic and frothy phrases, as "atomic potentiality," &c.-to come in the end to precisely the same conclusions as those recorded in my work; and to make this fact apparent, I make the following quotations :— "PYROLOGY," p. 114 (1875). "Substances whose particles can be agitated by vibrations of any kind, however minute, must have spaces between these, or pores; and if we can imagine vibrations having different amplitudes, it would not be difficult to assume the fact of pores having a corresponding magnitude, into some of which, for instance, waves of a comparatively greater amplitude, as red, could not pass, while violet vibrations would be freely admitted. If, then, we conceive an expansion of such light pores of heat, the rays of greater amplitude (of vibration) would pass into the hot body, and be gradually excluded as that cooled. It is a curious fact, with regard to this hypothesis, that oxide of bismuth-a metal which expands in cooling proceeds in the other chromatic direction in cooling, viz., from De, or yellow, to white." This description is illustrated by a coloured lithograph (Plate II. of the work) representing a circular chromatic scale of the prismatic colours, with Frauenhofer's lettering, in which A, or red, exhibits the limit of coloured expansion, and H &, or violetish red, the limit of coloured contraction; and these limits are | 109 Cooling or Contracting. chromatism arises from increased absorption of light, with "From the foregoing observations we learn (1) that metaelevation of temperature, the more refrangible increment increasing at a greater rate than the less refrangible; (2) that the only necessary concomitant is alteration of atomic potentiality; a change from the violet towards the red end of the metachromatic scale signifying atomic recession (pores expanding), and a change from the red towards the violet, atomic approach (pores contracting)." (4.) In my work "Pyrology," above referred to, I have shown, both literally and graphically, how a solution of gold in phosphoric acid passes, in cooling, through all the prismatic colours from yellowish orange to bluish violet, and yet Mr. Ackroyd tells us he was the first "to see, at an early stage of study, that nearly all the changes take place in the order of the spectrum colours." (!) (5.) I fear Mr. Ackroyd will find few scientific men, now-a-days, willing to confirm or allow his extraordinary assertion that "vibratory motion has little or nothing to do with the increased absorption of light by hot bodies," or that black" is "a colour," or that "brown" is a "spectrum (prismatic) colour." Stahl is evidently, though unadmittedly, cited by Mr. A. at second-hand, but I should feel obliged by information as to what part of his works "connects colour change with the varying amounts of phlogiston a body contains when heated." The observations of Stahl, with reference to the colours of heated bodies, seem to have been confined to iridescence (" evanescens colores variosa circa capellam formet qui ultimo iridis speciem præbebunt," &c. "Fundamenta Chymiæ," vol. i., p. 162), and to the change of colour metals experience in alloys (" Per fusionem variæ mixturæ metallicæ formantur, et interdum quidem pro certi coloris gradu obtinendo," &c.-Ibid., vol. iii., p. 187). But has Mr. A. neglected to cite, in his historical account, the observations of Boyle, a much greater man than "Stahl and followers" on this subject: "Minerals also, by the action of the fire, may be brought to afford colours very different from their own," &c. (Boyle's Works, vol. ii., p. 72), or Bacon-" Metals_give orient and fine colours in dissolutions &c. ("Sylva Sylvarum," Century III., p. 75), merely because they were Englishmen, or because he is ignorant of their writings with reference to this matter? SOURCES. surrounded by dotted arrows, showing the procedure of CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM heated metallic oxides in either direction. White (as being the combination of all colours) concludes the scale at the limit of expansion, and black (as an absence of light) at that of contraction. MR. ACKROYD (1876). "Hence when, at an early stage in its study, I saw that nearly all metachromatic changes take place in a definite order-the order of the spectrum colours-I was under the impression, even after much reading, that the subject was quite unworked. Expansion by heat is an all but universal law, so far as we at present know. Both classes (of oxides) alike owe their change to increased absorption of light, with elevation of temperature. Reflecting upon these facts, we see that it is possible to arrange the colours in order, and this I have done as follows: FOREIGN NOTE. All degrees of temperature are Centigrade, unless otherwise expressed. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, de l'Acade.nie des Sciences. No. 6, August 7, 1876. Experimental Critique on Glycemia.-M. Claude Bernard. The author shows that the existence of saccharine matter in the blood is not an accidental fact dependent upon alimentation, but constitutes a constant and permanent physiological phenomenon. Observations of M. Thenard with reference to the above Communication. The author maintains the existence of a special affinity, named by M. Chevreul capillary affinity. IIO Patents. CHEMICAL NEWS Alteration of Urine.-M. L. Pasteur.-A continuation | soda; this volume, multiplied by 2, gives the weight of of the discussion on abiogenesis. the carbonic acid. The author generally operates on New Process for the Qualitative Detection and the Determination of Potassa.-M. Ad. Carnot.-Inserted in full. Reply to the Last Communication of M. Hirn.-litre of water. M. A. Ledieu.-The author maintains that M. Hirn's researches lead merely to condemn the system of emission as an explanation of the movements of the radiometer of Mr. Crookes. On Intensity Radiometers.-M. W. de Fonvielle. Up to the present time the radiometers presented to the Academy differ merely as to the colour or the nature of the two contiguous faces of the discs. However, the dissymmetry of action necessary for rotation may be equally obtained by giving to the instrument a play of perfectly similar discs, the two faces of which may be of the same substance and the same colour; but in this case the discs must be of a helicoid form, whether convex or concave, or merely inclined to the axis of rotation; in a word, the dissymmetry of material or of colour must be replaced by dissymmetry of form. We may imitate the arrangement of the feather-mills, which we have seen at the toy dealers; that of cup anemometers; that of helices set in action by an aërial current; or that of orreries which are readily caused to turn by the electric currents of a Holtz machine. The axle itself does not require to remain vertical ifwhilst giving it a horizontal or inclined position-care be taken not to create an exaggerated friction, for the radiometer will turn under the influence of the motor ray if the passive resistances do not exceed the fraction of the total impulsion which produces the rotation in the system adopted. Whatever may be the system adopted all the discs will collect a motor effort, forming an assignable fraction of the total impulsion, and the dynamic formulæ by means of which this element will be determined will be independent of any hypothesis as to the cause of the These calculations will be closely analogous with those to which turbines and windmills have given scope. They cannot be executed with radiometers moving in virtue of the different colour of their discs. The author proposes to give to such apparatus the name of radiometers of intensity. movement. Determination of the Carbonic Acid contained in Waters (Waters of Irrigation, Drainage, Springs, Rivers, &c.).-M. A. Houzeau. The method proposed consists in disengaging successively, in a gaseous state, the free and the combined carbonic acid, absorbing it in 5 c.c. of standard solution of soda containing both part of oxide of zinc. The carbonic acid is then determined by a method which the author has previously published (Annales de Chimie et de Physique). The apparatus is composed of a flat-bottomed bottle, holding 750 c.c., and closed by a stopper which gives passage to two tubes. One of these, bent into the shape of an S, serves for the introduction of the sulphuric acid destined to liberate the combined carbonic acid after that which is free has been expelled by prolonged boiling. The other tube serves to conduct the carbonic acid gas into a flask, of the capacity of 210 c.c., where it meets with a portion of the standard soda solution, the remainder being in a Wills's tube connected with the flask by a caoutchouc stopper. When all the carbonic acid has been disengaged by boiling the water for a sufficient length of time, which takes place in ordinary cases when about 170 c.c. of water have been condensed in the flask containing the standard soda, the alkaline contents of this flask and of the Will-tube are poured into a test-glass on a foot, having a mark at 200 c.c., a neutral solution of chloride of barium is added in excess, and the liquid is made up to 200 c.c. with the washing-waters. The carbonate of baryta settles so rapidly that after it has stood for a few minutes 50 c.c. may be taken from the clear part of the liquid and its value determined with an acid representing exactly 2'0 of CO2 per c.c. The difference between the strength of the soda solution before and after the absorption of the carbonic acid gas shows the volume of the standard acid corresponding to the carbonated Different Rotatory Powers of Cane-Sugar According to the Method used for their Measurement. -M. L. Calderon.-The author finds a mean difference of 63°, according as he employs the process of Biot, or the monochromatic flame according to Jellet and Cornu Process for the Determination of Hydrocarbons, and in Particular the Fire-damp of Coal Mines.-M. J. Coquillion.-The author makes use of a wire of palladium heated to redness by the battery. The results enable him to estimate with a certain amount of accuracy the amount of fire-damp present in a give atmosphere. Use of Chloride of Calcium for Watering Roads, &c.-M. Couste.-The author has experimented with this process as early as 1854. PATENTS. ABRIDGMENTS OF PROVISIONAL AND COMPLETE An improved process of removing phosphorus from iron ores, and electric telegraph wires, and other purposes. F. Field, Upper Marsh, Improvements in the preparation of insulating compounds for coating Lambeth, Surrey, and R. Talling, Lostwithiel, Cornwall. May 27. 1875-No. 1938. This invention relates to insulating compounds prepared by the mixture of ozokerit, or the residue obtained from the distillation thereof with india-rubber, gutta-pereha, and other insulating materials, as described in Matthiessen's Specification, No. 3778, of 1869. According to the present invention, instead of incorporating the ingredients by the application of heat, as described in the said Specification, whereby the resulting compound is rendered brittle, the ingredients are incorp rated either by dissolving them by means of solvents, such as coal-tar naphtha, and them mixing them together, or by masticating them together by any known mechanical means. Improvements in the treatment of alunite, or of natural products containing the same, so as to obtain aluminous compounds therefrom. J. H. Johnson, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Middlesex. (A communication from La Société Financière de Paris, Paris.) May 27, 1875.-No. 1946. The essential features of this invention consist in the treatment of what is known as alunite, or of minerals containing alunite, so as to obtain potassic alum therefrom, which is effected by the employment of sulphuric acid, chloride of potassium, and alunite, or of minerals containing alunite, at an elevated temperature, in order that the chloride of potassium may be converted into sulphate of potash, and potassic alum be obtained from the result of calcination. Improvements in the treatment of the excreta of towns. J. J. Coleman, F.C.S., Glasgow, Lanark, N.B. May 28, 1875.-No. 1954. The feature of novelty which constitutes this invention is treating the excreta by mineral oil works' spent shale in the manner set forth. Improvements in the treatment of ferric, and aluminous and ferric matters, for the purpose of obtaining useful substances therefrom. P. and F. M. Spence, Newton Heath, Manchester, Lancaster. May 28, 1875. No. 1961. This invention relates to the manufacture of ferric, and aluminous and ferric compounds, consisting of sulphate of iron and sulphate of alumina and iron. ERRATUM.-A transposition occurs on page 73, line 20 from top. For "wool from grease" read "grease from wool." NOTICE. The STUDENTS' NUMBER of the CHEMICAL NEWS will be published on Friday next, September 15th. Gentlemen holding official positions in the Universities, Medical Schools, &c., of the United Kingdom, where Chemistry and Physical Science form a part of the education, who have not yet forwarded the necessary information to our Office for publication in that Number, will confer a favour by sending it with the least possible delay. III provided that on receiving each instalment the Exhibi THE CHEMICAL NEWS. tioner declares his intention of presenting himself either VOL. XXXIV. No. 877. UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. CANDIDATES for any Degree granted by this University are required to have passed the Matriculation Examination, to which no candidate is admitted unless he has produced a certificate showing that he has completed his sixteenth year. The Fee for this examination is £2. The Examination will be held on Monday, January 8th, 1877. It is conducted by means of Printed Papers; but the Examiners are not precluded from putting, for the purpose of ascertaining the competence of the Candidates to pass, viva voce questions to any Candidate in the subjects in which they are appointed to examine. Candidates are not approved by the Examiners unless they have shown a competent knowledge in each of the following subjects:-1. Latin. 2. Any two of the following Languages:-Greek, French, and German. 3. 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The Greek subjects for 1877 and 1878 are For January 1877-Xenophon, Hellenics, Book I. For June 1877:-Homer, Odyssey, Book XII. For January 1878:-Homer, Iliad, Book X. For June 1878:-Xenophon, Hellenics, Book II. Candidates may substitute German for Greek. The Questions in Natural Philosophy are of a strictly elementary character; they include Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Optics, and Heat. The Examination in Chemistry is-Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements; including their compounds their chief physical and chemical characters-their preparation-and their characteristic tests. A Pass Certificate, signed by the Registrar, will be delivered to each Candidate who applies for it, after the Report of the Examiners has been approved by the Senate. If in the opinion of the Examiners any Candidates in the Honours Division of not more than Twenty years of age at the commencement of the Examination possess sufficient merit, the first among such Candidates will receive an Exhibition of thirty pounds per annum for the next two years; the second among such Candidates will receive an Exhibition of twenty pounds per annum for the next two years; and the third will receive an Exhibition of fifteen pounds per annum for the next two years; such exhibitions are payable in quarterly instalments, at the two Examinations for B.A., or at the two Examinations for B.Sc., or at the First LL.B. Examination, or at the Preliminary Scientific and First M.B. Examinations, within three academical years* from the time of his passing the Matriculation Examination. Under the same circumstances, the fourth among such Candidates will receive a prize to the value of ten pounds in books, philosophical instruments, or money; and the fifth and sixth will each receive a prize to the value of five pounds in books, philosophical instruments, or money. Any Candidate who may obtain a place in the Honours Division at the Matriculation Examination in January is admissible to the First B.A. or to the First B.Sc. Examination in the following July. But such Candidate will not be admissible to the Second B.A. or to the Second B.Sc. Examination in the ensuing year, unless he has attained the age of eighteen years. Several important changes have been made in the regulations relating to the Degrees in Science. These revised regulations relating to the First B.Sc. Examination will come into force at the Examination in July, 1877. Candidates presenting themselves at the Second B.Sc. Examination in October, 1877, will be allowed an option between the old and the revised regulations. FIRST B.SC. EXAMINATION. The First B.Sc. Examination will commence on the third Monday in July, 1877 obtained Honours at the Matriculation Examination in No Candidate (with the exception of such as have within one academical year of the time of his passing the the preceding January) is admitted to this Examination Matriculation Examination. The Fee for this Examination is £5. The Examination embraces the following subjects:Pure and Mixed Mathematics, Inorganic Chemistry, Experimental Physics, and General Biology. In place of the superficial acquaintance with both Zoology and Botany, formerly required at the first B.Sc. examination, there will be a single examination (written and practical) in General Biology, in which a more thorough knowledge will be required of the simplest forms and elementary phenomena of Animal and Vegetable Life, such as is now made the basis of the teaching of some of the most distinguished professors in each department. Candidates will therefore be examined in the following subjects: Structure, functions, and life-history of simple Unicellular Plants, such as Torula and Protococcus, as types of Vegetable Life. Structure, functions, and life-history of Penicillium, Mucor, or some other simple Fungus. Structure, functions, and life-history of Chara or Nitella. Morphology, histology, and history of the reproduction of a Fern. Morphology and histology of a Flowering plant; structure of a flower; homologies of leaves and floral elements; histology of ordinary vegetable tissues, such as epidermis, parenchyma, fibro-vascular tissue, and their arrangement in the stem, branches, and leaves. Growth of a Flowering plant; formation of wood and bark; nature of cambium. Reproduction of a Flowering plant; structure of ovule; methods of fertilisation; development of ovule into seed. By the term "Academical Year" is ordinarily meant the period intervening between any Examination and an Examination of a higher grade in the following year; which period may be either more or less than a Calendar year. Thus the interval between the First Examinations in Arts, Science, and Medicine, and the Second Examinations of the next year in those Faculties respectively, is about sixteen months, whilst the interval between the Second B.A. Examination and the M.A. Examination of the next year, or between the Second B.Sc. Examination and the D.Sc. Examination of the next year, is less than eight months. Nevertheless, each of these intervals is counted as an Academical Year." |