6. That every commander of the land and sea forces should be accounted a traitor, who should obey the government at Rio de Janeiro, unless compelled by force.

Next to the affairs of Brazil, the completion of the constitution chiefly occupied the Cortes. To frame a theoretical system of government, was much easier than to conciliate or subdue a disobedient colony: and here accordingly, their discussions led to a result much more satisfactory, at least, to themselves, than their deliberations on Brazilian affairs. The constitution was at length finished; and being signed by the deputies, with the exception of some of those who were delegated by Brazilian provinces, it was, on the 25th of September, presented in solemn procession to the king; who, on the first of October, swore in the presence of the Cortes, to observe it faithfully. On the 11th, of October, a law was passed, that whoever should refuse to swear to the constitution, on or before the 3rd of December, should quit the kingdom, and renounce the rights of a Portuguese citizen.

The queen having declined to take the oath, the ministers of the interior, of foreign affairs, and of the marine, notified to her on the 22nd of November, that the period of delay allowed by the law, would expire on the 3rd of December, and that it was necessary for her to make known her intentions. She replied,

"That she had caused it to be stated to the king, that she would not take an oath; that she had made a promise never to swear either for good or evil during her whole life; that she did not adopt this course from haughtiness, or from hatred of the Cortes, but

merely because she had passed her word, for a good person ought never to retract; that she knew the law; that she was aware of the penalty which the law inflicted, and was willing to submit to it.”

A ship was immediately made ready, and she was desired to point out the country to which she wished to be conducted. She answered, that she was ready to submit to whatever the king might order by virtue of the law; that her purpose was to go to Cadiz ; that her delicate state of health rendered it impossible for her to undertake the voyage in the middle of winter; and that she therefore wished to retire with her daughters to the palace of Ramalhao, till the season permitted her to leave the kingdom. At the same time, ten physicians certified, that her life would be endangered by the severity of the weather, if she should attempt to travel immediately. Accordingly, a decree was issued, permiting her to retire to the palace of Ramalhao, where she was to remain till she was able to quit Portugal, but refusing her request to be allowed to take her daughters along with her, and declaring that she had lost all rights, civil and political, belonging either to her character of Portuguese citizen, or to the dignity of queen. Considerable difference of opinion prevailed, both in the council of state, and in the Cortes, on this delicate subject. Many of the deputies, thought, that the ministers had acted in it with harshness and precipitation; that it belonged only to the Cortes to determine, whether, and how far her majesty was affected by the law of the 11th of October; and that, in dooming her to a species of imprisonment, and depriving her of the company

The first aim of the conspirators was to gain the army; for this purpose it was necessary to find some officer of rank to head them, and they fixed on general Luiz do Rego Barello as likely to join them. Januario accordingly applied to him; but he declined giving a decisive answer, and desired him to return at a certain hour on the following day. The minister of justice was in the meantime made acquainted with the circumstance, and Januario developed the plot before concealed witnesses. He was immediately taken up. On the night between the 1st and the 2nd of June, a merchant, a servant, and a printer's apprentice were also seized. These surely were not the kind of persons, who could dream of subverting the government of a kingdom. No light was thrown upon this affair by any judicial proceedings; and we may, therefore, reasonably infer, that, if any plot existed, its nature and

objects were very inuch misrepresented or exaggerated.

More undoubted symptoms of conspiracy manifested themselves in the garrison of Lisbon. On the 2nd of July, a part of one or more regiments of the line mutinied in the castle, crying out "the king for ever;" but the non-commissioned officers remaining firm, the mutineers were seized, and sent on board a man of war without resistance. Eleven of the soldiers, who were arrested, desired to be interrogated without delay, as they had to make some disclosures. What these disclosures were, the world was never informed; but suspicions were entertained by members of the Cortes, that this infant insurrection had not been prepared, without the connivance of certain individuals among those who had left Brazil in the train of his majesty, and who had been removed to a specified distance from Lisbon.

slumber under the Austrian dominion; for, from the Alps to the southern extremity of Sicily, the will of prince Metternich, enforced every where by the presence of Austrian troops, was a law supreme. The sovereigns of Sardinia and Naples employed the little remnant of precarious power which they retained, in punishing the authors of the late revolts, and in taking precautions, by suppressing secret societies, and regulating the education of youth, against the recurrence of similar events. At Naples thirty persons were condemned to death, and thirteen to twenty-five years imprisonment, for their participation in the revolution of 1820. Of the thirty, only two, Silvati and Morilli, were executed; the other twenty-eight had their punishment commuted into imprisonment and hard labour for thirty years! Death was denounced against all Neapolitans, who held any correspondence with Neapolitan refugees in foreign countries.

minister of the interior to the cardinal archbishop of Naples, in which the king, being informed of the backwardness of schoolmasters and individuals to compel their pupils and children to frequent the congregations di Spirito established in the different communes of the kingdom, and likewise of their neglecting to send them to church on religious festivals, orders all schoolmasters, public or private, to second the views of the bishops, in so far as regards the frequenting of these congregations; and to ensure their obedience, requires a certificate to be produced every week, testifying that the decree has been complied with. As a penalty in case of disobedience, the schoolmasters in public institutions are to be deprived of their pay, and private instructors are to have their schools shut up. Parents, who shall neglect to send their children to the congregations di Spirito, are declared unworthy of holding any public employment; and the chil

dren or young persons, who cannot exhibit proofs of their having attended these congregations, are declared unable to aspire to any place, to any public office, or to any other government favour.

By a decree, dated the 28th of September, abolishing the old regulations relative to secret societies: all periodical and organized meetings in numbers, for the discussion of religious, political, or literary subjects, are declared illegal, if formed without the permission of the government.

The directors and managers of such meetings are to be punished by imprisonment in the third degree, and by a fine from 100 to 500 ducats.

If an illegal association shall embrace a promise or secret obligation, so as to form a sect, the members are to be punished by compulsory labour in the third degree, and by a fine of from 500 to 2,000 ducats; the chiefs, directors, managers, or graduates, by death on the gibbet, and a fine of from 1,000 to 4,000 ducats.

Persous knowingly preserving the emblems, cards, books, or other distinctive signs of any such sect, are liable to banishment.

The students of Turin, it will be remembered, were zealous partisans of the constitution of 1821, and mainly instrumental in bringing about the revolutionary explosion. For this the University of Turin was dissolved, and its fine building converted into a stable for the horses of the royalist troops. In the present year, it was reformed, and, together with the other seminaries of the kingdom, placed, by a royal ordinance, on a new footing. All education is now under the direction of the priests. The students are subjected to a

constant surveillance. They are even directed in what houses they must lodge, what church they must attend, what religious exercises they must perform.

An important change was effected in the administration of the Ionian Islands, by a decree issued on the 18th of January, which announced, that the monopoly of the commerce in grain, which had existed there for centuries, was now to cease, and that from the 1st of July, the trade, in that article, would be free, subject only to a small duty on importation. Sir Thomas Maitland continued to find it no easy task to preserve tranquillity in his government. Partly from the sympathy of the inhabitants with the Greeks, and still more from the piratical habits of many of them, they were eager to mingle in the contest which was going on in their neighbourhood, and which held out to them the prospect both of vengeance on hated infidels, and of rich booty, while their own abodes were safe from attack. For these reasons it was deemed necessary to subject the islands to martial law, and to disarm the inhabitants. To authorise any individual to retain offensive weapons, a licence was requisite. Though no new taxes had been imposed, the revenue of the islands exhibited a considerable increase, the best proof of the prosperity of the people. The fifth and last session of their first parliament under the charter of 1817 was held in the present year.

All the adjacent regions of Epirus and Greece, continued to exhibit a melancholy picture of devastation and bloodshed. We left Ali Pacha, at the end of 1821, shut up in the citadel of