regarded with displeasure by the Cardinals :16 Bernard wrote for him that remarkable exhortation, the treatise De Consideratione, libb. v. It was a warning sign for the Papacy, which was now outstepping all bounds, put forth by one of its most faithful venerators; though embarrassed by prejudices in favour of the hierarchy," he still had too much personal religion not to recognize the secular direction of the Papacy in its perverted state,18 and forbode its final consummation.19 16 Comp. The outburst of their discontent against Eugene in the Council of Rheims, 1148, in Otto Frising. de rebus gest. Frid. lib. i. c. 57: Scire debes, quod a nobis, per quos tanquam per cardines universalis Ecclesiae volvitur axis, ad regimen totius Ecclesiae promotus, a privato universalis pater effectus, jam deinceps te non tuum sed nostrum potius esse oportere: nec privatas et modernas amicitias antiquis et communibus praeponere etc. 17 De consid. ii. c. 8. Description of the pontifical dignity: Quis es? Sacerdos magnus, summus Pontifex. Tu princeps Episcoporum, tu haeres Apostolorum, tu primatu Abel, gubernatu Noé, patriarchatu Abraham, ordine Melchisedech, dignitate Aaron, auctoritate Moyses, judicatu Samuel, potestate Petrus, unctione Christus. Tu es, cui claves traditae, cui oves creditae sunt. Sunt quidem et alii caeli janitores, et gregum pastores: sed tu tanto gloriosius, quanto et differentius utrumque prae caeteris nomen haereditasti. Habent illi sibi assignatos greges, singuli singulos: tibi universi crediti, uni unus. Nec modo ovium, sed et pastorum tu unus omnium pastor. 18 For instance De consid. ii. c. 6. Factum (te) superiorem dissimulare nequimus; sed enim ad quid, omnimodis attendendum; non enim ad dominandum opinor.-Multo minus inveniri oportet aut deliciis resolutum, aut resupinum pompis. Nihil horum tibi tabulae testatoris assignant.-Nec locus est otio, ubi sedula urget solicitudo omnium Ecclesiarum. Nam quid tibi aliud dimisit s. Apostolus? Quod habeo, inquit, hoc tibi do (Act. iii. 6.) Quid illud? Unum scio, non est aurum neque argentum, cum ipse dicat: Argentum et aurum non est mihi. Si habere contingat, utere non pro libitu, sed pro tempore. -Usus horum bonus, abusio mala, solicitudo pejor, quaestus turpior. Esto, ut alia quacunque ratione haec tibi vindices, sed non apostolico jure. Nec enim tibi ille dare, quod non habuit, potuit. Quod habuit, hoc dedit, solicitudinem, ut dixi, super Ecclesias. Numquid dominationem ? Audi ipsum Non dominantes, ait, in clero, sed forma facti gregis (1 Petr. v. 3). Et ne dictum sola humilitate putes, non etiam veritate, vox Domini est in Evangelio: Reges gentium dominantur eorum etc. et infert: Vos autem non sic (Luc. xxii. 25, 26.) Planum est, Apostolus interdicitur dominatus.-Lib. iii. c. 1: Praesis ut prosis, ut dispenses, non imperes. Hoc fac, et dominari ne affectes hominum homo, ut non dominetur tui omnis injustitia. At satis superque id intimatum supra, cum, quis sis, disputaretur. Addo tamen et hoc: nam nullum tibi venenum, nullum gladium plus formido, quam : Meanwhile Eugene had continually to struggle against the opposition party, still a strong one, at Rome.20 And the accession of Frederick I (Barbarossa) in 1152 to the empire in Germany, increased the danger of the Papacy; for though he libidinem dominandi. Lib. iv. c. 2: Inter haec tu pastor procedis deauratus, tam multa circumdatus varietate. Oves quid capiunt? Si auderem dicere; daemonum magis quam ovium pascua haec. Scilicet sic factitabat Petrus, sic Paulus ludebat? Vides omnem ecclesiasticum zelum fervere sola pro dignitate tuenda? Honori totum datur, sanctitati nihil, aut parum. Cap. 3: Scio, ubi habitas; increduli et subversores sunt tecum. Lupi, non oves sunt: talium tamen tu pastor. -Hic, hic non parco tibi, ut parcat Deus. Pastorem te populo huic certe aut nega, aut exhibe. Non negabis, ne, cujus sedem tenes, te neget haeredem. Petrus hic est, qui nescitur processisse aliquando vel gemmis ornatus, vel sericis, non tectus auro, non vectus equo albo, nec stipatus milite, nec circumstrepentibus septus ministris.-In his successisti non Petro, sed Constantino. Consulo toleranda pro tempore, non affectanda pro debito. Ad ea te potius incito, quorum te scio debitorem. 19 L. c. lib. ii. c. 6: I ergo tu, et tibi usurpare aude aut dominans apostolatum, aut apostolicus dominatum. Plane ab alterutro prohiberis. Si utrumque simul habere voles, perdes utrumque. Alioquin non te exceptum illorum numero putes, de quibus queritur Deus sic: Ipsi regnaverunt, et non er me: principes extiterunt, et ego non cognovi (Hos. viii. 4.) Iam si regnare sine Deo juvat, habes gloriam, sed non apud Deum. At si interdictum tenemus, audiamus edictum : Qui major est vestrum, fiat sicut junior, et qui praecessor est, sicut qui ministrat (Luc. xxii. 26.) Forma apostolica haec est; dominatio interdicitur, indicitur ministratio. 2) Which now under the title of S. P. Q. R., enlarged its claims even over the Empire. Guntheri Ligurinus lib. iii., v. 337, ss., writes on Arnold's activity in Rome : Consiliis armisque sua moderamina summa Pontifici summo, modicum concedere Regi, cf. Eugenii P. epist. ad Wibaldum Abb. ann. 1152 (in Martene et Durand ampliss. collect. ii., 553): Ad haec Sanctitati tuae quaedam notificamus, quae faciente Arnoldo haeretico rusticana quaedam turba absque nobilium et majorum scientia nuper est in urbe molita. Circiter enim duo millia in unum sunt secretius conjurati, et in proximis Kal. Novembris centum perpetuos senatores malorum operum et duos consules, alter quorum infra urbem, alter extra, illorum centum consilio reipublicae statum disponant, immo potius rodant (an institution probably borrowed from the Lombard Towns, Savigny's Gesch. d. Röm. Rechts im Mittelalter iii. 116.) Unum autem, quem volunt Imperatorem dicere, creare disponunt, quem illis centum, duobus consulibus et omni populo Romano sperant, quod debeat mortifere imperare. Quod quia immediately made overtures of friendship to the Pope,21 still at the same time he gave proof that he was prepared stoutly to maintain his imperial rights.22 § 52. HADRIAN IV. (1154–1159). ALEXANDER III. (+ 1181). Hadrian compelled the Romans to banish the dangerous contra coronam Regni et carissimi filii nostri Friderici, Romanorum Regis, honorem attentare praesumunt, eidem volumus per te secretius nuntiari etc. About the same time, one Wetzel wrote to the Emperor Frederick (ibid. p. 554): Immensa laetitia, quod gens vestra vos sibi in Regem elegerit, moveor. Caeterum quod consilio clericorum et monachorum, quorum doctrina divina et humana confusa sunt, sacrosanctam Urbem, dominam mundi, creatricem et matrem omnium Imperatorum, super hoc, sicut deberetis, non consuluistis, et ejus confirmationem, per quam omnes, et sine qua nulli umquam Principes imperaverunt, non requisistis, nec ei sicut filius, si tamen filius et minister ejus esse proposuistis, non scripsis is, vehementer doleo. This too is worthy of note: Mendacium vero illud et fabula haeretica, in qua refertur Constantinum Silvestro imperialia simoniace concessisse in Urbe, ita detecta est, ut etiam mercenarii et mulierculae quoslibet etiam doctissimos super hoc concludant [confundant?], et dictus Apostolicus cum suis Cardinalibus in civitate prae pudore apparere non audeant. At the end comes a suggestion, that he should soon send ambassadors to Rome, assumtis peritis legum, qui de jure imperii sciant et audeant tractare et ne aliquid novi ibi contra vos surgat, praevenire curate. Comp. Frid. ep. ad Eugen. iii. (in Martene et Durand ampl. coll. ii. 516.) The tidings of his election and expression of good-will, Thereupon a treaty was concluded (apud Baron. 1152 no. 5), in which the emperor promised, quod ipse nec treugam nec pacem faciet cum Romanis nec cum Rogerio Rege Siciliae sine libero consensu et voluntate Romanorum et domini Papae Eugenii, et pro viribus laborabit Romanos subjugare domino Papae etc. The Pope on the other hand, quod Imperatorem coronabit, et ad manutenendum, augendum et dilatandum honorem Imperii pro debito officii sui juvabit. The doubts which Schröckh xxvi. 150, and after him Planck and Schmidt have raised about the date of this document, Constantiae X. Kal. Apr. Ind. XV., anno dominicae Incarnationis MCLII., are groundless. At that time the year began with Easter (comp. l'art de vérifier les dates, nouv. éd. par M. de Saint Alais i. 21. Note), so this date, according to our calendar, is the 23d of March, 1153. But that Frederick was actually in Constance at that time, see Raumer ii. 530. 22 In this way, he carried his right of decision in a disputed election at Magdeburg. Otto Fris. de Rebus gest. Frid. i. lib. ii. c. 6, ss. Schmidt's KG. vi. 180. Raumer ii. 13. 2 Arnold of Brescia.1 But a more redoubtable antagonist seemed to arise in Frederick I., when he set forth on his Roman journey, with the intention of restoring the almost forgotten imperial rights in Italy (1154), and began with humbling the Lombard towns. However the Pope was evidently more at ease when Frederick commanded that Arnold, now wandering from place to place, should be delivered up to him,3 and rejected the proposals of the arrogant Romans. Little misunderstandings were laid aside, and on the 18th June, 1155, Frederick received the Imperial crown. 4 Frederick felt himself all the more aggrieved when (1156) the Pope concluded a selfish treaty with their common enemy William King of Sicily, and confirmed him in his conquests." The arrogant expressions of a Papal brief to the Emperor gave the 1 Vita Adriani IV. ex Card. Aragon. in Muratori III. i. 441, ss. From which Baronius, ann. 1155, No. 1., ss., gives us some of the passages relating to this time out of a manuscript in the Vatican. 2 J. Voight Gesch. d. Lombarden-Bundes und s. Kampfes mit. K. Friedrick I. Königsberg 1818. Schlosser III. i. 294. Raumer ii. 16. 3 Otto Frising. de gest. Frid. lib. ii. c. 20. (in Murat. 21.) Godofredi Viterbiensis Pantheon. P. xvii. Gerhohus (Provost in Reichersperg, 1169) de investigat. Antichristi lib. i. (in Gretser prolegg. ad scriptt. adv. Waldenses c. 4): suspendio neci traditus, quin et post mortem incendio crematus, atque in Tiberim fluvium projectus est, ne videlicet Romanus populus, quem sua doctrina illexerat, sibi eum Martyrem dedicaret. Quem ego vellem pro tali doctrina sua, quamvis prava, vel exilio, vel carcere, aut alia poena praeter mortem punitum esse, vel saltem taliter occisum, ut Romana Ecclesia seu Curia ejus necis quaestione careret. + Given in detail by Otto Fris. 1. c. cap. 21. (in Murat. 22.) 5 There are several notices of the quarrel about holding the stirrup in Helmoldi Chron. Slav. i. c. 80. And in the Vita Adr. ex. Card. Arag. 1. c. p. 443. The treaties of peace are preserved by Baronius 1156, no. 4. The Pope granted to William to hold in fee regnum Siciliae, ducatum Apuliae, principatum Capuae cum omnibus pertinentiis suis, Neapolim, Salernum, et Malphiam cum pertinentiis suis, Marchiam et alia quae ultra Marsicam debet habere. On this account Frederick accused the Pope (Radevicus de gestis Frid. lib. ii. c. 31), quod ipse prior pacem atque concordiam, quae inter Papam Eugenium et nos facta fuerat et scripta, violasset in Siculo, cui ipse sine nobis reconciliari non debuisset (cf. § 51. not. 21.) Besides so early as 1137 Lothair had claimed the feudal lordship of Apulia (Otto Fris. Chron. vii. c. 20.) However Innocent II., 1139, without any reference to the Emperor, had en first occasion for an outbreak of discontent (1157); and as all estates, even the Bishops, partook in it, the Pope was forced feoffed Roger in this country also (Baron. 1139 no. 12); yet the Emperor's claims were never withdrawn.-Comp. Raumer ii. 71. 7 On the whole scene at the meeting of the Imperial diet in Besançon, see Radevicus lib. i. c. 8-10. The objectionable passage of the Papal brief (ib. c. 9, in Mansi xxi. 789) runs thus: Debes enim, gloriosissime fili, ante oculos mentis reducere, quam gratanter et quam jucunde alio anno mater tua sacrosancta Romana Ecclesia te susceperit,-quantam tibi dignitatis plenitudinem contulerit et honoris, et qualiter imperialis insigne coronae libentissime conferens, benignissimo gremio suo tuae Sublimitatis apicem studuerit confovere.-Neque tamen poenitet nos desideria tuae voluntatis in omnibus implevisse: sed si majora beneficia Excellentia tua de manu nostra suscepisset, si fieri posset, considerantes, quanta Ecclesiae Dei et nobis per te incrementa possint et commoda provenire, non immerito gauderemus. Radevicus c. 10 remarks these words were offensive to the nobles on this account: Quod a nonnullis Romanorum temere affirmari noverant, imperium Urbis, et regnum Italicum donatione Pontificum Reges nostros hactenus possedisse, idque non solum dictis, sed et scriptis atque picturis repraesentare, et ad posteros transmittere. Unde de Imperatore Lothario in palatio Lateranensi super hujusmodi picturam scriptum est: Rex venit ante fores, jurans prius Urbis honores, Post homo fit Papae, sumit quo dante coronam. (There is a description of this painting in the chron. Godefridi s. Pantal. in Würdtwein nov. subsid. diplom. xiii. 33. The feudal grant of Matildas Allodium, § 51, note 4. was understood as a grant of the Empire in fee.) The alarm grew yet greater, when one of the legates hazarded the question: A quo ergo habet, si a domino Papa non habet imperium? ob hoc dictum eo processit iracundia, ut unus eorum, videlicet Otto Palatinus Comes de Bajoaria, ut dicebatur, prope exerto gladio cervici illius mortem intentaret. At Fridericus auctoritate praesentiae suae interposita, tumultum quidem compescuit: ipsos autem legatos securitate donatos ad habitacula deduci, ac primo mane via proficisci praecepit: addens in mandatis, ne hac vel illac in territoriis Episcoporum seu Abbatum vagarentur, sed recta via, nec ad dextram, nec ad sinistram declinantes, reverterentur ad Urbem. Then Radwich adds an appeal from the Emperor to the kingdom issued on this account. Comp. Planck, IV. i. 365. 8 Radevicus I. c. 15: The legates came back so indignant to Rome that in ultionem eorum, quae se pertulisse dixerunt, Romanae urbis Episcopum provocarent. In hoc negotio clerus Romanus ita inter se divisus est, ut pars eorum partibus faveret Imperatoris, et eorum qui missi fuerant incuriam seu imperitiam causaretur, quaedam vero pars votis sui Pontificis adhaereret. Radwich places next the epistle of the Pope to the German bishops (also in Mansi xxi. 790.) But they in their answer declare themselves very decisively on the side of the Emperor (Radev. i. c. 16. Mansi xxi. 792), and transmit the following |