An English translation of the Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel can be read in Thorpe's Cadmon's Metrical Paraphrase, London, 1832; and of the Azarias in his Codex Exoniensis, pp. 185-197.

POEMS OF UNCERTAIN DATE.-Here may also be mentioned other poems of uncertain date, such as the Andreas, Phoenix, Guthlac, Dream of the Rood, &c., all of which will be found in the Grein-Wülker collection when it is completed. Most of these contain quotations freely paraphrased from Scripture, or at least unmistakable allusions. The following selection from the Andreas (438-454) is a metrical rendering of Mark 4. 36-39, put into the mouth of Andrew on a subsequent occasion :

Three poetical paraphrases of the Lord's Prayer, of uncertain date, are given by Grein in his Bibliothek der Angelsächsischen Poesie, ii. 285-290 (new ed., ii. 227-238), from the Codex Exoniensis, MS. Bodl. Jun. 121, and MS. CCCC. S. 18, respectively. The last two were published by Wanley, Catalogus, pp. 48 and 147-8, and by Ettmüller, Scopas and Boceras, pp. 230–234. The first was published by Thorpe, Codex Exoniensis, pp. 468, 469. Later and less important, is another noted by Wanley (p. 267) in MS. Lambeth 185. For prose versions of the Lord's p. lxiv.

Prayer, see

NINTH CENTURY.

PROSE TRANSLATIONS.

MERCIAN GLOSS ON THE PSALMS.-A gloss, or interlinear version of the Roman Psalter, dating, according to Sweet, from the first half of the ninth century, has been printed by Sweet in his Oldest English Texts (E. E. T. S. No. 83. London, 1885), pp. 183-401; Ps. 2-6 in Kluge, Angelsächsisches Lesebuch (Halle, 1888), pp. 11-14. It is known as the Vespasian Psalter, from being contained in MS. Cott. Vespasian A. 1 of the British Museum. A facsimile, with description, is given in Westwood, Palaeographia Sacra, Plate 40. The gloss was first edited by J. Stevenson as the Surtees Publication for 1843 (though it did not appear till a couple of years later), and was published in two volumes, with the title Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter. Stevenson's edition is severely censured by Sweet (Oldest English Texts, p. 187). In the Phil. Soc. Trans. for 1875-6, Sweet declared the dialect to be Kentish, though Stevenson had regarded it as Northumbrian. In 1881 the language was carefully investigated by Zeuner (Die Sprache des Kentischen Psalters, Halle, 1881), who arrived at the same conclusion as Sweet. In 1882 it was pronounced by Sievers (cf. my translation of his Old English Grammar, second edition, 1887, p. 244) to be Mercian, and Sweet is inclined to follow him in the Oldest English Texts, p. 184.

It should be clearly understood that this version is not a translation, in the ordinary sense of that word, but a mere interlinear gloss. It seems not improbable that it is the original from which all later Old English glosses on the Psalms have been derived, undergoing in the process such modifications as were due to the language of the particular dialect or epoch; on this point compare pp. 28 ff. and 32.

Ps. 43 will furnish a specimen of the language. Where the Latin differs from the Vulgate text, the variant readings are given.

Dom mec, God, ond tōscad intingan minne of deode nōht hāligre; from men unrehtum ond facnum genere me, fordon du earð God min' ond stręngu mîn. Forhwon me onweg adrife du? ond forhwon unrōt ic inga, donne swenced mec se feond? Onsend leht

1

1 Lat. inserts 'meus.'

2

din ond soðfestnisse dine; hie mec geladon ond tōgelæddon in munte dam hālgan ðinum, ond in getelde ðinum'. Ie ingaa tō wibede Godes, to Gode se geblissad iugude mine. Ic ondetto de in citran, God, God min. Forhwon unrōt earðu, sawul min? ond forhwon gedrafes me? Gehyht in God, fordon ic ondettu him,

hælu ondwleotan mines, ond God min.

OTHER GLOSSED PSALTERS.-On this subject comparatively little has been done. What is here presented is only what it has been possible to accomplish with the aid of Sweet's edition of the Vespasian Psalter (Oldest English Texts), Spelman's Psalterium, Wanley's Catalogus, and Part II of Harsley's edition of Eadwine's Canterbury Psalter, and must therefore be regarded as strictly tentative and provisional.

For the Vespasian Psalter, see p. xxvi.

In 1640 John Spelman, son of the greater Henry, published, from a MS. in his father's possession, his Psalterium Davidis LatinoSaxonicum Vetus (London). The elder Spelman's MS. came into the hands of Philip Morant (1700-1770), from whom it was inherited by his son-in-law, Thomas Astle (1775-1803), who figured it in tab. xix. 6 of his Origin of Writing, and mentions it on pp. 85-86 (cf. Westwood, infra). On the death of the latter, it passed by will to Grenville, first Marquis of Buckingham (17531813), and thus found a place in his library at Stowe. Here it was catalogued by O'Conor (Bibliotheca Stowensis, 1818), and hence found its way by purchase into the possession of the Earl of Ashburnham in 1849. The British Museum became the purchaser of all the Stowe MSS. in 1883, and of Spelman's MS., known sometimes as King Alfred's Psalter, among the number. In the British Museum Catalogue of the Stowe Manuscripts (London, 1895, 2 vols.) the Spelman MS. is designated as Stowe 2. Spelman had described this Psalter in his Concilia (first ed.), i. 218: 'Est mihi Psalterium Davidis, sub temporibus Nicaeni Concilii 2di, vel mox inde, ut coniicitur, exaratum, in quo, ad finem uniuscuiusque Psalmi et singularium Lectionum Psalmi cxix, habetur Oratio, numero scilicet 171.'

The younger Spelman's edition is, according to O'Conor, 'extremely incorrect,' and was collated, though very carelessly,

1 Lat. has 'in monte sancto tuo, et in tabernaculo tuo.'

2 Lat. omits 'Et.'

3 Lat. omits 'adhuc.'

with three others-that of University Library, Cambridge; that of Trinity College, Cambridge (Eadwine's); and that now known as MS. Arundel 60 of the British Museum, but then in the possession of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, Earl Marshal of England. The last-named, however, was used only from Psalm 72 (73) to the end.

In 1889 F. Harsley published (E. E. T. S., Original Series, No. 92) his edition of Eadwine's Canterbury Psalter, from the MS. in Trinity College, Cambridge.

Besides these, Wanley printed, from a number of MSS. in various libraries, the 100th Psalm (numbering of A. V.), Latin and interlinear Old English. Of these there were nine in all, including the Vespasian Psalter and the so-called Canterbury Psalter. Westwood's Palaeographia Sacra, on Plate 40, notices a 'Codex Salisburiensis, mentioned in the Preface to the second volume of Hickes' Thesaurus, by Wanley, since which time it has remained unnoticed.' This is figured in the Palaeographical Society Facsimiles, Series II, vol. ii, Plates 188 and 189, and in Westwood's Facsimiles, Plate 38. It is MS. 150 of the Salisbury Cathedral Library. A facsimile of text and gloss is given in Plate 189, extending from the beginning of Ps. 13. 3 to 14. 3 'guttur eorum.' The version is the Gallican. Thus, including Spelman's edition, we have record of ten different copies of the Psalter with interlinear Old English glosses. Westwood's 'Codex Dunelmensis, containing only the Penitential Psalms,' is a myth; the Durham Ritual (cf. p. xlv) is what he has in mind (see p. 183 of that book).

It remains to be seen whether a classification of the ten copies (exclusive of the Salisbury Psalter) is possible. On examination, it proves that five of these copies represent the Roman Psalter, and five the Gallican or Vulgate. These two classes will accordingly be discussed separately.

The Roman Psalter.-Under this fall the following MSS., which, for this purpose, may be designated by the letters of the alphabet which are appended:

Cotton Vespasian A. 1 of the British Museum (Wanley, p. 222); the Vespasian Psalter (Sweet, Oldest English Texts, pp. 183-401), A. Junius 27 of the Bodleian Library (Wanley, p. 76), B.

MS. Ff. 1. 23 of the University Library, Cambridge (Wanley, p. 152), C.

Royal 2 B. 5 of the British Museum (Wanley, p. 182), D. MS. of Trinity College, Cambridge (Wanley, p. 168); Eadwine's Canterbury Psalter, E.

Facsimiles of portions of these MSS. are in Westwood, Palaeographia Sacra, Plates 41, 43; of A in his Facsimiles, Plate 3, and of B, ib. Plate 34 Pal. Sac., Plate 40; and in Astle, tab. ix.

In order that the relation sustained by these various copies to one another may be perceived, I subjoin (1), in parallel columns, the Old English and the Latin of Psalm 100, according to the Vespasian Psalter; (2) the variants obtained by collating MSS. B, C, D, and E. The words which differ in the Gallican text are italicized in the Latin.