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the people were thrown down by these charges, and the French nation drew itself up in firm array on the side of its King for the impending struggle.

William of Nogaret, Keeper of the King's Seal, was sent to Rome, there to announce this resolution: while Boniface, from his retreat at Anagni, hurled new Bulls against France.33 However on the 7th Sept. 1303 an attack was made upon him here, by Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna; he was personally maltreated by the latter, and taken prisoner. The townsmen of Anagni quod est haereticum dicere.-18. Item compulit sacerdotes aliquos, ut sibi revelarent confessiones hominum, et eas postea absque confitentium voluntate-publicavit.-20. Item statum et Ordinem Cardinalium deprimit et depressit, et Ordinem Monachorum nigrorum et alborum, fratrum Minorum et Praedicatorum, de quibus dixit multotiens, quod mundus perdebatur per ipsos, et quod falsi hypocritae erant etc.-21. His hatred against France; even before his accession to the see he had said quod, si esset Papa, potius vellet totam Christianitatem subvertere, quin Nationem destrueret, quam appellat superbiam Gallicorum. -22. For this reason he had sought to hinder peace betwixt France and England, and wisht to unite himself with Frederick of Sicily against Charles II. of Naples. Confirmavit etiam Regem Allemaniae in futurum Imperatorem, et publice praedicavit, quod hoc faciebat, ut destrueret Nationem, quam vocat superbiam Gallicorum, qui dicebant, se non subesse alicui temporaliter, dicens quod de hoc mentiebantur per gulam, declarando, quod quicumque, etsi Angelus de caelo descendens sit, dixerit, quod non subsint eidem et Regi Allemaniae, quod anathema sit (above note 31). Et tamen antea saepius dixerat publice,--quod ille erat proditor domini sui, et quod ipsum proditionaliter interfecerat, et non erat dignus dici et nominari Rex, nec debite electus (above note 15 and 18). Et inter eundem et Regem Franciae accordata pro bono pacis, in quibus jus utriusque salvaretur, dissolvit etc. The other heads of accusation relate to his unchastity, magic arts, sodomy, cruelty, his conduct to his predecessor, Celestine, and so forth. Thereupon the King submitted to the States his Deed of Appeal (Du Puyip. 107. Bulaeus iv. 45: ad praedictum generale Concilium, quod instanter convocari petimus, et ad verum legitimum futurum summum Pontificem vel alios, ad quem vel ad quos fuerit appellandum, provocamus et appellamus.) All estates and corporations, also the Prelates, Universities, and religious houses, in more than 700 deeds of assent, supported this appeal. (Bulæus iv. 46. Du Puy p. 112.)

33 The Bulls dated Anagnia 18. Kal. Sept. I. In all French Universities the right of granting academical degrees was suspended. II. The Rayn. 1303 no. 38. Du Puy p. 163. Bulaeus iv. 54. spiritual corporations were deprived of the right of election 11. cc.-III. Against the French accusations and the appeal. Du Puy p. 166. Bulaeus p. 55 ss.-IV. The suspension of the Archbishop of Nicosia, qui ipsum Regem callidis commentis ad hujusmodi rebellionem instigat,

rescued him indeed; but a violent sickness, the consequence of that outrage, forthwith carried him off († 11. Oct. 1303).34

Not the least injury, which the Papal see suffered from the unbounded assumptions of Boniface VIII., was that the Pope's flatterers allowed themselves to be carried away by them to the most offensive statements of his secular supremacy, while

35

Rayn. 1. c. no. 37. Du Puy p. 162.-V. in Rayn. 1. c. no. 40. Du Puy p. 161: statuimus, ut citationes auctoritate apostolica de quibuscunque personis, undecunque et ubicunque sint, cujuscunque status,etiam si imperiali aut regali fulgeant dignitate, praesertim si impediant, ne citationes ipsae ad eos perveniant,--factae in audientia literarum nostrarum aut in aula nostri palatii, postmodum affigendae januis majoris Ecclesiae loci, in quo Romana-residebit curia,--arctent citatos, sicut si ipsas personaliter apprehendissent.--Lastly, on the 8th Sept. the Bull of dethronement which had been already prepared (in Rayn. 1311 no. 44. Du Puy. p. 181. Bulaeus iv. 57) would have been published, had not Nogaret's sudden attack prevented it.

34 Villani hist. Fiorent. lib. viii. c. 63. Bern. Guido in vita Bonif. VIII. in Murat. III. i. 672. Even Nogaret (Literæ super excusationibus Dom. Guil. de Nog. in Du Puy p. 249) quotes the saying, He shall die like a dog, as a prediction already current in Boniface's lifetime. After his death it was put into the mouth of his predecessor Celestine, see Matthæus Westmonasteriensis (about 1377) flores historiarum p. 447:

Vulpes intravit, tanquam leo pontificavit,

Exiit utque canis, de divite factus inanis.

35 Compare the second part of the work, De Regimine Principum, among the works of Thomas Aquinas, of which books i. and ii. belong to S. Thomas himself, according to the researches of de Rubeis (Thomæ opp. ed. Venet. xix. 513) books iii. and iv. were written close after the year 1298. Lib. iii. c. 10: Cum Christo secundum suam humanitatem omnis sit collata potestas, ut patet in Matth. 16, 18, dictam potestatem suo communicavit vicario, cum dixit: ego dico tibi, quia tu es Petrus etc-Merito summus Pontifex, Romanus Episcopus, dici potest Rex et Sacerdos. Si enim Dominus noster Jesus Christus sic appellatur,non videtur incongruum suum vocare successorem.-Corporale et temporale ex spirituali et perpetuo dependet, sicut corporis operatio ex virtute animae. Sicut ergo corpus per animam habet esse, virtutem et operationem, ita et temporalis jurisdictio Principum per spiritualem Petri et successorum ejus.-Cap. 16: Rex noster Christus Principes saeculi permisit dominari et eo vivente, et eo moriente, ad tempus, quousque videlicet suum regnum esset perfectum, et ordinatum in suis fidelibus, operationibus virtuosis, et eorum sanguine laureatum.-Opportuno igitur tempore, ut manifestaretur mundo regnum Christi compositum, virtus Principis nostri Jesu Christi Principem mundi solicitavit, Constantinum videlicet, percutiens eum lepra, ac ipsum curans supra humanam virtutem. Qua probata in dominio cessit vicario Christi,

the writers of the opposite side, were roused to their first endeavour to set limits to the Papal power.36 Accordingly the

beato videlicet Sylvestro, cui de jure debebatur, ex causis et rationibus superius assignatis: in qua quidem cessione spirituali Christi regno adjunctum est temporale, spirituali manente in suo vigore.

36 Foremost is Egidii de Columna (he came from Rome, and so is also called Ægid. Romanus, an Augustine monk, after 1296 Archbishop of Bourges 1316) quaestio in utramque partem disputata de potestate regia et pontifica, annexed to the two forementioned short letters of the Pope and King (see above note 21 v.) in Goldasti monarchia sancti Romani Imperii ii. 95. He sets himself to answer the question: utrum summus Pontifex plenam jurisdictionem et ordinariam potestatem habeat tam in temporalibus quam in spiritualibus, ita quod omnes Principes temporales subsint ei quantum ad temporalia? and demonstrates on the other hand 1, quod utraque potestas spiritualis et temporalis a Deo est instituente et ordinante; 2, quod istae duae potestates distinctae sunt et divisae; 3, quod Deus spiritualem potestatem instituens, nullum contulit ei dominium terrenorum; 4, in quibus terrena potestas sit subjecta spirituali potestati, et in quibus non. 5, Libertas et exemtio Regis Franciae, quare et qualiter nullum superiorem in temporalibus recognoscit.-Yet more diffuse is Johannis de Parrhisiis (a Dominican monk in Paris † 1306) tractatus de potestate regia et papali in Goldast 1. c. p. 108. e.g. a cap. viii. quod Papa non habet jurisdictionem a Christo in bonis laicorum, quia Christus non habuit eam. Cap. xi. Evasiones quorundain dicentium, potestatem saecularem esse à Papa et in Papa, cum eorum reprobatione. Cap. xii.-xxi. Rationes dicentium, Papam habere jurisdictionem in temporalibus bonis, and the refutation of them. Cap. xxii. De donatione Constantini, upon which the members of the Curia grounded their proof, Quod summus Pontifex Imperator est, et dominus mundi, et quod potest Reges constituere et destituere, sicut Imperator. In answer to this it was remarked among other things, quia dicta donatio nihil valuit propter quatuor, quae in Glossa juris civilis ponuntur (cf. Aegidius de Columna : de ista donatione Constantini dicunt Juristae communiter, quod non valuit multiplici ratione.) According to the legal title adduced from the Glossa (see above, § 54, note 4) we find further: Quod vero [donatio illa] Deo displicuerit, ex hoc sumitur argumentum quod legitur in vita b. Sylvestri Papae, quod in donatione illa audita est vox angelorum dicentium in aëre: "Hodie in Ecclesia venenum effusum est." Item b. Hieronymus dicit de isto Constantino, quod ab ipso usque in praesens tempus Ecclesiarum rapinae et totius orbis discordia secula est. Dicit etiam Hieron. de eodem, quod in tantam crudelitatem postea versus est, ut filium suum Crispum interficeret, et uxorem suam Faustam: extremo etiam tempore vitae suae ab Eusebio Nicomediae baptizatus est : et sic bis baptizatus fuit, et amplius in Arianum dogma declinavit etc.— Beside this Gaul undoubtedly belonged to the Western Empire, but not the Franks, who were descended from the Trojans, and came under Antenor to Pannonia.

consideration of these events strengthened the conviction, not only in France but in other nations also, that secular power was pernicious in the hands of a priest.37

37 We have the opinion of two poets of the time on this point. Dante Alighieri (1321) Purgatory, canto xvi. v. 97 ss, according to Wright's translation. The vision falls in the year 1300, so one cannot fail to recognize Boniface VIII., and his acts and endeavours:

Laws are these; but who keeps the laws in view?
For know, the Shepherd who the flock doth lead
Parts not the hoof, although the cud he chew.
And hence it is, the tribe who see their guide
Aim at the good they value most, do feed
On that alone, nor care for aught beside.
Ill guidance, as ye plainly may desery,

Hath led the world in wicked paths astray;
And not your nature's bad propensity.

To Rome, which taught the ancient world good deeds,
Two suns were wont to point the twofold way,
That of the world, and that to God which leads.
The one hath quencht the other,―with the crook,
The sword is joined; and scarce it need be told
How ill the twain such combination brook,
Since one no longer doth the other curb.

Look to the grain, if credit thou withhold,
For by its fruit is known each several herb.

The country washt by Edice and Po

For courtesy and valour once was famed,
Ere Frederick had sustained his overthrow.
Securely there may pass the villain now,

Who dared not erst have shown his face, ashamed
To talk with good men and confront their brow.
Still live these three, in whom the olden time
Reproves the vices of these latter days-

And much they wisht to reach a happier clime-
Currado da Palazzo, good Gherard,

And da Castel, who in the Frenchman's phrase
Is called more properly the plain Lombard.

Know then-Rome's Church oppressed by too much weight,
Confounding the two governments, hath brought

Herself into the mire with all her freight.*

Ottocar v. Horneck, a Steiermarker, about 1309, Reimchronik, cap. 448 (in H. Pezii scriptt. rer. Austr. III. 446):

Ey Kaiser Constantin,

War tet du dein Sin,

* I have substituted this translation made from the original by Ichabod Charles Wright, M.A., publisht in London, 1836, for that of K. Streckfuss. Halle, 1825, 8, quoted by the author.-T.

Even in Rome the feeling that Boniface had gone too far was general.38 And when Philip and the French nation continued to press for a Council,39 Benedict XI. found himself so much the

Do du den Phaffen geb

Den Gewalt und daz Urleb,
Daz Stet, Purger und Lant
Undertanig irr Hant

Und irm Gewalt schold wesen?
Gaistlicher Zuchte-Pesem
Ist nu ze scharff worden.
Du soldest in dem Orden
Die Phaffen haben lan,
Als sein Sand Peter began:

Daz wer hoher Miete (reward) wert.
Waz woldestu daz Swert

Den Phaffen zu der Stol geben,
Die damit nichts chunnen leben,
Noch ze Recht chunnen walten,
Lazzen und behalten,

Als man mit dem Swert sol?

Daz chunnen si nicht wol,

Sie habent ez vergramaziert (received with grand merci),

Und daz Reich veriert (destroyed)

Maniger Ern und Gewalt,

Deu ym vor waz beczalt.

Constantin nu sich an,

Hetets Du ze Latran

Den Pabst den Salter (Psalter) lazzen lesen,

Und den Chaiser gewaltig wesen,

Als er vor deinen Zeiten was,

So wer unser Spiegel-Glasz,

Akersz (Acre or Ptolemais) deu werd Stat,
Nicht verlorn so drat (quickly.)

38 Albericus de Rosate (Jurist at Bergamo † 1354) tells us in his Lectura super Cod. lib. vii. tit. 39. De quadriennii praescriptione 1. 3. Bene a Zenone: Audivi a fide dignis, quod tempore Bonifacii VIII. quidam Cardinalis de ordine Cisterciensium, homo maximae reputationis et scientiae, quadam festivitate dum sermocinaretur in conclusione dixit, quod per eosdem passus et gradus, per quos Ecclesia ascenderat in temporalibus, descenderet usque ad extremam paupertatem Sylvestri, et quod ad hoc adduxit validas rationes et auctoritates divinae Scrip

turae.

39 Compare la supplication du pueuble de France au Roy contre le Pape Boniface le VIII., not long after the death of the last mentioned (Bulaeus iv. 15. Du Puy p. 214): A vous, tres-noble Prince, nostre Sire par la grace de Dieu Roy de France, supplie et requiert le peuple de vostre

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