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μενας; μεν and ἵεμιναι for ακούειν, ἵεναι. The diphthong is sometimes shortened, as, θέμεναι, δομέναι from θῆναι, δεναι. For the Dorics read ; as, yague. The termination ws of the perfect passive, the Æolics make wv.

In the passive voice (and also in the middle) the second person singular of tenses in a were anciently written with σαι; as, τυπτέσαι, whence the Ionians by suppressing, make rværɛ, and in the subjunctive runτηαι For sta the Dorians use μ and the Eolians μεθε oι μεθεν For θησαν the Baotians have 9εν and ήσαν,

ασαν, όταν, εν, αν. 09.

In the perfect and pluperfect the Ionians form the third person plural from the third singular, by inserting before Tai or ro: as, aλara; the tenuis, if any precede, being turned into an aspirate, and into the characteristic of the second indefinite, as, τετύφαται, πεφράδαται, from τέτυπται, πέφρασαι: if a long vowel or diphthong precede, it is shortened, as, poisαtai, rédɛatai. This, however, the poets observe or omit as the measure of the verse may require.

The poets follow the Ionians in forming the third person plural in all the tenses of the indicative and especially of the optative: but in the optative they do not shorten a long syllable, as, runTolato. In the imperative, the Attics contract the third person plural in DwoaCO in Dar; as, ixaigtav. They also form the third person plural from the third singular, by adding ».

In the subjunctive, the circumflexed vowels of each of the aorists are resolved; the poets introduce an, and draw back the accent, as for Qava, the Ionics Pavia, the poets Pavia; whence also avw, -nns, -ùn with the poets.

In the middle voice the Dorics terminate the first future of each conjugation in εμαι and εῦμαι; as, κάσεμαι, κασεῦμαι.

In the first of the contracts: the Dorians contract des into ; as, ogns; which also the Attics imitate in Ca, Tervã, ditã, xçãμa. The Eolians subscribe an ; as, yɛhais, yes. The poets before a of the contracts introduce an a; as, riμáada, before W, if a short syllable precede o, if a long one w; as, andów, ógów, Coówσa.

In the second of the contracts. The lonians resolve & contracted frequently into ; as, Total. The Dorians contract sov (and aov of the first) into sv; as, xudeuca, γελεῦσαι

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The Attics and Eolians in the second and third conjugation turn of the optative contract into ŋv; as, #oïoiny xevooíny. This the Dorics imitate in all the conjugations, the penult. being turned into ; as, Cowny, Tosway, Xevowny, ans -ận antov, &c. This form in the first conjugation is used by the Attics.

The Eolics express the infinitive by a, drawing back the accent; as girass, Peovers: & of the third being turned into or, as, gos. The rest of the contracts may be learned from the analogy of the barytons.

In verbs in the Boeotians write the reduplication by &, as, réu. The poets, even in words commencing with a vowel, add a reduplication peculiar to themselves; as, ἀλάλημι, ὀνίνημι, The Bolians render 119 when a penult derived from, into, doubling μ, as, videμμi, (so εμμι) but the Boeotians in a, as, πεφίλειμι.

The third person singular of the present indicative with the Dorics ends in τy as, ίςατι, τίθησι, δίδωσι. With the Ionians, the third person plural in the second and third of the contracts, ends in έασι and όασι, as, τιθέασι, διδόασι.

The poets decline the optative of the first by n -, &c. and (together with the Attics) the optative of the third by way, ans, &c. The rest may be learned from analogy.

In adverbs the dialectic variations arising from articles may be collected from what has been said respecting them.

The Attics change the final particle into and . The poets in the penults of adverbs, which end in 9 or 9ɛ, insert a, as, ovgaróds. They variously increase many; as, ès, tin: others they diminish; as, Tizτe for Tiors. They take away as or a final at will, as, xwę, . The Eolians terminate adverbs in 9 with an a;

as, ατέρθα.

There are fewer variations in conjunctions. The Dorics employ axa for any. The μos and Tμos or when and then of the Dorians is very much used among the poets,

In short, most of the indeclinables, whether adverbs conjunctions, or seeming prepositions are the peculiar words of certain provinces of poetic invention.

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IN SYNTAX.

A nominative with an article is used by the Attics for a vocative, and on the contrary, by both Attics and poets, a vocative for a nominative.

An adjective masculine is employed for a common, and is made to agree with a feminine noun; as, xóσμios yov, a beautiful woman. Masculine articles are frequently joined with dual feminines; as, tà usea, and participles used for infinitive moods.

They are fond of pleonasms. Prepositive articles are prefixed to adverbs to augment their signification; as, To wanai. There are pleonasms of indefinite particles; such as, τις, ὅσος, &c. as, ποῖος δε τις. The verb φάναι in Xenophon is often redundant.

The Dorics employ dual verbs for plural; as, abortis δε λαῦροι, many learning; ἀκραάντα γαρεύετον, the shores

resounded.

For the preposition is, the Attics uses; as, is iuí. The rest may be acquired by use.

IN PROSODY.

1. As to breathings; in words compounded with prepositions, which, under other circumstances, would be changed, the Ionians retain the mild breathing; og1w.

The Eolians for a rough use a smooth breathing; as, ales and sometimes their own diyaupa,* which has the force of the consonant V.

2. As to accents. The Attic cases have an accent on the antepenult, although the last syllable be long, as, ἵλεως, όφεων. The same turn the circumflexes of genitives and datives, in a manner peculiar to themselves, into acute accents, a5, λεώ, λεὼν, λεὼς, for λαδ, λαῶν, λαοῖς. The Attics vary the accent, ἑταῖρος, ἔρημος, ὁμοῖος, &c.

By the Dorians the penult of nominatives plural in 。, and feminines in 5, as also third persons plural of the aorists in av and oy is acuted, as, ἀνθρῶποι, κέιρες, ἐλύσαν,

* The digamma, or double gamma, is seen in ancient inscriptions, like an inverted F (4); a figure formed by the inversion of two gammas, and their position one above the other. Thus DII for Divi. It was first used by the Eolians, and hence by Dr. Wettenhall called "their own." Claudius Cæsar added it to the Reman alphabet.

L

ov. Barytons are mostly, by them, circumflexed, as, ῥίπτα, παντᾶ, ἁμᾶ, ἐτῶς, for ῥίπτει, πάντη, ἅμα, έτως, and the first future, as, . So also a few Ionian terms, as, Bogges for Bogśw. On the contrary, adverbs of quality in ws, deprived of their circumflex, acute the penult, as, κάλως.

The Eolians in many nouns, verbs, and participles, draw back the accent from the last, though a long syllable, upon the penult or antepenult, as, wóraμos, Cáoideus, τέτυφως, for ποταμὸς, βασιλεὺς, and τετυφώς. They change the circumflex of verbs into an acute, as, og for ¿gã, and circumflect the pronoun y.

n

3. As to dialectic quantity. A, with the Dorics, derived from is long, with the Eolians short. With the Ionians, in the penult of past tenses, and in third persons plural, « is short, as, isaa, ¿éλara: but in contract verbs and in the third persons plural of verbs in ui, a is long, 25, τιμάσθαι, τιθέασι.

Poetic license shortens vowels derived from contractions; as, o, xópis, gx xógs. It lengthens arising out of e. It doubles consonants, or inserts a new consonant, (the vowel being changed) that it may lengthen a syllable, as, decev, ioxa from xa, and, in fact, knows no limits.

GRECIAN MONTH.

The Grecians began their year from the summer solstice. Plutarch uses the Latin names of months, giving them a Greek termination; but the more usual mode of expressing the months was as follows:

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A LIST

Of the Verbs which are more particularly irregular or

defective.

A

Αγαμαι, I wonder, dep. ἀγάσομαι, ἤγασμαι, &c. from ἀγαζομαι.

Αγνυμι, I break, άξω, ἔαξα, &c. η being resolved into ea, from άγω.

"Αγω, I lead, άξω, ἀγήοχα, ἤγαγον, &c. But ἀγάγας from άγημι.

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"Ada, I please, ada F. 2. Eador I. 2. sada (vada P.) Pr. Mid. Αιρέω, I take, is regular, except when it borrows from Ελῶ, είλον, έλω.

̓Αλέξω, 1 shun, ἀλεξήσω, ἠλέξησα (and ἤλεξα) from ἀλεξέω. ̓Αλημι, ἀλάλημι, and ἀλάομαι, I wander, part. ἀλεις, perf. p. ἀλαλημαι and ἀλήλεμαι part. I. 1. ἀλαθεις the rest is more regular.

̓Αλίσκω, I take, ἁλώσω, ἥλωκα, έκλωσα, beyond the future it is passive.

*Αμπνύμαι, I respire, Poet I. 1. pass. αμπνύνθην and ἀμπε νύσθην.

Αναινομαι, I consent, perf. ἀνήνημαι, ind. 1. Μ. ἀνηνάμην. Araw and ἀτώ, P. I hurt, 1. 1. ασα Ι. 1. pass. ἆσθην, ἀάσθην. Το ἀᾶται, ἀᾶσθαι for ατᾶται, ἀτᾶσθαι by syncope.

B

Βαίνω, I go, Βήσομαι fut. 1. Βέβηκα perf. ἔβην Ι. 2. from βῆμιτ, Fut. act. βήσω and ἔδησα, 1 caused to ascend.

Βιβάω and βιβημι, I go, Ρ. βιβασω ἔβιβασα part. βιβώς, βεβώς. Βάλλω - λῶ, I cast, but βέβληκα although from Βαλέω: Ι. 2. ἔβαλον, &c.

Βιόω, I live, ωσω, &c. reg. 1. 2. act. ἐβίων op. βιωην Ι. βιῶναι from βίωμι.

Βέλομαι, I will, - ήσομαι, βεβέλημαι, as though from βαλέομαι.

Γ

Γαμέω, I am made, regular, except ind. 1. ἔγῆμα, γῆμαι, γήμας from γήμω.

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