blow intended for him, with such strength and skill, and continually resisted all officious interference on the Pope's side non obtenta. Nos igitur, talibus iniquis actibus obviare volentes, de fratrum nostrorum consilio apostolica auctoritate statuimus, quod, quicunque Praelati, ecclesiasticaeque personae-collectas vel tallias, decimam, vicesimam seu centesimam suorum et Ecclesiarum proventuum-laicis solverint vel promiserint, aut quamvis aliam quantitatem -sub adjutorii, mutui, subventionis, subsidii vel doni nomine, seu quovis alio titulo, modo, vel quaesito colore, absque auctoritate sedis ejusdem; necnon Imperatores, Reges seu Principes,-qui talia imposuerint, exegerint vel receperint, aut apud aedes sacras deposita Ecclesiarum -arrestaverint, saisiverint, seu occupare praesumserint, nec non omnes, qui scienter dederint in praedictis auxilium, eo ipso sententiam excommunicationis incurrant. Universitates quoque, quae in his culpabiles fuerint, ecclesiastico supponimus interdicto. A supradictis autem excommunicationum et interdicti sententiis nullus absolvi valeat, praeterquam in mortis articulo, absque sedis apostolicae auctoritate et licentia speciali. No more than a whetting of the decree of Innocent III., see below, § 63 note 16.

7 Philip's order of the 17th August 1296, to export no gold nor silver is in Du Puy preuves p. 13.—The Pope's vehement complaint at this, 21. Sept., ibid. p. 15, and in Rayn. 1296 no. 25. Ipsi quidem subditi adeo sunt diversis oneribus aggravati, quod eorum ad te solita et subjecta multum putatur refriguisse devotio.-Si, quod absit, fuerit [constitutionem] condentis intentio, ut ad nos et fratres nostros, Ecclesiarum Praelatos-extendatur, hoc non solum fuisset improvidum, sed insanum, velle ad illa temerarias manus extendere, in quibus tibi saecularibusque principibus nulla est attributa potestas; quin potius ex hoc, contra libertatem eandem temere veniendo, in excommunicationis sententiam promulgati canonis incidisses.-Leva in circuitu oculos tuos et vide : cogita et repensa Romanorum, Angliae ac Hispanorum regna, quae quasi undique te circumdant,-et patenter agnosces, quod non fuit tempus acceptabile, non dies salutis, diebus istis nos et ipsam Ecclesiam talibus punctionibus tangere;-nec revocare debuisses in dubium, quod nostri et Ecclesiae adjutorii et favoris sola subtractio in tantum te debilitaret ac tuos, quod, ut caetera tua perinde omittamus incommoda, persecutiones adversas ferre non posses.-Nonne Rex Romanorum fuisse occupatas a te tuisque praedecessoribus-civitates et terras-ad Imperium pertinentes cum instantia conqueritur, et specialiter Burgundiae comitatum, quod notum est fore feudum descendens ab Imperio, et recognoscendum ab ipso? Nonne-Rex Angliae illustris de nonnullis terris Guasconiae asserit illud idem ? Numquid super iis dicti Reges denegant stare juri? Numquid apostolicae sedis, quae Christicolis omnibus praeeminet, judicium vel ordinationem recusant? Dumque in eos super iis ipsi peccare te asserunt, de hoc judicium ad sedem eandem non est dubium pertinere. Quite like Innocent III., above § 54, note 6. Thereupon Responsiones nomine Philippi R. in Du Puy, preuves p. 21, and in Leibnitii mantissa codicis juris gentium diplom. ii. 288: Antequam essent clerici, Rex Franciae

with such determination; that he found it best for his own

Et

habebat custodiam regni sui, et poterat statuta facere.-Sancta mater Ecclesia, sponsa Christi, non solum est ex clericis, sed etiam ex laicis:quam ipse-per mortem suam misericorditer liberavit : qua libertate guadere voluit omnes illos, tam laicos, quam clericos. -Clerici-non debent, nec possunt, nisi forsitan per abusum, sibi appropriare, quasi alios excludendo, ecclesiasticam libertatem, loquendo de libertate, qua Christus nos sua gratia liberavit. Multae vero sunt libertates singulares, non universalis Ecclesiae, sed solum ejus ministrorum:-quae pridem libertates per statuta Rom. Pontificum, de benignitate vel saltem permissione Principum saecularium, sunt concessae: quae quidem libertates sic concessae vel permissae ipsis Regibus regnorum suorum gubernationem ac defensionem auferre non possunt, nec ea, quae dictae gubernationi et defensioni necessaria seu expedientia-judicantur, dicente Domino Pontificibus templi: Reddite ergo quae sunt Caesaris Caesari etc. quia turpis est pars, quae suo non congruit universo, et membrum inutile et quasi paralyticum, quod corpori suo subsidium ferre recusat : quicunque sive clerici sive laici-qui capiti suo vel corpori, hoc est domino Regi et Regno, auxilium ferre recusant, semet ipsos partes incongruas et membra inutilia et quasi paralytica esse demonstrant.-Quis sapiens et intelligens haec non incidit in vehementem stuporem, audiens Vicarium Jesu Christi prohibentem tributum dari Caesari, et sub anathemate fulminantem, ne clerici contra iniquae et injustae persecutionis incursus (on the parts of the kings of England and Germany) domino Regi et Regno-pro rata sua manum porrigant adjutricem ? Dare vero histrionibus, et amicis carnalibus, et neglectis pauperibus expensas facere superfluas in robis, equitativis, comitativis, comessationibus, et aliis pompis saecularibus, permittitur eisdem, imo conceditur, ad perniciosae imitationis exemplum etc. The supplicatio facta Papae per Archiepisc. Remensem et suffraganeos suos in Du Puy, preuves p. 26, makes a yet deeper impression, because it is clear from this, notwithstanding its respectful tone, that the Pope could not reckon on the French clergy.

8 Boniface issued a Bull on the 13th Aug. 1296 (in Rayn. ad h. a. no. 18 s.): treuguas dudum ab instanti tunc festo nativitatis b. Joannis Baptistae proximo praeterito usque ad annum unum completum praefatis Romanorum, Franciae ac Angliae Regibus auctoritate apostolica sub poena excommunicationis-indiximus. This, however, was only announced to the King of Rome, because the Legates had hoped, that between the Kings of France and England a truce might be brought about of their own free will. But now treuguas ab instanti festo nativ. b. Jo. Bapt. proximo futuro-usque ad biennium completum eadem auctoritate jam dictis Rom. Franc. ac Angliae Regibus prorogamus, et de novo indicimus, easque praccipimus inviolabiliter observari sub eadem excommunicationis poena. However the Legates were afraid to deliver this to Philip (confer Instrumentum Legatorum de treugis indictis et Regis Philippi protestatione 21. April 1297 in Leibnitii mantissa ii.

interest to recall the prohibition with regard to France, and endeavour to win over the King by every token of favour.10

290: quas treugas publicare et dictas literas praesentare Francorum et Angliae Regibus ipsis distuleramus ex causa), and first negotiated for a cessation of arms between the two Kings (see the documents 6. Feb. 1297 in Rymer-Clarke I. ii. 838.) When they now wisht to publish the Bull Philip compelled them first to adopt by way of protocol a solemn protest (the Instrument mentioned above dated 21. April): regimen temporalitatis regni sui ad ipsum Regem solum et neminem alium pertinere, seque in eo neminem superiorem recognoscere, nec habere, nec se intendere supponere vel subjicere modo quocunque viventi alicui super rebus pertinentibus ad temporale regimen Regni.-Quatenus autem ipsius Regis tangit animam, et ad spiritualitatem attinet, idem Rexparatus est, monitionibus et praeceptis sedis apostolicae devote ac humiliter obedire, in quantum tenetur et debet etc.

9 In interpretation of the Bull Boniface sent to Philip 7. Feb. 1297, the following statements (in Rayn. ad h. a. no. 49. Baillet, p. 322): Quia ejus est interpretari, cujus est condere, ad cautelam tuam-humana declaratione decernimus, quod si Praelatus aliquis-voluntarie-donum aut mutuum tibi dare-voluerit, dum tamen sub exactionis nominehoc non fiat generaliter,licet ad id forsan tua-requisitio―procedat, te, Praelatos etc. ipsa constitutio non astringat; quodque ad feuda sive regalia, quae iidem Praelati-sub tuo dominio tenere noscuntur, in his, quae tibi de illis tenentur et debent, et clericos uxoratos, prout sani juris intellectus admittit, ac illos, qui in fraudem causa vitandorum munerum clericale schema recipiunt, se ipsius constitutionis sententia non extendat: et in necessitatis articulo,-ubi evidens esset in mora periculum per te vel tuos nuntios ad sedem apostolicam recurrendi, si a Praelatis-subsidium competens petas et habeas, te ac ipsos ex ejusdem constitutionis verbis vel sententia declaramus lucide non teneri. In the accompanying Brief of the same day (in Rayn. 1. c. no. 47) he enjoined the King, on the other hand, to cancel his order; but he wrote to his own Legates on the same day (ib. no. 48) si forte-per-Philippum— vel officiales ejus-pecuniae de regno Franciae prohiberetur-extractio; vos-eundem Regem, officiales ipsius-denuncietis publice in sententiam promulgati canonis incidisse: et nihilominus in eum et eos de novo excommunicationis sententiam proferatis etc. Nevertheless he issued on the 31. July of this year yet another so-called interpretation (Rayn. 1. c. no. 50. Du Puy, p. 39): Adjicimus insuper hujusmodi declarationi nostrae, quod si praefatis Regi et successoribus suis pro universali vel particulari ejusdem regni defensione periculosa necessitas immineret, ad hujusmodi necessitatis casum se nequaquam extendat constitutio memorata: quin potius idem Rex ac successores ipsius possint a Praelatis-petere ac recipere pro hujusmodi defensione subsidium vel contributionem,-inconsulto etiam Romano Pontifice;-quodque necessitatis declaratio supradictae ipsius Regis et successorum conscientiis, dummodo successores illius vigesimum aetatis annum exegerint, relinquatur etc.

suorum

10 The grant of the tithe from the French clergy for three years

Now, even Philip agreed to appoint Boniface, not as Pope but as a private individual, to be arbitrator of his quarrel with Edward. The decision made its appearance on the 30th of June 1298; but it did not please the King, anxious only to secure his lands:11

(Baillet, p. 55.) The canonization of Lewis IX. (Acts in Du Chesne hist. Francor. scriptt. v. 481.) The promise that Charles of Valois should be made Emperor (Villani istor. Fiorent. lib. viii. c. 62.)

11 The Bull formerly known only from the abridgement in Rayn. ann. 1298 no. 2 ss., was first printed in full by Rymer (in Clarke's edition I. ii. 894.) The Pronunciatio dates properly on the 27. June, and here the Pope says at the beginning: The two Kings in nostamquam in privatam personam, et dominum Benedictum Gaytanum, tanquam in arbitrum,-super reformanda pace et concordia inter ipsos Reges,-absolute ac libere compromittere curaverunt; and thus he decides the question as a private person and Benedict Gaytanus. But he makes known this decision in a Bull of June 30, in which he gave the Papal sanction to the decision he had made as a private individual. (At first in the preamble, he says: Quam pronunciationem, et quae in ea continentur, auctoritate apostolica valere volumus, et plenam habere decernimus roboris firmitatem.) This stratagem was likely to rouse Philip's anger. But when the historians of that time (Villani viii. 56 etc.) relate that Philip was adjudged by this decision to restore to the Count of Flanders also all places taken from him and his daughter, who had been kept prisoner, and to make an expedition to Palestine: they betake themselves back again to this point. There can be no doubt as to the integrity of the Bull printed from the original in Rymer (see Gaillard in d. Mémoires de l'acad. des Inscript. xxxix. 642.) The decision first prescribes the marriages which had been before negotiated between Edward and Philip's sister Margaret, and between Edward, heir to the English throne, and Philip's daughter Isabella. On this point Benedict Gaytanus suddenly comes forward again as Pope (decernimus auctoritate apostolica, quod terra Regis illius, cujus culpa vel malitia steterit, quominus contrahantur praedicta sponsalia,-eccle. siastico subjaceat interdicto.) Then that all bona mobilia ablata by either side should be restored. The principal point, the possession of lands, stood over for future negotiations. At the end it was decided that all English lands which have fallen into the power of the French, and all French lands which the English have occupied, until judgment be given about them, shall be delivered over in manibus et posse nostris. If the Kings could agree about the lands and property, all was to remain as they should settle. If not, the Pope would decide. At last he reserves for himself plenariam potestatem, prout ex forma compromissorum praedictorum nobis competit, super omnibus et singulis, quae inter eosdem Reges ex compromissis praedictis arbitrandadiffinienda et pronuncianda restant,-arbitrandi-diffiniendi, arbitraliter sententiandi etc. This decision was not partial, and Philip had not altogether refused it, as is plain from the ensuing treaties. However Philip could not but be displeased with the Pope, as naturally enough he would not willingly relinquish his

12

the negotiations, though still continued, produced no results." The old grudge returned on both sides, and found expression in manifold acts of mutual hostility. The Pope began to protest anew against Philip's oppression of the Church.13 Philip, on the other hand, after the banishment of the Colonna family, the Pope's most bitter enemies, from Italy, entertained Stephen and Sciarra Colonna at his Court:14 and concluded with the newly elected (1298) German King, Albert I., after that the Pope had declared himself against his appointment,15 a friendly alliance of the closest kind (1299).16

advantages won over Edward, nor suffer his hands to be tied by the unlookt for and crafty intrusion of the Papal authority.

12 Rymer-Clarke I. ii. 902 ss. is full of documents relating to negotiations of peace, which agree in laying down this Papal decision as their basis. About these see Bonif. epist. ad Eduardum 26. Feb. 1301 (1. c. p. 929): Confodimur anxietatibus,—quod inter te ac Philippum-pacis-per nos sata semina speratum fructum-non producunt. Then follows after copious exhortations to peace: licet ipse [Rex Franciae] fervore juventutis impulsus, pravis seductus consiliis, et adulatorum malitia instigatus, se nimis in hac parte tenacem exhibeat atque durum tu tamen, in quo maturitas et circumspectio plenior ac magis moderata requiritur, acquiescere sibi, ut juveni, satis condecenter potes, saltem ad tempus, donec Deus omnipotens, qui errata corrigit et reformat, tibi et sibi de meliori consilio et salubrioribus fructibus duxerit providendum.

13 For instance against the misuse of the Right de la Régale (compare below § 63. note 8.) Bonif. ep. ad Phil. Oct. 1298 (in Rayn. ad h. a. no. 24) complains; during the suspension of the Bp. of Laon, praetextu cujusdam consuetudinis, quam appellas regalia, administrationem eandem temporalium, ac si vacaret Ecclesia,―cepisti. Compare the letters, ib. ad ann. 1299 no. 23, 25, that he exercised the right of Regale too long, even after the successor was appointed, and too harshly; ad ann. 1300 no. 17, that he exercised it in the case of churches where it did not belong to him.

14 On the quarrel with the Colonna family, who among other things denied the legitimacy of the resignation of Čelestine and the accession of Boniface, (see their instrumentum publicum in Raynaldus T. xiv. in App. p. 635), Schröchh xxvi. 528. Planck v. 81.

15 Ptolemaeus Luc. hist. eccl. xxiv. 37 (in Muratori xi. 1204): Albert had sent ambassadors to the Pope in the year 1299 pro confirmatione electionis suae, quam Bonifacius P. primo multis juris et facti rationibus allegatis repulit prima vice, et asseruit nullam esse. Francis. Pipinus (about the year 1314) describes the reception of the ambassadors chron. lib. iii. c. 47 (Murat ix. 745): quibus Papa respondit, illum non esse electum legitime, et indignum imperio, qui erga dominum suum scelere bellum coepit, ac proditione occideret. Et sedens in