The voices are three; active, passive, and middle. The tenses in the active and middle voices, are eight; in the passive, nine: the present, imperfect, preterperfect, plusquamperfect, first future, second future, first indefinite, second indefinite. In the passive voice, the paulo-post-future is added. The Tenses are either 1. Principal, which in the active voice are the present, future, and perfect; but in the passive voice the present, perfect, and second indefinite: or 2. Cognate, and known by formation from other tenses. The Moods are five: the indicative, imperative, optative, which sometimes has the force of a potential, the subjunctive, and infinitive. The Conjugations are ten:§ four of the barytons,|| three of the contracts, and three of the verbs in fel. The conjugations are distinguished by the letter of formation, or characteristic, The characteristic of the * The active voice properly signifies what we do to another; as, ßraya σe, I injured you; the middle voice what we do to ourselves, εβλαψάμην, I injured myself; εβλαψα μην τον πόδα, I hurt my foot; the passive, what we endure from another, ßragonv, I was injured by you. The middle voice always expresses reflected action. †The present tense signifies I smite or am now smiting, Tuzla, the imperfect, I smote, or was then smiting, Tulov; the perfect, I smote, or have smitten, Terupa; the pluperfect, I had then smitten, Tlup; the first and second aorist, called angison, or indefinite tenses, usually express the past, as luα, εTUTOV, I smote. The first and second futures, ruw, TUTW, may be rendered, I shall smite hereafter, or I shall have smitten. The paulo-post-future, or ninth tense in the passive, intimates something to be experienced in a short time, as Telfoμai, I shall be smitten presently. The indicative mood declares, as Tulw, I smite; the imperative enjoins, as Tul, smite thou; the optative wishes, as 9 TUTTO!μια I wish I may smite; the subjunctive attaches to itself some conditional term, as ɛav Tulw, if I smite; the infinitive, a stranger to person and number, simply expresses the sense of the verb, as Tuzle, to smite. It is frequently used for a noun, and possesses much of its nature. S Properly speaking there are only four: for the contracts and verbs in are only a species of the third conjugation, differing in some particulars. The word baryton signifies a heavy or grave tone. present is the letter preceding or oμal, μeb, or μαι. The eharacteristic of the future* and perfect is the peculiar letter of each. The characteristic of the future distinguishes the conjugations of the barytons. They are called barytons, because the grave tone is always understood on their last syllable. *Some grammarians have asserted that the subjunctive mood of verbs has no first future. Mr. Parkhurst, to prove the error, gives the following examples of its use, Mark xiii. 11: John xvii. 3. Rev. xiii. 16. Eph. vi. 3. 1 Cor. ix. 18. Matt. xxvi. 17. νενέμηκα, I assign. πέραγκα, I shine. ἔσπαρκα, I sow. τετέμηκα, I cut. σεις τας ἔτυψ τέτυφ ἐτετύφ -ειν εις 520 13 Indef. 1. Perfect. 18 Imper. Pres.& Imp. τύπλ τίψ τυπ Optat. Pres. & Imt. τύπ τύψ Dual. - τον -ETOV -ετον -έτην '-ομεν '-ετε '-ατον -άτον -αμεν κατε '-ασι, I have smitten, &c. -ειτον -είτην -ετον -έτην -εῖτον - εἶτον -έτω-ετον -έτων έτω !'ετον έτων 510. 1810 '-ατον ατον ατων -ετον -έτων -οίτον -οίτην -οιτον -οίτην -αιτον -αίτην ποιμεν τυπ Perfect. τετύφ οιμι τοις Futur. 2. τύπ Subj. Pres. & Imf. τύπλ - w της η ηταν ητον σωμεν Indef. 1. τύψ τω της η σωμεν τητε Perfect. τετίφ -ω της -ητον ήτον 432/10 may smite. I shall smite. I might smite. may smite, &c. -ωσι, I might smite, &c. &c. like the indef. τνψω. So also the 2d indef. τύπα D 2 Infinitive fres. & imf. τυπ] -ειν. Fut. 1. τυψ -ειν, Indef. 1. τυψ -αι, Perf. & flu. perf. τετυφ -έναι, Fut. 2. & Indef. 2. τυποεῖν. Participle tres. τυπ] -ων ὅσα, -ου, G. ποντος -έσης -οντος, &c. So also Fut. 1. τυψων, and Indef. 2. τυπων. Indef. 1. τυψ τας -ασα -αν, G. - αντον -άσης αντα, &c. Perf. τετυφ - ὡς -υια -ός, G. -ότα - υίας ότω, &c. Fut. 2. τυπ ·ῶν ὅσα -8v, G. ὅντω ὅσης ἕντα, &c.* participles is the same as the The vocative of these nominative. GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. Subj. Infin. Partic. τύπλε τύπτοιμι τύπτω τύπτειν τύπλων Indic. Imper. Optat. Pres. τύπλω Imp. έτυπτον Fut. 1. τυψω Ind. 1. έτυψα τυψον τυψαίμα τυψω τυψαι τυψας Perf. τέτυφα τέτυφε τετυφοιμι τετυφω τετυφέναι τετυφώς Plu. ἐτετυφειν Ind. 2. έτυπον τύπο τύποιμι τύπω τυπεῖν τυπών Fut. 2. τυπῶ The first future of the fourth conjugation is varied like the second future τυπῶ; as, σπερῶ, σπεροῖμι, σπερεῖν, σπερῶν. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. The Present is the theme and foundation from which the other tenses are formed. The Imperfect is formed from the present, by changing @ into ov, and prefixing the augment; as, τύπίω, τυπον. The Augment is of two kinds, syllabic and temporal; each of which is prefixed to the imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, paulo-post-future, first indefinite and second indefinite tenses, in the indicative; but in the other moods, only to the perfect and paulo-post-future. The syllabic Augment is prefixed to a verb, when it begins with a consonant, which multiplies the syllables. * See the declension, page 17. If a verb begins with this letter is doubled after i, in all the tenses which are augmented; as, piτo, I cast away, ἔρριπτον. The temporal Augment is, or a prefixed to a verb in place of its initial mutable vowel or diphthong, increasing its time. เ The mutable vowels and diphthongs area, &, o, al, av, o: a and are changed into into and the of the diphthong is subscribed; as, xśw, I hear, ixxov; żęsidw, I adhere, gadov; així(w, I beat, nxgov; oixw, I reside, xov. But, I breathe, iw, I hearken, indécow. I am accustomed, andious, I am troubled, do not admit the augment; neither do verbs derived from a, a helm, oivos, wine, oiavos, a bird, and disgos, an oxfly: sometimes also a few others beginning with .. Some verbs beginning with, take, after for the augment; as, xw, I have, axov; ew, I speak, éπov, and ara, which preserve the augment in all the moods. If a verb begins with an immutable vowel, or diphthong, it has no augment; and these immutable vowels are n, i, u, w, εl, ev, x, as, йxw, I come, xov; štáłw, I wound, &'ra, &c. THE AUGMENT OF COMPOUND VERBS. Verbs compounded have the augment in the middle, if they begin with a preposition, or with dus and ɛ before a mutable vowel; as, καταγινώσκω, I determine, κατεγί νωσκον, δυσαρεσέω, I am chagrined, δυσηρέσεων; ευεργετέω, Ι act well, ἐυηργέτεον. Except a few, as, ἀμφισβητίω, I hesitate, ἠμφισβήτειν, &c. Other verbs have the augment in the beginning; as, Qλoopéw, I philosophize, poróQeov. Some, however, are augmented both at the beginning and in the middle; as, ¿vogów, I rise, vágdoor, &c. a few sometimes in the beginuing, and sometimes in the middle, as, avoiya, I open, ἄνοιξα, and ἀνέῳξα, &c. |