с

urbe imperatores prope armati poëtarum nomen, et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati Judices à Musarum honore, et à poëtarum salute abhorrere. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, jam me35 vobis, Judices, indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriæ nimis acri fortasse, verumtamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute hujus urbis atque imperii, et pro vita civium, proque universa republ. gessimus, attigit hic versibus, atque inchoavit: quibus auditis, quòd mihi magna res et40 jucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum hortatus sum. Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum periculorumque desiderat, præter hanc laudis et gloriæ: quâ quidem detractâ, Judices, quid est quod in hoc tam exiguo vitæ curriculo, et tam brevi, tantis nos in laboribus * exerceamus? Certe si nihil animus præsentiret in posterum, et si,45 quibus regionibus vitæ spatium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas; nec tantis se laboribus frangeret, neque tot curis vigiliisque angeretur, neque toties de vita ipsa dimicaret. Nunc insidet quædam in optimo quoque virtus, quæ noctes et dies animum gloriæ stimulis concitat, atque admonet, non cum vitæ50 tempore esse dimittendam commemorationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adæquandam. An verò tam parvi animi videamur esse omnes, qui in repub. atque in his vitæ periculis laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium, fnullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum simul moritura omnia55, arbitremur? An cum statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, studiosè multi summi homines reliquerunt, consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam et politam? Ego vero omnia, quæ gerebam, jam tum in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbitrabar60 in orbis terræ memoriam sempiternam. Hæc verò sive à meo sensu post mortem abfutura sunt, sive, ut sapientissimi homines putaverunt,

e

c et interiret cum corpore.

a fatigemus. b terminis. f nunquam tranquillè et otiosè vixerimus.

generals entangled with the labours of war so esteemed the poets, that some of them adorned the entrances of the temples and of their monuments with their verses, and others took them for companions, and consecrated the price of the spoils of war to the Muses, certainly we, who wear the gown and live in splendid retirement, are invited to cultivate these studies, and to honour and preserve the poets. Brutus ornamented his monument with the verses of Attius, and Fulvius had Ennius for a companion.

38. Pro salute hujus urbis.] Cicero confesses that he was influenced by the same desire of praise, that other persons were who kept poets with them. By this he encouraged Archias to finish the work which he had commenced, describing the conspiracy which had been extinguished by him.

45. Animus præsentiret in posterum.] He declares that unless the mind perceived

d sed. e cupiditate.

that it was immortal, it would not torment itself with so many labours.

48. De vita ipsa dimicaret.] The mind, as it is immortal, cannot struggle for life: by animus, he therefore intends the whole

man.

56. An cùm statuas et imagines.] He shows that men who wish for statues, that fall down with age, should rather wish for those images of their counsels and virtues, which are portrayed by the poets to the everlasting glory of their name.

61. Sive à meo sensu.] Cicero here seems to doubt the immortality of the soul, and says that he does not see whether his soul. will be altogether extinct, or will be concious after death that he had done illustrious things, but that he was then comforted with the remembrance of them.

62. Sapientissimi homines.] Pythagoras, Socrates, and all the great and wise men of Greece, believed that the souls of men were immortal; and that when they left

ad aliquam animi mei partem pertinebunt, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quâdam, speque delector.

PERORATIO.

VIII. Quare, conservate, Judices, hominem pudore eo, quem amicorum studiis videtis comprobari tum dignitate, tum etiam venustate; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis expetitum esse videatis: causâ vero ejusmodi, 5 quæ beneficio legis, auctoritate municipii, testimonio Luculli, tabulis Metelli comprobetur. Quæ cum ita sint, petimus à vobis, Judices, si qua non modò humana, verum etiam divina in tantis negotiis commendatio debet esse; ut eum, qui vos, qui vestros imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus 10nostris vestrisque domesticis periculis, æternum se testimonium laudum daturum esse profitetur, quique est eo numero, qui semper apud omnes sancti sunt habiti atque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis a fidem, ut humanitate vestrâ levatus potius, quàm acerbitate violatus esse videatur. Quæ de causâ, pro mea consuetudine, breviter simpliciterque 15dixi, Judices, ea confido probata esse omnibus: quæ non fori, neque judiciali consuetudine, et de hominis ingenio, et communiter de ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, Judices, à vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta: ab eo, qui judicium exercet, certe scio.

a tutelam.

the body there was a way open for the best who were taken with his studies and ingeof them to enter heaven.

63. Ad aliquam animi partem.] Some of the ancients believed that the mind was divided into various parts; some of which contemplated the things of eternity, whilst others looked back upon the noble acts which they once did in this mortal life. But Plato says that the mind is divided into three parts; one by which a man learns, another by which he is angry, and a third which excites the desire of pleasures. The two last, he says, perish with the body; but the first, which includes reason, remains

with the mind.

Tb. Cogitatione quadam, &c.] Cicero, as he thinks that his soul is immortal, hopes

that it will be conscious of the illustrious

things which he did, so that he may de

rive some comfort from the remembrance of them.

1. Amicorum.] Archias had among his friends some of the greatest men, and some who stood high in authority, such as the Luculli and the Metelli.

2. Venustate] He praises Archias, from the graceful manners and elegance of those

nuity.

3. Summorum hominum.] Archias must be a man of powerful mind, because he pleases such great men as the Marii, Luculli, and Metelli.

5. Beneficio legis.] He proves that the cause of Archias was in a good state, from having in its favour the law passed by Syl vanus and Carbo, the authority of the municipal town Heraclea, the testimony of Lucullus, and the register of Metellus.

7. Si qua non modò humana, &c.] The particle si is put affirmatively, so that this is the

sense:

Since Archias has always celebrated your leaders, &c. he is worthy to but by the gods. be recommended to you, not only by men

to which the republic was exposed by Ca9. His recentibus periculis.] The dangers

taline.

15. Non fori consuetudine.] Cicero had requested the judges to permit him to use a new and unusual kind of speaking in the defence of Archias.

18. Qui judicium exercet.] The name of the prætor who presided at this trial is not known.

PRO

M. COELIO.

ARGUMENTUM.-M. Cœlius Rufus, eques Romanus, ingenio ac formâ liberali, cùm adolescentiam in domo ac familiaritate Ciceronis egisset, postea vixit liberiùs, ac venit in familiaritatem Clodiæ uxoris Q. Metelli, quæ soror erat P. Clodii, ac quæ parùm pudica mulier habebatur; cùmque Cœlius illa familiariùs uteretur, et fortè auri certum numerum ab ea mutuò accepisset, indicatum est Clodiæ, venenum sibi parari à Cœlio, per Licinium quendam, qui pecuniâ servum ejus ad perficiendam rem aggressus erat, Itaque accusatur à Clodia amicis Cœlius, ac potissimùm à L. Atratino adolescente, cujus patrem Cœlius eodem tempore de ambitu accusabat. Alia præterea Cœlio crimina objecta sunt; v. g. patrem male tractasse ; municipibus Puteolanis non probatum esse; Catilinæ fuisse familiarem; matronas attrectâsse; Senatorem pulsâsse; seditionem Neapoli concitâsse; Pallæ bona invasisse; legatis Alexandrinorum necem intulisse.

PERSONE.-Accusatores Colii fuerunt Clodia, Atratinus, Herennius, et Balbus. Reus M. Cœlius. Patroni Cœlii M. Crassus, et Cicero. Prætor Domitius.

TEMPUS.-Habita est hæc Oratio anno urbis conditæ 697. Cornelio Lentulo et L. Martio Coss. ut existimare licet ex eo quod Dio scribit, legatos illos interfectos fuisse ; agente verò Cicerone annum 51.

STATUS CAUSÆ.-Conjecturalis est; 1. an aurum mutuum Cœlius sumpserit à Clodia: 2. an venenum paraverit. Genus autem judiciale est.

PARTES.-Tres sunt; Exordium, Confutatio, et Peroratio.

EVENTUS.-Vicit Cicero, et absolutus Cœlius postea præturam adeptus est, at interfectus est civili bello Cæsarem inter et Pompeium.

I.

EXORDIUM.

I quis, Judices, fortè nunc adsit ignarus legum, judiciorum, consuetudinis nostræ; miretur profectò, quæ sit tanta atrocitas hujusce causæ, quòd diebus festis, ludisque publicis, omnibus negotiis

NOTES.

1. Ignarus legum.] Cicero here intends the Plautian law, passed by M. Plautius a tribune of the people, in the consulship of Cn. Pompey Strabo and L. Porcius Cato, in the year of the city 664. By this it was required that an inquisition should be held concerning those who had committed public violence with armed men.

2. Consuetudine.] The Romans punished seditions immediately, for otherwise it was not lawful to hold the courts on festival days.

3. Diebus festis] Festival days were sacred to the gods, on which account the people abstained from all work; and it was not lawful for the prætor to utter the words do, dico, addico. Profesti dies were days granted to men to settle public and private affairs. Intercisi were days common to the gods and to men. On the festival days they held sacrifices, feasts, games and holydays, on the profesti, they held calendars, comitial assemblies, adjournments and contests. The intercisi

were divided into certain parts, so that at certain hours in these days it was lawful to plead, and on others it was not. Lucky days were those upon which the prætor might pronounce the words do, dico, addico. Unlucky days were the reverse of these. Comitial days were those upon which it was lawful to treat with the people, and make laws, the latter of which was also done on the lucky days. Comprendini were those on which it was lawful to give bail. Stati were those on which trials with strangers were settled.

Ib. Ludisque publicis.] Holydays were kept at Rome when the public games were exhibited, trials were adjourned, the shops shut, and the forum adorned. By ludos in the plural, Cicero intends public shows, thus in his epist. to his brother Q. Scripsi quo die ludi committebantur. But ludus in the singular is applied to a school, and every private gymnastic exercise when the master alone is present.

b

a

с

forensibus intermissis, unum hoc judicium exerceatur: nec dubitet 5 quin tanti facinoris reus arguatur, ut, eo neglecto, civitas stare non possit; idem, cum audiat esse legem, quæ de seditiosis consceleratisque civibus, qui armati Senatum obsederint, magistratibus vim attulerint, rempublicam oppugnârint, quotidie quæri jubeat; legem non improbet; crimen quod versetur in judicio, requirat; cum audiat, 10nullum facinus, nullam audaciam, nullam vim in judicium vocari: sed adolescentem illustri ingenio, industriâ, gratiâ, accusari ab ejus filio, quem ipse in judicium et vocet, et vocarit; oppugnari autem opibus meretriciis: Atratini illius pietatem non reprehendat, muliebrem libidinem comprimendam putet; vos laboriosos existimet, qui15bus otiosis, ne in communi quidem otio, liceat esse. Etenim si attendere diligenter, existimareve de omni hac causa volueritis; sic & constituetis, Judices, nec descensurum quenquam ad hanc accusationem fuisse, cui, utrum vellet, liceret; nec, cum descendisset, quidquam habiturum spei fuisse, nisi alicujus intolerabili libidine, et nimis 20acerbo odio niteretur; sed ego Atratino, humanissimo atque optimo adolescenti, meo necessario, ignosco, qui habet excusationem vel pietatis, vel necessitatis, vel ætatis; si voluit accusare, pietati tribuo: si jussus est, necessitati: si speravit aliquid, pueritia; cæteris non modò nihil ignoscendum, sed etiam acriter est resistendum.

CONFUTATIO.

Duas partes continet ista Confutatio. Prior varia crimina complectitur, quæ in Cœlium conjecta sunt, ac citata in argumento hujus Orationis. Secunda pars complectitur aurum, quod aiebant accusatores Cœlium sumpsisse à Clodia; deinde venenum quod ei paratum à Cælio dicebatur.

6. Esse legem.] Q. Lutatius Catulus, and C. Marius the consuls, passed a law in the year of the city 651. against publie violence, by which it was decreed that there should be a daily inquiry even on festival days, and at the time of the public games against wicked and seditious citizens, who being armed should surround the senate, do violence to a magistrate, or endeavour to overthrow the republic.

11. Ab ejus filio.] After Pola Atratinus had been acquitted, he was accused a second time by Cœlius, but to revenge the quarrel of his father, the son of Atratinus accused Cœlius, wherefore this must appear to the judges not to be so much on account of accusation as of retaliation.

13. Opibus meretriciis.] That is by the wealth of Clodia, who on account of her incest with her brother Clodius had attacked Calius in a very injurious manner, and had excited the prosecution against him. Ib. Muliebrem libidinem.] This Clodia after the death of her husband Q. Metellus,

c inquirat,

decernetis.

gave herself up to every lust, even her intercourse with Cœlius was suspected, against whom she excited this accusation, her love being turned into hatred.

18. Cui, utrum vellet, liceret.] That is to whom it is lawful to accuse or not to accuse. But he declares that Atratinus was forced to accuse Cœlius by the riches and influence of the strumpet Clodia.

Ib. Descendisset.] The phrase decendere ad judicium is common in Cicero, probably because most of the great men in Rome lived upon hills; or the metaphor is taken from the contests, where they who fight are said decendere ad certamen.

22. Pietati.] Atratinus obeys the dictates of piety, because in accusing Cœlius he defends his father.

23. Pueritiæ.] From the three reasons mentioned, viz. piety, necessity, and youth, he excuses Atratinus that he may throw the odium of the accusation upon the other accusers, Herennius, Balbus, and Clodius.

PRIMA PARS.

In quá varia Colio objecta crimina diluit.

II. Ac mihi quidem videtur, Judices, hic introitus defensionis, adolescentiæ M. Cœlii maximè convenire, ut ad ea quæ accusatores, deformandi hujus causâ, detrahendæ spoliandæque dignitatis gratiâ dixerunt, primum respondeam. Objectus est pater variè, quòd aut parùm splendidus ipse, aut parùm piè tractatus à filio diceretur. De 5 dignitate, Cœlius notis ac majoribus natu, etiam sine mea oratione, tacitus facilè ipse respondet; quibus autem propter senectutem, quòd jam diu minus in foro nobiscum versatur, non æque est cognitus; hi sica habeant: quæcunque in equite Romano dignitas esse possit, quæ certe potest esse maxima, eam semper in M. Cœlio habitam esse sum-10 mam, hodieque haberi, non solùm à suis, sed etiam ab omnibus, quibus potuerit aliqua de causa esse notus. Equitis autem Romani esse filium, criminis loco poni ab accusatoribus, neque his judicantibus oportuit, neque defendentibus nobis. Nam quod de pietate dixistis, est quidem ista nostra existimatio, sed judicium certè parentis: quid15 nos opinemur, audietis ex juratis: quid parentes sentiant, lacrymæ matris incredibilisque moror, squalor patris, et hæc præsens moestitia, quam cernitis, luctusque declarat. Nam, quod est objectum, municipibus esse adolescentem non probatum suis: nemini unquam præsenti Puteolani majores honores habuerunt, quàm absenti M. Cœlio:20 quem et absentem in amplissimum ordinem coöptârunt, et ea non petenti detulerunt, quæ multis petentibus denegârunt: iidemque nunc

a intelligant.

5. Parum splendidus.] The adversaries of Cœlius had asserted that his father was not fit company for illustrious men, on account of the meanness of his life.

13. Criminis loco.] Indeed his adversaries did not argue that because he was a Roman knight, he was guilty of any crime, but because not being endowed with so much nobility, his audacity seemed the less tolerable.

b. Neque his judicantibus neque defendentibus nobis.] The Roman knights and senators sat as judges, and Cicero himself a senator, but born in the equestrian order, defended the accused. Therefore he says it is unbecoming in the accusers to speak disrespectfully of that order.

15. Est quidem nostra existimatio.] We will think of his piety as it shall appear to us, but his father will judge of it. Existimatio is a supposition or conjecture; judicium is an opinion which is given after a thing is well known.

Ib. Quid nos opinemur.] After hearing the witnesses it will appear what should be decided concerning him.

16. Ex juratis.] These witnesses being summoned had come from Puteoli to give their testimony, they were called jurati,

b gratum.

because they were sworn before they came into the court.

17. Præsens mæstitia.] The friends and relations who sat on low seats clothed in mean and black garments to excite the compassion of the judges, manifested by their tears how much they esteemed Colius.

18. Municipibus.] They were called Municipes, who being received into the Roman republic, became partakers of public favours; but afterwards by an abuse of the term, they were called Municipes, who were citizens of the same city, "his own townsmen."

20. Puteoli.] Puteoli was a city of Cam pania; it took its name from the multitude of the wells of warm water, which were in it.

21. In amplissimum ordinem.] The municipia were commonly corporations and enfranchised places, which were allowed the use of their own laws and constitutions, and at the same time honoured with the privilege of Roman citizens. They had a little senate which they called Curia, and the senators were called decuriones. It was into this order Cœlius is here said to have been enrolled.