SYNTAX,

SO FAR AS IT DIFFERS FROM THE LATIN.

CONCORD is of three kinds as in Latin.*

EXCEPTIONS PECULIAR TO THE GREEK.

When a verb wants the first person dual, the nominative dual is joined to the first person plural; as, Nàquev, we two go out.

A neuter noun in the nominative case plural takes a verb of the singular number; as, ana iyevilo, all things were made. It also takes a verb in the plural; as, daμovia TISEU8, the devils believe.

A plural adjective of any gender often changes its substantive into a genitive with the article; as, Σmudain Twv yovéwv,t for yovus, worthy parents.

A substantive is often used for an adjective; as, 'Exλds 4avn, the Greek language.

The relative is often put in the same case with its antecedent; as, Χρωμαι βιβλίοις δις ἔχω, I borrow the books

which I have.

Two nouns in the singular number are not improperly connected with a word in the dual; as, Δίαςήτην ἐρίσαντε Ατρείδης τε καὶ ̓Αχιλλευς, Atrides and Achilles contending, were separated: yet Aμow and dow more frequently require to be joined with the plural; as, "AμQw ižezveUGAV,‡ both have expired: Avoir i4axuar, with two eyes.

* As this grammar will probably be used by some persons who are unacquainted with Latin, we have stated some of the principal grammatical rules which the plan of Dr. Wettenhall did not admit of his introducing.

The verb agrees with its nominative case in number and person, as lyd Tuzla, I smite.

Two or more nouns of whatever number have generally a plural verb, σπέρμα καὶ καρπος διαφέρουσι, seed and fruit difer. In this construction x is understood.

From Euripides; αμφώ αμα εξέπνευσαν αθλιον βιον, both at the same time breathed out a miserable soul.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ARTICLE.

The article, followed by di, yɛ, &c. is taken for avris, ἔτος, oι ἐκείνῳ.

The article of any gender, when prefixed to an adverb is used for a substantive in all the cases; as, wλnolov, tõ wanσiov, &c. In the neuter gender, when thus connected, it sometimes becomes an adverb; as, rò wáλal, formerly.

The article is used for the relative; as, Τὸ ῥαςον άπαν Tay, which is the easiest of all, for i psov.

When there are several substantives, that, in sense, precedes the verb to which the article is prefixed; as, Deòs i roy, the word was God.

The article is used,

(1) To denote pre-eminence; as, Tò ayaò», the chief good, ayador, good.

(2) To explain and distinguish; as, 'Iwavuns & Barlısús, John the Baptist.

(3) For the sake of better sound; as, Пwau diesσas ivβήσομεν τας τε των σπεδαίων γνώμας, καὶ τὰς των φαυλων διανοίας, we shall find that the sentiments of good men and the ideas of the wicked are vastly different.

It is often redundant, and for the sake of measure is assumed or omitted at pleasure by the poets.

GOVERNMENT OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.

The government of the substantive is nearly the same as in Latin: but nouns of praise and dispraise, as also of measure are commonly put in the genitive; as, 'Avg pićγαλης ἀρετῆς, a man of great virtue; 'Ανδριὰς δωδεκα πηχέων, a statue of twelve cubits.

GOVERNMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE.*

Those adjectives which, in Latin, require either the genitive or ablative, in Greek, always require the geni

*The adjective agrees with its substantive in number, case and gender, as, xensos ȧvng, a good man.

Two or more substantives singular generally have an adjective in the plural number, and if the substantives differ in gender, it agrees with the masculine as more worthy than the feminine,

tive, viz. those of knowledge, remembrance, plenty, dignity, &c. as, Δυσεςως των ågodioia, unsuccessful in lovers. "AZIT yves, worthy of the family.

Comparative adjectives,, than, being understood, govern also the genitive; as, Οργιλώτεροι κυνών, more angry than dogs.

Those adjectives which require the dative in Latin, require the dative in Greek; as, Καλὸν ἄνθρωπῳ, profitable for man. Kaxov T vega, injurious to the man.

VARIOUS CASES AFTER ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives of guilt, similitude, propriety, agreement, or disagreement require the genitive, and often the dative; as, Ομοιο άνθρωπῳ, like to a man. Ὅμοις ύμων, like you.

Many *adjectives have after them, the accusative of the substantive, which signifies form, manner, country, race, name, occupation, object, measure, number, or part, with the preposition xarà, dia, Tigi, &c. understood; as, Yuxhv yevvaio, generous as to his temper.

Sometimes they require the dative, and rarely the genitive, with other prepositions understood; as, 'Es 9, correct in manners.

The same adjective,t in different significations, requires different cases according to the different rules; as, Adeal yvvaixòs, not seeing a woman. Asal aλ2015, not seen by others.

and the feminine than the neuter, as, άδελφος ἢ ἀδελφη γύμνοι, ο brother or a sister naked.

The Greek noun xenμua, pl. xenuala, signifying thing or things, is usually omitted and implied in the neuter adjective, as, xanov, (χρημα) έσιν, it is a good thing; πανία (χρημαία) ἐγενετο, all things were made, &c.

* Also verbs, participles, and verbals, i. e. transitive verbs govern usually an accusative; substantive verbs have the same case after as before, and verbs put acquisitively govern a dative: generally indeed where the signs to or for may be put before a noun or pronoun in English, that word in Greek is in the dative, as, гgápa uw, I write to you. Verbs of profiting, trusting, obey. ing, answering, sufficing, &c. and adjectives of likeness, equality, decency, obedience, affection, easiness, trust, and their contraries, almost ever govern dative cases.

As also the verb, or any other part of speech.

GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB.

The government of transitive and substantive verbs, and of those put acquisitively,* is the same as in Latin. So also verbs of asking, teaching, clothing, concealing; as, also those of testifying, invoking, and adjuring, govern two accusatives; as, 'Ogxia σs Toy Os, I adjure thee by God.

Verbs of beginning, ceasing, desiring, abstaining, wanting, excelling, being distant, deferring, and erring, require the genitive; as, "Aexquat λoys, I begin the address.

Verbs of filling, depriving, valuing, allaying, accusing, absolving, condemning, and driving from, govern an accusative of the person, and a genitive of the thing; as, Πεινωντας ἐνέπλησεν ἀγαθον, he hath flled the hungry with good things. Some also take two accusatives; as, 'Aosερεῖ μὲ τὰ χρήματα, he deprived me of privileges.

Many verbs compounded with and us, take the dative of the person or thing, accompanying; as, 'Ouiλeîv air, to address him.

Verbs of swearing, govern the accusative of the thing by which one swears, and a dative of the person to whom; as, "Oμvvμl σoi Tòv xvva, I adjure thee by the dog.

Verbs of yielding govern a genitive of the thing and dative of the person; as, Eiza yiguo edens, I give up my seat to the aged.

Verbs of thearing, smelling, tasting, touching more frequently take the genitive, but sometimes, the accusative; as, "Hxga Qavns, I heard the voice, iyeraro idag, he tasted the water.

To this rule belong verbs of remembering, forgetting, admiring, attempting, pursuing, casting lots, enjoying, regarding, neglecting, despising, and apprehending; as, μνήσθητί με οι με, remember me.

Verbs of communicating or participating, and the contrary, with a dative of the person require also a genitive, and sometimes an accusative, of the thing; as, 78 Bagus μεταδιδόναι τοῖς φιλοις δεῖ, it becomes us to share misfortunes with friends.

*Under verbs put acquisitively are included verbs of giving and profiting.

Also the acc. with a gen.

Verbs of speaking and doing, with adverbs, or with the accusative of adjectives which signify well or ill, more generally require the accusative of the person of whom any thing is said, or for whom any thing is done well or ill; as, Μὴ ἁγορευειν κακως τὸν τεθνηκότα, to speak no ill of the dead. Καλώς ποιεῖτε τὰς μισέντας ὑμᾶς, do good to them that hate you.

Verbs of exchanging require the genitive of the thing received with the accusative of the thing given; as, 'Aμsíβειν χρυσεα χαλκείων, to exchange gold for brass.

A noun signifying the matter of which any thing is made after verbs is put in the genitive, and more seldom in the dative; as, agπny daμavт rive, he constructed a sithe of adamant.

Finally, verbs which have several constructions are innumerable among the Greeks. Verbs of imploring, flattering, reproaching, inhabiting, admit the dative or accusative. Verbs of commanding take a genitive, (with the poets the dative) and an accusative. Verbs of accusing, condemning, absolving, depriving, participating and communicating, change the case of the thing and person in various ways; as, xatayivácxw r, I accuse thee, σɛ TέT8, I accuse thee of this, σ8 7870, I charge this on thee, g TET8 JavaToy, I award death to thee for this.

Many verbs on account of their various signification, have different constructions; as, Βασιλέυω τῆς ̓Ασίας, Ι command Asia. Βασιλευσον αυτοίς βασιλέα, appoint a king for them.

DERIVATIVE VERBS.

Derivative verbs generally require the cases of their` primitive nouns or adverbs.*

If taken passively, they require the case only of the primitive contained in them; but if actively, the accusative also; as, ПɛλαČw twv vewv, I am near the boys. ManguVW DE TUS TONEWS, I remove thee from the city. Because pangav and wires govern the genitive.

Verbs denoting incitement, or the occasion of acting, govern the accusative of the person with the case of the

* Ας απολέλυσαι της ασθένειας, thou art loosed from thy infirmity; #agabαIVETE THν Evlolav, ye transgress the command.