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et voces paulo antè exaudire potuisti; quorum ego vix abs te jamdiu manus ac tela contineo; eosdem facile adducam, ut te hæc, quæ jam-20 pridem vastare studes, reliquentem usque ad portas prosequantur. Quanquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat? tu ut unquam te corrigas? tu ut ullam fugam a meditere? tu ullum ut exsilium cogites? utinam tibi istam mentem dii immortales darent! tametsi video, si meâ voce perterritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, 25 quanta tempestas invidiæ nobis, si minùs in præsens tempus, recenti memoriâ scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est mihi tanti, dummodo ista tua privata sit calamitas, et à reipub. periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum pœnas pertimescas, ut temporibus reipub. cedas, non est postulandum ;30 neque enim, Catilina, is es, ut te aut pudor à turpitudine, aut metus à periculo, aut ratio à furore revocarit. Quamobrem, ut sæpe jam dixi, proficiscere: ac si mihi inimico, ut prædicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, rectà perge in exsilium: vix feram e sermones hominum, si id feceris: vix molem istius invidiæ, si in exsilium ieris jussu Con-35 sulis, sustinebo; sin autem servire meæ laudi et gloriæ mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu: confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives; secerne te à bonis; infer patriæ bellum; exsulta impio latrocinio; ut à me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos isse videaris. Quanquam quid ego te invitem, à quo40 jam sciam esse præmissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium præstolarentur armati? cum sciam pactam et constitutam esse cum Manlio diem? à quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido et funestam futuram, cui domi tuæ sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse præmissam? Tu hut45 illa diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad cædem proficiscens solebas? à cujus altaribus sæpe istam dextram impiam ad necem civium transtulisti? Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem tua ista cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi hæc res affert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem: ad hanc te amentiam natura50 peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit; nunquam tu non modò

a cogites. b in futurum. mam. fonus. g crudeli.

c sed non tanti facio eam. d accommodes te.
h quomodo.

20. Quæ jampridem vastare studes.] republic and all Italy.

The

24. Istam mentem.] Cicero prays that the Gods would give him a desire to go into exile, for the ancients thought that the Gods were the authors of all designs.

26. In præsens tempus.] That is in præsenti tempore, for as Priscianus has remarked in his lib. 8. the Latins often unite the preposition in with the accusative instead of the ablative.

27. Est mihi tanti.] I suppose it to be of so great importance to the republic that you should leave the city, that until that takes place I will endure any hatred.

39. Latrocinio.] He calls war undertaken against one's country, robbery.

41. Ad Forum Aurelium.] This was a tribunal at Rome where soldiers were en

e fa

listed; there was also a town of the same name, not far from the city, whence the Aurelian way took its name, by which Ca taline went to the camp of Manlius.

43. Aquilam argenteam.] The silver ea gle was the standard of a legion, which Marius had in his army in the war with the Cimbri. But Vegetius says that it is well known that the eagle was the proper standard of the Roman armies; and as there were ten cohorts in every legion, the first cohort always demanded the honour of guarding the eagle,

44. Sacrarium.] Sacrarium or sacellum is the same, and Aquila was a certain little shrine, in which either a golden or a silver image of an eagle was placed, this was put upon a spear, and he who carried it was called Eagle-bearer.

a

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otium; sed ne bellum quidem, nisi nefarium, concupisti; nactus es ex perditis, atque ab omni non modò fortuna, verumetiam spe derelictis, conflatam improborum a manum; hîc tu quâ lætitiâ perfruere? 55quibus gaudiis exsultabis? quanta in voluptate bacchabere cùm in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam, néque videbis? Ad hujus vitæ studium meditati illi sunt, qui feruntur, labores tui: jacere humi non modò ad obsidendum stuprum, verumetiam ad facinus obeundum: vigilare non solùm ad insidiandum 60somno maritorum, verumetiam bonis occisorum. Habes ubi ostentes illam præclaram tuam patentiam famis, frigoris, inopiæ rerum omnium; quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. Tantùm profeci tum, cum te à Consulatu repuli, ut exul potius tentare, quàm Consul vexare rempub. posses: atque ut id, quod esset à te sceleritate 65susceptum, latrocinium potiùs quam bellum nominaretur.

V. Nunc ut à me, P. C. quandam prope justam patriæ querimoniam detester ac deprecer; percipite, quæso, diligenter quæ dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quæ mihi vitâ meâ multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis 5 respub. loquatur: M. Tulli, quid agis? tu-ne eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari Imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem conjurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patieris, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? non10ne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis? Quid tandem impedit te? mos-ne Majorum? at persæpe etiam privati in hac repub. perniciosos cives morte multarunt; an leges, quæ de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatæ sunt? at nunquam in hac urbe ii, qui à repub. defecerunt, civium jura tenue15runt; an invidiam posteritatis times? præclaram verò populo Rom. a multitudinem. b exercitati. c dicuntur vulgò. d lacessare. e depellam.

58. Obsidendum stuprum.] Obsidere stuprum, is to wait till the husbands are asleep, in order to enjoy their wives, this was as common with Cataline as to lay snares for the rich, that he might plunder them when slain.

63. A Consulatu repuli.] Cicero had ac. cused Cataline of corruption, in seeking for an office, and effected his purpose so that he could not be made consul. The oration of his accusation is much to be wished for; there are certain commentaries of Asconius upon it.

65. Latrocinium potius quam bellum.] It is the duty of the magistrate to declare war, and not of a private person; wherefore when it is declared by a private person, it ought to be called robbery, because it invades the power of the magis trates of the Roman people.

8. Evocatorem.] He was called evocator, who by press-masters called forth the servants to warfare, their shops being opened that he might use them against his country, to whom on that account he gives

a cap or liberty, which it is said was only used by the Spartans and seditious citi. zens.

9. Non emissus sed immissus.] A play upon words which was done either by the diminution or transposition of a letter.

11. Mactari.] This word is used in reference to sacrifices which were offered to avert evil; it therefore signifies that Cataline was a sacred man, that is accursed on whom the curses of the whole city should fall.

Ib. Mos-ne Majorum.] The ancients would not put a citizen to death without the orders of the Roman people.

12. Etiam privati.] Thus P. Scipio Nasica slew Gracchus, inventing new regu lations.

13. An leges, &c.] The Sempronian law provided that no sentence should be passed upon a citizen without the consent of the people: an inquiry of the people was appointed concerning him who had punished a Roman citizen, his cause not having been heard.

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refers gratiam, qui te hominem per te cognitum, nullâ commendatione Majorum, tam maturè ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam, aut alicujus periculi metum, salutem civium tuorum negligis. Sed si quis est invidiæ metus, num est vehementiùs severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia, quàm inertiæ, ac ne-20 quitiæ pertimescendæ? an cùm bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt: tum te non existimas invidiæ incendio conflagraturum? His ego sanctissimis reipub. vocibus, et eorum hominum, qui idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego si hoc optimum factu judicarem, P. C. Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horæ25 gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem; etenim si summi viri, et clarissimi cives, Saturnini, et Gracchorum, et Flacci, et superiorum complurium sanguine non modò se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt; certè verendum mihi non erat, ne quid, hoc parricidâ civium interfecto, invidiæ mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod si ea30 mihi maximè impenderet, tamen hoc animo semper fui, ut invidiam b virtute partam, gloriam, non invidiam putarem. Quanquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quæ imminent, non videant; aut ea quæ vident, dissimulent: qui spem Catilinæ mollibus sententiis aluerunt, conjurationemque nascentem non credendo corroborave-35 runt: quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solùm improbi, verùm etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regiè factum esse dicerent. Nunc intelligo, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore, qui non videat conjurationem esse factam: neminem tam improbum, qui non fateatur.40 Hoc autem uno interfecto, intelligo hanc reip. pestem paulisper reprimi non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quod si se ejecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, et eodem cæteros undique collectos naufragos aggregaverit; extinguetur, atque delebitur, non modo hæc tam adulta reipubl. pestis, verùm etiam stirps, ac semen malorunm omnium. Ete-45 nim jamdiu, P.C. in his periculis conjurationis insidiisque versamur:

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16. Hominem per te cognitum.] That is a new man who hast rendered your ances tors illustrious, in which the kindness of the Roman people to Cicero shown conspicuous, on account of which he should not now fear the envy of wicked citizens.

17. Tam mature.] In the same year that his age permitted, he was made consul which had never before occurred to a new

man.

Ib. Per omnes honorum gradus.] Through the Questorship the Edileship, and the Prætorship, all which offices Cicero had held with credit, he came to the consulship.

19. Invida metus.] In 4. Tuscul. Quæst. lib. he thus describes envy, they say that it is a certain vexation received from the prosperity of another, which does not injure him that envies.

29. Hoc parricida.] Our country is our common parent, and we are all to be considered as brethren; wherefore he who

c matura.

kills another is called a parricide. Thence Festus Pompeius says that the ancient Latins called every murderer a parricide.

32. Quanquam non nulli sunt in hoc ordine.] Cæsar Crassus and others were suspected of being concerned in Cataline's conspiracy, and of wishing that it might succeed. These were cunning enough not to be present at the meeting of the conspirators, but they served Cataline by saying, perhaps it was not true, and that more certain proofs of it were wanting.

41. Reprimi non comprimi.] Quintilian in lib. 9. makes this distinction between these words, that reprimi refers to something that is temporary, comprimi to that which is perpetual.

43. Collectos naufragos.] By shipwrecked persons he means those who sailing along in wickedness and crimes, as if upon the deep, have wasted all that they possessed, and as if their country is lost, are cast upon the shore.

sed-nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum, ac veteris furoris et audaciæ maturitas in nostri Consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus 50curâ et metu esse relevati: periculum autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venis, atque in visceribus reipublicæ. Ut sæpe homines ægri morbo gravi, cùm æstu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberint primo relevari videntur: deinde multo gravius vehementiusque afflictantur: sic hic morbus, qui est in republica, relevatus is55tius pœnâ, vehementiùs, vivis reliquis ingravescet.

PERORATIO.

VI. Quare, P. C. secedant improbi, secernant se à bonis, unum in locum congregentur; muro denique, id quod sæpe jam dixi, secernantur à nobis: desinant insidiari domi suæ Consuli, circumstare tribunal Prætoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces 5 ad incendendam urbem comparare; sit denique incriptum in fronte uniuscujusque civis, quid de repub. sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, P. C. tantam in nobis Coss. fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Rom. virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinæ profectione omnia patefacta, illustrata, oppres10sa, vindicata esse videatis. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa reip. salute, et cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere, parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum tu, Jupiter, qui iisdem, quibus hæc urbs, aucpiciis à Romulo es constitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis, 15atque imperii verè nominamus, hunc, et hujus socios à tuis aris, caterisque templis, à teetis urbis ac moenibus, à vita fortunisque civium omnium arcebis: et omnes inimicos bonorum, hostes patriæ, latrones Italiæ, scelerum fœdere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, æternis suppliciis vivos mórtuosque mactabis.

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c agrotant. d conjuratis. e repelles.

10. Hisce ominibus Catalina.] The hea thens superstitiously observed whatever was said on their undertaking a journey, or any enterprize. Some of the greatest men have laid aside an undertaking, or have been encouraged in the pursuit of it by a word dropped by chance. All the Roman historians, particularly Livy, is full of this conceit. This solemn imprecation, therefore, pronounced by the consul in the temple of Jupiter Stator, was like the highest excommunication, and would be construed a bad omen to Cataline by all those of his audience who had any regard for the religion of their country.

15. Aris.] He has put altars for temples, or a part for the whole.

ORATIO SECUNDA

IN

L. CATILINAM.

AD QUIRITES.

ARGUMENTUM.-Prima Ciceronis Oratione commotus Catilina suppliciter à Patribus petiit, ne quid de se temerè crederent, se ex ea natum esse familia, è qua multa in Rempub. beneficia profecta essent: sed tum obstrepere omnes dicenti, et hostem patriæ vocare. Quare omni spe abjectâ, cum trecentis delectis hominibus ad Manliana Castra profectus est, relictis in urbe Cethego et Lentulo ad factionem confirmandam. Cicero postridie illius diei advocata concione, hanc habuit Orationem ad Quirites, quos monet de fuga Catalinæ, à quo jam nihil timendum est; residuos verò in urbe conjuratos monet, ut ducem sequantur suum, et tandem de tota conjuratione oppri. menda consilium suum aperit.

GENUS. In eodem est genere quo superior, cum nihil aliud agat, quàm ut exponat populo que gesta sunt, quem bene sperare jubet.

PARTES. Non tam habet Exordium hæc Oratio, quàm Propositionem, à qua statim incipit, tum confirmationem, et Perorationem.

PROPOSITIO.

Hanc pro

Sic incipit Cicero: Abiit Catilina, liberati sumus. positionem amplificat à scelere Catilinæ, et periculi magnitudine, quo liberata est Respub. Paragr. 1.

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Propositio totius confirmationis hæc est: Utile est non interfici Catilinam, et ejus socios discedere: Quia magis in urbe timendi sunt quàm foris.

I.

TA

ANDEM aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam furentem audaciâ, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriæ nefariè molientem, vobis atque huic urbi a ferrum flammamque minitantem, ex urbe vel ejecimus, vel emisimus, vel ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti su

INTERPRETATIO.

a Cædem et incendium.

NOTES.

1. Tandem.] A particle signifying slowness when any thing is spoken more slowly which should have been done immediately. 2. Scelus anhelantem.] Cataline pants after wickedness because he desires to perfect his conspiracy with crimes and to destroy all.

4. Ejicimus, vel emisimus, vel ipsum egre

dientem, &c.] Cataline was driven from the dignity of consul, and could not resist the threats of him whom he wished to kill. He was sent forth agreeable to his own desire, as he had been meditating on his flight. He went out without the application of force, as there could be nothing more desirable than that he should be in

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