NOUNS WHICH ARE DEFECTIVE.

I. IN CASE.

Aptotes:* these are the names of the letters, as äλda; natural sounds, as zo, the cry of a young hog; and words put artificially: also foreign names; as, Aabid and some particular words; as, rò öeλos, profit, xgewv, a debt,

&c.

Monoptotes; as, das, a present, &c. †

Diptotes; as, aάas, a stone, A. λéav, ò λîs, a lion, A. λîv. Lastly triptotes; as, i μágrus, a witness, A. μágrov, Dat. plur. págτvoi.

Some proper names have but three terminations, which, however, suffice for all cases; as, N. ó 'Inošs, Jesus, G. D. V. 'Inox, A. 'Inošv. Owμãs, Thomas, -a, -≈v. Certain neuters which have three cases, have but one termination; as, Beiras, a statue, Aiuas, the body, &c.

II. IN NUMBER.

Proper names want the dual and plural number, as belonging to one person or thing only: also ang, the air, λs, the sea, &c. Some names of feasts and cities want the singular and dual: as Aovúcia, the rites of Bacchus, Alvar, Athens: names applicable to several individuals; as, 'Euvides, the furies, "Edogo, the Ephori: also other nouns; as, régia, funeral solemnities, &c.

NOUNS WHICH ARE REDUNDANT.

1. IN THE NOMINATIVE.

Masculines in ne and we; as, i xλńτng, a summoner, xλrwę, an inviter.

Feminines, in a and n; as, “xvα, chaff, xvn, chaff. Neuters in os and ov; as, rò dèvdgos, a tree, and dévdgov,

*An aptote (from & without, and was a case) is a noun not declined with case; a monoptote has only one oblique case, a diptote two, and a triptote three.

So also xpaw necessity Homer's Iliad, book x. line 172. w 'rev Ho, you sir; ai Kalaxλwes the Fates.

a tree. And others of various genders and different terminations.

II. IN THE GENITIVE.

Some nouns in 8 make their genitive according to the form of the second and third of the simples; as, & v85 the mind, G. v, or voòs: some in ws, according to the form of the second Attic and third common; as, ¿ Mivos, Minos, G. Μίνω and Μίνωος; γέλως, laughter, γέλω, γέλωτος: some in, according to the form of the third of the simples and second of the contracts; as, Tygs, Tigris, -dos

-105.

To the redundants is to be added, a great number of words, which become heteroclites by being contracted. These are either

1. Oxoratã, suffering contraction in all their cases. In the first declension: as, 'Eguias, Mercury, 5-;-8, -8. Mva, a pound, -ã, -aas, -ãs.

In the second: as, Noos, the mind, vɛ̃s, vós, võ. 'Osiov, a bone, sv, -8, -8.

In the third: as, Пλaxóuç, broad, -85, -devτos, -8vlos, and many others of various terminations. To these belong some neuters in as, which in the genitive lose, and thus become contracted; as,

Sing. Ν. τὸ κέρ -as, a horn, G. -aτos -αos -ws, D. -atı -aï -*, Α. V. κέρας.

Dual. N. A. V. -άτε -με -a, G. D. -άτοιν -άοιν των.

Plur. Ν. -ατα -ακ -a, G. -άτων -αων - ῶν, D. -856, &c.

2. Or 'Oxyoлat, which are contracted in N. A. V. plural: and these are, either in vs; as, Bórgus, a bunch of grapes, -vɛs -vas -us: or in -aus -aos; as, vas, a ship, vaos, váas, vaus: or in 85, as, ßç, a bull. Boes, Boas, Bês: or finally, in s; as, gs, contention, gides, "gidus, geis.

OF DENOMINATIVES.

Substantives frequently produce other substantives called Denominatives, which may be divided into (1) the Feminine, (2) the Patronymic, (3) the Diminutive, (4) the Amplificative.

C

I. THE FEMININE.

The Feminine in a or is formed from its masculine, without any change of the accent and number of syllables; as, ά, a goddess, from sós, God; xign, a girl, from xogos, a boy: those of other terminations by changing one, or both; as, 'Ogisids, mountainous places, from 'Ogess, Orestes, a proper name signifying loftiness, Becíkɛia, a kingdom, from ßarıλeùs, a king, &c.

II. THE PATRONYMIC

Is a proper name of a person, and is derived generally from the name of a father, sometimes of a grandfather, or a mother. When masculine, it is formed from the genitive of the primitive, by changing the termination commonly in dns, (in nouns of the first of the simples into dns) and after a long syllable into ads, as Ilgiauídas, a son of Priam, from Пgidus, Aasgriάdns, a son of Laertes, from Λαέρτη.

The feminine in,s is formed from the masculine by rejecting da; as, Nesogions, a daughter of Nestor, Nesogis: if in is, from the nominative of the primitive by changing the termination; as, Xguns, Xguosis, Cryses, Cryscis. The Ionic patronymics end in iv; as, Kgoviav, for Keevidns, both of which are from Kgóvos, Saturn.

III. THE DIMINUTIVE

Of various terminations, is either masculine; as, gAos, a little lover, from gws, love: or feminine; as, αdion, a damsel, from was, a child: or neuter in -ov; as, παιδιον, an infant, from παις, a boy, παιδος.

IV. THE AMPLIFICATIVE

Is also of various genders and terminations; as, παidros, a youth, from Taïs, aboy, xɛguádior, a stone, from xigués, a pebble.

OF ADJECTIVES.*

Adjectives follow the analogy and irregularity of substantives.

*It is a pity that the name adnoun is not substituted for ad

-25 -8606

Neut.

declined like the first and second declension of the simples. like the third and first of the simples.

like the second of the con. and first of the simples.

In os; as, sing. nom. xaλ -òs, good, -ù -òr, &c. (1). But adjectives in -s pure and -gos make the feminine in a; as, ἅγιος, holy, άγια, ανθηρός, Howery, ἀνθηρά. Except adjectives in -os denoting matter; as, xevrios, golden, -èn, and numerals in -005; as, y doos, the eighth, -ón. 'Aλóos, uncompounded, -85, ¿λón -ñ are excepted.

In as; as, sing. nom. xãç, all, nãoa, nãv, &c. (2). Except nas, (3) black, Sing. nom. -as -aiva -av, Méyas (4) great, μεγάλη, μέγα.

In is; as, xagitis, (5) graceful, -soσa -εv, &C.

In vs; as, sing. nom. ¿žus, sharp, -rìa -v, &c. (6). Except trous, (7) many, which the poets decline through all cases, according to the form of the second declension of the contracts; as, sing. nom. woλus, -šos, D. -¿¡ -ï, &c.

jective as in Milner's Greek Grammar. The adjective bears the same relation to the noun as the adverb does to the verb.