companied her mistress to Troy when she eloped with Paris. (Orid, Heroid., 17, 267.-Hom., Il., 3, 144.) CLYMENEÏDES, a patronymic given to Phaethon's sisters, who were daughters of Clymene.

B. C., 2, 23.)

CLYTEMNESTRA, a daughter of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. She married Agamemnon, king of Mycena. When this monarch went to the Trojan war, he left his wife and family, and all his affairs, to the care of his relation Ægisthus. But the latter proved unfaithful to his trust, corrupted Clytemnestra, and usurped the throne. Agamemnon, on his return home, was murdered by his guilty wife, who was herself afterward slain, along with Ægisthus, by Orestes, son of the deceased monarch. (Consult, for a more detailed account, the articles Agamemnon and Orestes.)

CNIDUS, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria, at the extremity of a promontory called Triopium. The founder of the place is said to have been Triopas. (Drod., 5, 61. — Pausan., 10, 2.) From him it received at first the name of Triopium, which at a later period was confined merely to the promontory on which it stood. (Scylar, p. 38.-Herodot., 1, 174.) Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had three temples erected to her, under the several surnames of Doritis, Acræa, and Euploa. In the last of these stood a celebrated statue of the goddess, the work of Praxiteles. (Pausan., 1, 1.--Plin., 36, 5-Hor., Od., 3, 28.-Catull., 36, 11.) Nicomedes of Bithynia wished to purchase this admirable production of the chisel, and actually offered to liquidate the debt of Cnidus, which was very considerable, if the citizens would cede it to him; but they refused to part with what they esteemed the glory of their city. (Plin., l. c.) A drawing of the Venus of Cnidus, from an antique statue found near Rome, is given by Flaxman, at the end of his lectures on sculpture (pl. 22). The shores of Cnidus furnished in ancient times, as they do now, a great abundance of fishes. The wines were famous, and Theophrastus speaks of the Cnidian onions as of a particular species, being very mild, and not occasioning tears. Cnidus was the birthplace of the famous mathematician and astronomer Eudoxus; of Agatharchidas, Theopompus, and Ctesias. It is now a mere heap of ruins; and the modern name of the promontory is Cape Crio. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 236.) An account of the ruins of Cnidus is given in Clarke's Travels, vol. 3, p. 261, from Walpole's MS. Journal.

CNOSUS (Kvwoóc, more correct than CNOSSUS, Kvwogós, if we follow the language of coins and inscriptions), the royal city of Crete, on the northern coast, at a small distance from the sea. Its earlier name was Cæratus, which appellation was given also to the inconsiderable stream that flowed beneath its walls. (Strab., 476.) It was indebted to Minos for all its importance and splendour. That monarch is said to have divided the island into three portions, in each of which he founded a large city; and fixing his residence at Cnosus, it became the capital of the kingdom. (Diod. Sic., 5, 78.) It was here that Dadalus cultivated his art, and planned the celebrated labyrinth. Cnosus long preserved its rank among the chief cities of Crete, and, by its alliance with Gortyna,

COCALUS, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of Cocalus destroyed him. (Ovid, Met., 8, 261.) Vid. Nerva I.

COCCEIUS NERVA.

COCCYGIUS, a mountain of Argolis, between Halice and Hermione. Its previous name was Thornax; but it received the appellation of Coccygius from the circumstance of Jupiter's having been metamorphosed there into the bird called Coccyx (Kókкvž) by the Greeks. On its summit was a temple sacred to that god, and another of Apollo at the base. (Pausanias, 2, 36.)

COCINTUM PROMONTORIUM, a promontory of Brutium in Lower Italy, below the Sinus Scylacius. The modern name is Cape Stilo. It marked the separation between the Ionian and Sicilian seas. (Polyb., 2, 14.)

COCLES, Publius Horatius (or, as Niebuhr gives it, Marcus Horatius), a Roman who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, after addressing a short prayer to the god of the Tiber, leaped into the stream, and swam across in safety with his arms. As a mark of gratitude, every inhabitant, while famine was raging within the city, brought him all the provisions he could stint himself of; and the state afterward raised a statue to him, and gave him as much land as he could plough round in a day. (Liv., 2, 10. — Dion. Hal., 1, 24.) Whatever we may think of the other parts of the story, that portion of it which relates to the land is evidently mere poetic exaggeration. Polybius (6, 53) makes Cocles to have perished in the river. (Consult, as regards the whole legend, the remarks of Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. i., p. 476, seqq., Cambr. transl.) The name Cocles properly means "a person blind of one eye." It appears to be the old form ocles (from oculus), with a harsh initial aspiration. (Varre, L. L., 6, 3.)

CocYTUS, a river of Epirus, which, according to Pausanias (1, 17), blended its nauseous waters with those of the Acheron. Its fancied etymology (from kwków, “to lament,” “to wail"), the unwholesomeness of its waters, and, above all, its proximity to the Acheron, induced the poets to make it one of the rivers of the lower world (Virg., Georg., 3, 38. — Id., En., 6, 297, &c.)-" Leaving Potamia," observes an intelligent traveller, "we passed over a marsh or bog formed by the overflowing of the river Vava, which is probably the Cocytus of antiquity. It flows from below the mountains of Margariti, opposite Paramithia, and, after skirting the opposite side of the plain, empties itself into the Acheron, at a small distance from its mouth, below the village of Tcheuknides. Pausanias, in his description of the Acheron, intimates that the Cocytus also flows in the same plain; and no other river except the Acheron, now called the Toruut rov Zovλt, and the Vava, is to be discovered in the Phanari. The very appellation Vava (Babú), which is an expression of grief or aversion, seems to strengthen the conjecture; and not only this, but the water of the Vava exactly coincides with the expression of Pausanias, odwр areрréσтатоv, for it flows slowly over a deep muddy soil, imbibing noxious qualities

sostris, left behind by him in this quarter to guard the passes when he was going on his Scythian expedition, and who were finally established here as a military colony. Another argument, in favour of the identity of the Colchians and Egyptians, is drawn by Herodotus from the singular circumstance of the rite of circumcision being common to both. (Compare Michaëlis, Mos. Recht., vol. 4, § 185. Meiners, in Comment. Soc. Reg. Gotting, vol. 14, p. 207, seqq., p. 211, seqq.) -The account here given by Herodotus of the Colchians has elicited a great diversity of opinion among modern scholars. Heeren, for example, thinks that the Egyptian colony in Colchis owed its existence to the Eastern custom of transplanting vanquished nations, either in whole or part, to other and more distant regions; and he supposes the Colchian settlement to have been the result of some such transplantation by Nebuchadnezzar, or some other of the Asiatic monarchs, who penetrated into Egypt. (Ideen, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 405, not.) Holstenius makes the Colchians to have been a colony of Jews, transported to the shores of the Euxine by some Assyrian king. (Ep. ad divers. ed. Boissonad., p. 510.) Michaëlis views them as of Syrian origin, led out from home after the overthrow of the kingdom of Damascus. (Mos. Recht., vol. 4, 185, p. 18, not.) Ritter maintains a theory altogether different from any of the preceding. He makes the Colchians of Indian origin, and in this way explains their acquaintance with the manufacture of linen. According to him they were a mercantile colony, established on the shores of the Euxine for the purposes of traffic, and the very name of Sardonian, as applied to the Colchian linen, he traces, along with the term Sindon (Zivoúv, “fine linen"), to the land of Serhind (Sind) or India. (Ritter, Vorhalle, p. 35, segg.)

COLIAS PROMONTORIUM, a promontory of Attica, about twenty stadia from Phalerum, and still retaining its ancient name, though occasionally designated by that of Trispyrgoi. Here was a temple consecrated to Venus, another to the goddesses named Genetyllides (Pausan.. 1, 1.-Strab., 398), and also chapels of Pan and Ceres. (Meurs., de Pirao, c. 11, p. 574.) Colias was also celebrated for its earthenware. (Plut., de Audit-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 6, p. 153.-Etym. Mag-Suid.) Ritter indulges in some curious speculations on the name Colias, and finds in it a connecting link between the religious systems of the eastern and western world. (Vorhalle, p. 54, seqq.)

COLLATIA, I. a town of Latium, to the north of Gabii, and colonized from Alba. It was rendered famous in Roman history by the self-immolation of the chaste Lucretia. (Liv., 1, 58.) In the time of Strabo (229) it was little more than a village. The ruins of this place are still to be traced on a hill, which from thence has obtained the name of Castellacio. (Nibby, Viaggio Antiquario, vol. 1, p. 240.)—II. A town of Apulia, near Mount Garganus, now Collatini. (Plin., 3, 11-Front., de Col.)

COLLATINUS, L. Tarquinius, grandson of Aruns elder brother of Tarquinius Priscus. He derived his surname from Collatía, where he resided, and with the principality of which he was invested. Collatinus was the husband of the celebrated Lucretia; and, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, he and Brutus were elected the first consuls. His relationship, however, to the Tarquin family excited distrust, and when a law was passed banishing the whole Tarquinian house, he was forced to lay down his office and depart from Rome. He ended his days at Lavinium. (Liv., 1, 60. — Id., 2, 2.)

COLLINA, I. one of the gates of Rome, on Mount Quirinalis, so called, a collibus Quirinali et Viminali. -It was called also Quirinalis. To this gate Hannibal rode up and threw a spear within the city. (Ovid, Fast., 4, 871.)-II. The name of one of the four re

gions or wards into which Rome was divided by Servius Tullius. The other three were Palatina, Suburrana, and Esquilina. (Liv., 5, 41. — Id., 36, 10. Plin., 34, 6.)

COLONE, I. a city of Troas, north of Larissa. It is placed on the coast by Scylax and others. Pliny, however, assigns it a position inland. Strabo makes it the residence of a Thracian prince, who ruled over the adjacent country, and also the island of Tenedos. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 465.)-II. A town of Mysia, in the territory of Lampsacus. (Arrian, 1, 13-Strabo, 589.)

COLONIA AGRIPPĪNA, a city of Germany, on the Rhine. (Vid. Agrippina III.)

COLONUS, a demus of Attica, to the northwest of the Academy, near Athens. It was named Hippeios, from the altar erected there to the Equestrian Neptune, and is rendered so celebrated by the play of Sophocles (Edipus at Colonus) as the scene of the last adventures of Edipus. It was the native borough of the poet, and is beautifully described by him in one of the choruses of the same play. From Thucydides we learn that Colonus was distant ten stadia from the city, and that assemblies of the inhabitants were on some occasions convened at the temple of Neptune. (Thucyd., 8, 67.)

COLOPHON, a city of Ionia, northwest of Ephesus. It was founded by Andræmon, son of Codrus, and was situate about two miles from the coast, its harbour, called Notium, being connected with the city by means of long walls. Colophon was destroyed by Lysimachus, together with Lebedus, in order to swell the population of the new town he had founded at Ephesus. (Pausan., 1, 9. — Diod. Sic., 20, 107.) The Colophonians are stigmatized by several ancient writers as very effeminate and luxurious (Athenæus, 12, p. 526), and yet Strabo says, that, at one period, this place possessed a flourishing navy, and that its cavalry was in such repute, that victory followed wherever they were employed. Hence arose the proverb Koλopāva Trieval, "to add a Colophonian," i. e., to put the finishing hand to an affair. The scholiast on Plato, however, gives another explanation of the saying, which appears somewhat more probable, though its authority is not so good. He states, that the Colophonians had the right of a double vote in the general assembly of the Ionians, on account of the service they had rendered the confederacy by inducing the city of Smyma to join it. Hence they were frequently enabled to decide points left undetermined from a parity of suffrages. (Schol. ad Plat., Theatet., p. 319.) It arose from this old saying, that, in the early periods of the art of printing, the account which the printer gave of the place and date of the edition, being the last thing printed at the end of the book, was called the Colophon. This city was one of the places which contended for the birth of Homer, and was unquestionably the native place of Mimnermus and Hermesianax. It was also famed for its resin, whence the name of Colophony, otherwise called Spanish wax, and Grecian resin. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 357, seqq.)

COLOSSE, a large and flourishing city of Phrygia Pacatiana, in an angle formed by the rivers Lycus and Mæander. Strabo speaks of the great profits accruing from its wool-trade. "One of the first Christian churches was established here, and one of St. Paul's epistles was addressed to it. In the tenth year of the reign of Nero, or about two years after the epistle of St. Paul was sent, this city was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. Under the Byzantine emperors, Colossæ, being in a ruinous state, made way for a more modern town named Chone, which was built at a short distance from it. Some remains of Colossæ and its more modern successor are to be seen near each other on the site called Khonas, or Kanassi, by the Turks. (Arundell's Sever Churches, p. 92. Hierocles writes the

name of this place Koλacoaí, a reading given also by numerous MSS. of St. Paul's Epistles. But Herodotus, Xenophon, and Strabo give the more customary forms, and they have also on their side the evidence of coins, the authority of which is not to be disputed. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 44.)

COLOSSUS, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. It was the workmanship of Chares, a pupil of Lysippus, who was employed twelve years in making it. Its height was 105 Grecian feet; there were few persons who could encompass the thumb with their arms, and its fingers were larger than most statues. It was hollow, and in its cavities were large stones, placed there to counterbalance its weight, and render it steady on its pedestal. The cost was 300 talents (nearly $317,000), and the money was obtained from the sale of the machines and military engines which | Demetrius Poliorcetes had left behind him when he raised the siege of Rhodes. (Plin., 34, 18.) The Colossus is generally supposed to have stood with distended legs upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour. As the city, however, had two harbours, the main one, and a second one much smaller, within which their fleets were secured, it seems more natural to suppose that this Colossus was placed at the entrance of this latter one, inasmuch as the space between the legs at the base could not have greatly exceeded fifty feet; a space too narrow to be the entrance to the main harbour. There was a winding staircase to go up to the top of the statue, from whence one might discover Syria, and the ships that went to Egypt. It was erected B.C. 300, and, after having stood about fifty-six years, was broken off below the knees, and thrown down by an earthquake. (Plin., l. c.) Eusebius says that this occurred in the second year of the 139th Olympiad; but Polybius seems to place it a little later, in the 140th Olympiad (5, 88). The same writer adds, that the greater part of the walls and docks were thrown down at the same time. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money among themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise if up again from its ruins. (Strab., 652.) In the year 672 of the Christian era, it was sold, according to Cedrenus, by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass. Allowing 800 pounds' weight for each load, the brass, after the diminution which it had sustained by rust, and probably by theft, amounted to about 720,000 pounds' weight. The city of Rhodes had, according to Pliny, 100 other colossuses, of inferior size, in its different quarters. Compare the remarks of Ritter in relation to the worship of the sun, which prevailed in the earliest periods of Rhodes, and the connexion between this and the Colossus. He finds also his accustomed root (Col-) in the name of the statue. (Vorhalle, p. 104, seqq.)

very probably, part of a work on agriculture, in four books, which Columella had published as the first edi tion of that which we now have in twelve books. On this supposition Cassiodorus was correct in saying that Columella had written a work in sixteen books on rural economy. This author appears to have been but little read. Among the ancients, Servius, Cassiodorus, and Isidorus are the only ones that cite him. He feil into almost complete neglect after Palladius had made an abridgment of his work. (Vid. Palladius II.) Hence Vincent de Beauvais and Petrus de Crescentiis, the latter of whom Schneider calls "diligentissimum veterum rei rustica scriptorum lectorem,” were not acquainted with him. (Compare Script. Rei Rust., ed. Schneider, vol. 2, p. 5.) The style of Columella is pure and elegant; if any reproach can be made against him, it is that of being too studied in his language on the subject of which he treats. The best edition is that of Schneider, in the Scriptores Rei Rusticæ, Lips., 1794-97, 4 vols. 8vo. That of Gesner is also in deservedly high repute, Lips., 1773, 2 vols. 4to.

COLUMNÆ HERCULIS, "The Pillars of Hercules," a name often given to Calpe and Abyla, or the heights on either side of the Straits of Gibraltar. The tradition was, that the Mediterranean had no outlet in this quarter until Hercules broke through the mountain barrier, and thus formed the present straits. The rocky height on either side of the opening was fabled to have been placed there by him as a memorial of his achievement, and as marking the limits of his wanderings towards the west. (Vid. Calpe, Abyla, and Mediterraneum Mare.-Odyss., 4, 351.-Virg., En., 11, 262.)

COLUTHUS, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, supposed to have lived about the beginning of the sixth century. He wrote a poem in six cantos, entitled “Calydoniacs” (Kahvówvikú), as well as other pieces that are now lost. He is believed also, though without any great degree of certitude, to have been the author of a poem, in three hundred and eighty-five verses, which bears the title of "the Rape of Helen" ("Ežévns úpлaуý). This most unfortunate imitation of Homet commences with the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis. The poet goes on, without any animation, sentiment, or grace whatsoever, to recount the judgment of Paris, the voyage of this prince to Sparta, and the abduction of Helen, which takes place after the first interview. This poem of Coluthus was discovered by Cardinal Bessarion along with that of Quintus Smyrnæus. The best editions are, that of Van Lennep, Leovard, 1747, 8vo, improved by Shaeffer, Lips., 1825, 8vo, and that of Bekker, Berol., 1816, 8vo.

COMAGENE. Vid. Commagene.

The

ument and dignity, and was sought after by kings and princes. The city itself was large and populous, and kept up a considerable traffic with Armenia. festivals of the goddess, which were held twice a year, drew thither an immense concourse from the surrounding countries and towns, as well as from more distant parts. There were no less than 6000 slaves attached to the service of the temple, and most of these were courtesans. Hence it was remarked, that the citizens were generally addicted to pleasure, and the town itself was styled by some the little Corinth. The chief produce of the country was wine. When the Romans, under Lucullus, invaded Pontus, a report

was spread, probably by Mithradates, that they were come for the express purpose of plundering the shrine of Comana. (Cic., Or. pro Leg. Manil., § 9.) Some remains, at the present day, not far from Tokat, under the name of Komanak, sufficiently indicate the ancient site. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. i., p. 307, seq.) -II. A city of Cappadocia, on the river Sarus, and the principal place in the district of Cataonia. It was celebrated, like its Pontic namesake (No. I.), for the worship of Ma, the Cappadocian Bellona. The population consisted, in a great degree, of soothsayers, priests, and slaves, belonging to the sacred institution; the latter of these amounted, in the time of Strabo, to more than 6000 of both sexes. These belonged exclusively to the high-priest, who stood next in rank to the King of Cappadocia, and was generally chosen from the royal family. The territory annexed to the temple was very considerable, and furnished a large income for the pontiff. (Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 15, 4.) It was asserted that the worship of Bellona, like that of Diana Tauropolus, had been brought from Tauris by Orestes and Iphigenia, and it was even pretended that the former had deposited within the temple his mourning locks (xóuny), whence the city was called Comana. (Strab., 535.) These, of course, are fables of Greek invention. The Bellona of Comana was probably no other than the Anaitis of the Persians and Armenians, and perhaps the Aglistis and Cybele of the Phrygians. The Cappadocian Comana was distinguished from the Pontic by the epithet of Xpvon. The Turkish town of El Bostan is thought to represent the ancient city. (Kinneir's Travels, Append., p. 560-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p 138, seqq.) COMARIA PROMONTORIUM, a promontory forming the southern extremity of India intra Gangem. It is now Cape Camorin (or Comari). Al-Edrissi, the Arabian geographer, confounds this cape with Comar, or the island of Madagascar. (Arrian, Peripl. Mar. Erythr. -Vincent's Anc. Commerce, vol. 2, p. 498.)

COMMAGENE, a district of Syria, in the northeastern extremity of that country, bounded on the north by Mount Taurus, on the west by Amanus, on the east by the Euphrates, and on the south by Cyrrhestica. Its chief city was Samosata. This tract of country had at one time rulers of its own, but became a Roman province under Domitian. Its modern name is Camash or Kamask. (Plin., 5, 12.-Eutrop., 7, 19. -Amm. Marcell., 14, 26.) The name often occurs as Comagene, but the more correct form is Commagene. (Consult Rasche, Lex. Rei Num., vol. 2, col. 723.)

who was at last slain by his soldiers for his severity. A conspiracy against the life of Commodus having failed, was followed by a long succession of judicial murders, to gratify the vengeance of the cowardly and vindictive tyrant. He was next threatened by a new danger: disaffection had spread over the legions, and an attempt of Maternus, a private soldier, who headed Ia band of deserters, and projected the assassination of Commodus during the celebration of the festival of Cybele, was so ably conceived, that he must have been successful but for the treachery of an accomplice. But neither duty nor danger could draw Commodus from the sports of gladiators or the pleasures of debauchery. Cleander, a Phrygian slave, soon succeeded to the place and influence of Perennis, and for three years the empire groaned beneath his cruelty and rapacity. At length a new insurrection burst forth, which nothing could allay, the prætorian cavalry being defeated in the streets by the populace, until the head of Cleander was, by the emperor's command, thrown to the insurgents. In the mean time, Commodus was indulging his base tastes and appetites, not only by gross sensuality, but by attempting to rival the gladiators in their sanguinary occupation. Being a very skilful archer, and of great personal strength, he delighted in killing wild beasts in the amphitheatre, and thus pretending to rival the prowess of Hercules. In the gladiatorial contests, he publicly engaged so often, that he was the conqueror in 735 combats. Though luxurious in his dress, frequently resorting to the baths eight times in the day, scattering gold dust in his hair, and, from the fear of admitting the approach of a razor in the hand of another, singing off his beard, he was especially proud of exhibitions of personal strength, and frequently butchered victims with his own hands in the garb of a sacrificer. Among the flatteries of the obsequious senate, none pleased him more than the vote which styled him the Hercules of Rome, not even that which annexed to him the titles of Pius and Felix, or which offered to abolish the name of the eternal city, and substitute for it Colonia Commodiana !— After thirteen years of unmitigated oppression, his favourite Martia ultimately became the instrument by which the Roman world was delivered from its odious master. She discovered, from some private notes of Commodus, that herself, Lætus the prætorian præfect, and Electrus the chamberlain, were on the list devoted to death: a conspiracy was immediately formed, Martia administered poison to the emperor, and, lest the measure should not prove effectual, the deed was completed by suffocation, A.D. 192. (Lampridius, Vit. Com.-Encyclop. Metropol, Div. 3, vol. 2, p. 684.)

COMPSA, a city of Samnium, on the southern confines of the Hirpini. It revolted to Hannibal after the battle of Cannæ, and it was here that this general left all his baggage and part of his army when advancing towards Campania. (Liv., 23, 1.) Compsa was retaken by the Romans under Fabius two years afterward. (Liv., 24, 20.) Velleius Paterculus says that Milo, the opponent of Clodius, met his death before the walls of Compsa, which he was at that time besieging (Vell. Paterc., 2, 68); but, according to Cœsar and Pliny, this event took place near Cossa in Lucania. The modern Conca occupies the site of the ancient city. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 253.)