says, 'From the debates which were there managed with all imaginable gravity and sobriety he contracted such a reverence for Parliaments that he thought it really impossible that they could ever produce mischief or inconvenience to the kingdom, or that the kingdom could be tolerably happy in the intermission of them.' Falkland was re-elected for Newport in the famous Long Parliament of November, 1640. Hallam has remarked of him that the talents and early pursuits of this excellent man do not seem to have particularly qualified him for public life,' yet from the very first Lord Falkland shared in all the early salutary measures passed by the Parliament, and attained a high reputation in the House of Commons. According to the classification of parties made by M. Guizot, Falkland, with his associates, Colepepper and Hyde, belonged to the party of Legal Reform, as opposed to the more Revolutionary party. His speeches were noted for their moderation and their high tone of feeling, the two rarest and most honourable elements of all oratory. On religious subjects he spoke indeed with that chastened heat which proves that a warm heart beats under the guidance of a cool head. Men who are powerful as popular speakers are seldom also gifted with the deeper and more solid qualities of statesmen. He who thinks deeply and clearly is naturally averse to that waste of words upon which the rhetorical declaimer depends as his weapon in political strife. Some reports of Falkland's speeches are still handed down, which show that he had that readiness as a debater which is the secret of success in Parliamentary discussions. A loyal and staunch supporter of the Church of England, Falkland accused Laud and the ecclesiastics of his party of having destroyed unity under the pretence of uniformity and of bringing in superstition and scandal under the titles of reverence and decency.' They have made the conforming to ceremonies more important than the conforming to Christianity.' Such were some of his utterances in Parliament.

When a secret and select committee was appointed by the Commons to consider the informations against the Earl of Strafford and to arrange the evidence, Falkland occasionally assisted in managing the conferences with the Lords. On

the occasion of the resolution to impeach Strafford, Falkland suggested the appointment of a committee as more suitable for the gravity of their proceedings and more in accordance with Parliamentary usage. But the name of Falkland does not appear in those of the fifty-nine members who voted against the Bill of Attainder. Hallam intimates that he may have voted in the majority of 204, by whom the Bill was passed, and adds 'indeed I have seen a MS. account of the debate where Falkland and Colepepper appear to have spoken for it.' He was also entrusted with the prosecution of the Lord Keeper Finch, and generally sided with the Parliamentary leaders at this stage of the struggle between the King and the Parliament. About the time of the summer recess, during the king's absence in Scotland, when the apprehension of changes in Church and State far beyond what had been conceived at the opening of the Long Parliament led to a division of opinion in the constitutional party, Falkland cast in his lot with the royalists. In consequence he was disabled,' as the phrase was in 1642, from sitting in that Parliament, which, to use Hallam's expression afterwards' sank in its decrepitude amidst public contempt beneath a usurper it had blindly elevated to power.' William Stephens, LL.D., of Bowcombe Manor, Carisbrooke (whose name is omitted in the list of Newport members to which I have already referred), was elected in the place of Falkland as a Recruiter,' the name reproachfully applied by Anthony Wood and the royalists to the new members who took the place of those 'disabled.' Lord Falkland took office with the royalists, being sworn in as Privy Councillor and afterwards as Secretary of State. Honesty,' he said, 'obliged him to serve the king, but that he foresaw his own ruin by doing it.' He does not seem to have got on well with Charles I. Clarendon says that 'Falkland often ventured to contradict the king with bluntness and sharp sentences; and of this His Majesty often complained, and cared less to confer with him in private, and was less persuaded by him, than his affairs and the other's great parts and wisdom would have required, though he had not a better opinion of any man's sincerity or fidelity towards him.' We find two notices of Falkland when the king was besieging

Gloucester, August 10, 1643. After the town of Gloucester had been relieved by the Earl of Essex, September 6, that Parliamentary General retired towards London, where he was followed by the King and attacked at Newbury in Berkshire, September 20 of the same year. In this action at Newbury Lord Falkland was struck with a musket ball, and died on the field just three months after the death of his opponent, but once bosom friend, John Hampden.

'See Falkland dies, the virtuous and the just';

so writes the poet, Alexander Pope, in his Essay on Man. Death came to Falkland as a friend. Lord Clarendon, speaking of the depression which overtook the high-souled Falkland in his latter days, says, 'When there was any overture or hope of peace he would be more erect and vigorous, and exceedingly solicitous to press anything which he thought might promote it, and sitting among his friends, often after a deep silence and frequent sighs, would with a shrill and sad accent ingeminate peace, peace.' There are some little traits in the account of his death as given by his political adversary, Whitelock, quite as touching as anything in the full and eloquent outpouring of Clarendon. 'The Lord Falkland, Secretary of State, in the morning of the fight called for a clean shirt, and being asked the reason of it, answered, that if he were slain in the battle they should not find his body in foul linen.' This incident gave occasion to Mr. Carlyle, in his Cromwell, to put forth his sarcasm about 'poor Lord Falkland and his clean shirt.' Mr. Goldwin Smith, my contemporary at Oxford, whose friendship I have the honour to retain, remarks upon this, in his thoughtful essay on Falkland and the Puritans, 'Carlyle's sneer at him has always seemed to us about the most painful thing in the writings of Carlyle.' Among the leading actors in the Civil War we may discern men of stronger purpose and more fitted to direct a period of revolutionary violence than Falkland, such men as Pym, Hampden, and Cromwell; but Falkland attracts more of our admiration and love than these men of iron will. When the sword is drawn in civil war, one of the penalties of that unhappy condition is that there can be no real peace till one party has yielded. Compromise

only leads to renewed conflict. Falkland, dying in the thirty-fourth year of his age, found the peace he sought for. 'His death,' adds Whitelock, was much lamented by all who knew or heard of him, being a gentleman of great parts, ingenuity and honour, courteous and just to all, and a passionate promoter of all endeavours of peace betwixt the King and Parliament.' Blessed are the peace-makers.'

December 19, 1885.

HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER,

YOUNGEST SON OF CHARLES I; 1640-1660.

I.

HENRY, third son of King Charles I, declared by his royal father Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Cambridge, and so entitled, but not so created till just before his death, shared with his elder sister her one month's captivity in Carisbrooke Castle. He himself, though he continued a prisoner in the Castle, where he was known as 'Mr. Henry,' for two years after his sister's death, has never had a share in the interest which is attached to that young Princess. The room in which she died is pointed out to the visitors to the Castle, but his name is rarely mentioned. Her story is remembered, his forgotten. The reason why the fate of Elizabeth still lives in the minds of the English people and that of her brother is buried in oblivion may partly arise from the circumstance that her name has been enshrined in the exquisite monument by Baron Marochetti, erected by Her Majesty Queen Victoria as 'a token of respect for her virtues and sympathy for her misfortunes.'

The story of Henry of Gloucester, who died at the early age of twenty, is little, if at all, more wanting in romance than that of his far more widely known sister and fellowprisoner of Carisbrooke Castle. An attempt is here made to relate what is known about one who is described by contemporary writers of that period as 'a Prince of extraordinary

hopes, both from the comeliness and gracefulness of his person and the vivacity and vigour of his wit and understanding.' The original authorities for the facts of the Duke of Gloucester's short life will be found in Carte's Life of James, Duke of Ormond (3 vols. fol. 1736); Evelyn's Diary from 1641 to 1706; Fuller's Worthies (1662); and Bishop Burnet's History of His Own Times (1722-34). The main results of the information that is to be gained from these authors has been very fully and clearly put together in Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of England (1840-45), in the fifth volume containing the life of Queen Henrietta Maria.

Henry was born to his father, Charles I, by his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, on July 8, 1640, and was entitled Duke of Gloucester in 1641. The year 1640, in which Charles's youngest son was born, was a memorable epoch in that unhappy monarch's reign. In the beginning of that year the King, by the advice of Wentworth and Laud, called a Parliament after eleven years' cessation. It met April 13. The former dispute as to voting supplies before grievances were redressed was resumed, and after some ineffectual conferences between the two Houses the Parliament was dissolved May 5. The Parliament afterwards called the 'Long Parliament' was summoned, and met on November 3-a period 'distinguished beyond most others in English history by anxieties and endeavours, by hope and fear, and swift vicissitudes.' Of these the child was happily unconscious, and was probably too young to miss the departure of its mother, who, after having taken refuge in Exeter, left England July 14, 1644, for France, where she remained in obscurity and poverty till the restoration of Charles II. The Queen carried away with her her youngest daughter, Henrietta Maria, born June 14, 1644, at Exeter, to her own native land of France, where she was educated as a Romanist and afterwards married Philip, Duke of Anjou (brother of Louis XIV). The young Henry, with his sister Elizabeth, five years older than himself, was left behind in England. During the King's aimless wanderings after the fatal fight of Naseby and the surrender of the Royalist stronghold of Oxford, his children (with the exception of his first-born, Charles, who was