tum is said to have been given it on account of its unhealthy atmosphere. The more auspicious appellation of Beneventum was substituted when the Romans sent a colony thither (A.U.C. 483). Tradition ascribed the foundation of this city to Diomede (Solinus, c. 8. -Steph. Byz., s. v.), but other accounts would lead us to believe that it was first possessed by the Ausones. (Festus, s. v. Auson.) It remained in the possession of the Romans during the whole of the second Punic war, and obtained the thanks of the senate for its firm attachment to the republic at that critical period. (Lav., 27, 10.) We subsequently hear of its being a second time colonized by the veteran soldiers of Augustus, and also a third time under Nero. (Front. de Col.-Compare Tacitus, Annal., 15, 34.-Ptol., p. 66.) The account which Horace gives of the fare he there met with in his journey to Brundisium, will occur to every reader. Beneventum was situated near the junction of the Sabatus and Calor, now Sabbato and Calore. Its position was a very important one, since here the main roads intersected each other from Latium into Southern Italy, and from Samnium into Campania. Under the Lombards Beneventum became the capital of a powerful dukedom. It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in-Doering, ad Catull., l. c.-Heyne, de genio sæculi Italy. The most beautiful relic of former days, at this place, is the arch of Trajan, which forms one of the entrances into the city. Near Beneventum Pyrrhus was defeated by Dentatus, A.U.C. 479. It is now Benevento. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 246.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 791, seqq.) BERECYNTIA, a surname of Cybele, from Mount Berecyntus in Phrygia, where she was particularly worshipped. (Stat., Theb., 4, 782.-Virg., En., 9, 82.) BERECYNTII, a Phrygian tribe, celebrated by the poets in connexion with Cybele, so often styled "Berccyntia Mater." Pliny places the Berecyntian district on the borders of Caria, about the Glaucus and Mæander. (Plin., 5, 29) BERECYNTUS, a mountain in Phrygia Major, on the banks of the river Sangarius. It was sacred to Cybele, who is hence styled Berecyntia Mater, "The Berecynthian mother." (Serv., ad Æn., 9, 82.) BERENICE (less correctly BERONĪCE, a name common to several females of antiquity. It is of Greek origin, and means "victory-bringing," or "bearer of victory," the initial 3 being written, according to Macedonian usage, for the letter o, or, in other words, Bɛpevikη being put for depevíkŋ, just as the Macedonians said Bios for iOS. (Maittaire, Dial., p. 184, ed. Sturz.)-The most remarkable of this name were the following: I. the granddaughter of Cassander, brother of Antipater. She married Philip, a Macedonian, probably one of the officers of Alexander, and became by him the mother of many children, among whom were Magas, king of Cyrene, and Antigone, whom she married to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. She followed into Egypt Eurydice, daughter of Antipater, who returned to that country to rejoin her husband Ptolemy I. Berenice inspired this prince with so strong a passion that he put away Eurydice, although he had children by her, and married the former. He also gave the preference, in the succession to the throne, to her son Ptolemy, notwithstanding the better claims of his offspring by Eurydice. Berenice was remarkable for her beauty, and her portrait often appears on the medals of Ptolemy I., along with that of the latter. II. Daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoë. She followed her mother into exile, and retired with her to the court of Magas, at Cyrene, who married Arsinoë, and adopted Berenice. This will serve to explain why Polybius and Justin make Berenice to have been the daughter of Magas, while Callimachus gives Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoë as her parents. After the death of Magas, Arsinoë engaged her daughter in marriage to Demetrius, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes; but, on the young prince's having come from Macedonia to Cyrene, she became attached to him herself. Demetrius, conducting himself insolently, was slain in a conspiracy, at the head of which was Berenice. The latter thereupon married her brother Ptolemy (Euergetes) III. A short time after the nuptials, Ptolemy was obliged to go on an expedition into Syria, and Berenice made a vow that she would consecrate her beautiful head of hair to Venus if her husband returned safe to Egypt. Upon his return she fulfilled her vow in the temple of Venus Zephyrites. On the following day, however, the hair was not to be found. As both the monarch and his queen were greatly disquieted at the loss, Conon the Samaritan, an eminent astronomer of the day, in order to conciliate the royal favour, declared that the locks of Berenice had been removed by divine interposition, and translated to the skies in the form of a constellation. Hence the cluster of stars near the tail of the Lion is called Coma Berenices (“Berenice's hair"). Callimachus wrote a piece on this subject, now lost, but a translation of which into Latin verse by Catullus has reached our time. (Catull., Carm., 66.-Compare Hygin., Poct. Astron., 2, 24. Ptolemæorum, Opusc., vol. 1, p. 177.) Berenice was put to death B.C. 216, by the orders of Ptolemy Philopator, her son.-III. A daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, given by him in marriage to Antiochus Theos, king of Syria, in order to cement a peace between the two countries. After the death of her father, Antiochus put her aside and recalled his former wife Laodice. This last, having taken off Antiochus by poison, sought to destroy Berenice also as well as her son. This son was surprised and carried off by an emissary of Laodice's, and shortly after put to death; and Berenice, in searching for him, was entrapped and slain, B C. 246.-IV. Called by some authors Cleopatra, was the only legitimate child of Ptolemy Lathurus, and ascended the throne after the death of her father, B.C. 81. Sylia, who was at that time dictator, compelled her to marry, and share her throne with, her cousin, who took the name of Ptolemy Alexander. She was poisoned by the latter only nineteen days after the marriage.-V. Daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. The people of Alexandrea having revolted against this prince, B.C. 58, drove him out, and placed upon the throne his two daughters, Tryphena and Berenice. The former died soon after, and Berenice was given in marriage to Seleucus, surnamed Cybiosactes. personal deformity, however, and vicious character soon rendered him so odious to the queen, that she caused him to be strangled. Berenice then married Archelaus; but, Ptolemy Auletes having been restored by Gabinius, the Roman commander, she was put to death by her own father. B.C. 55.—VI. A native of Chios, and one of the wives of Mithradates or Pontus. On the overthrow of this monarch's power by Lucullus, Berenice, in obedience to an order from her husband, took poison along with his other wives, but this not proving effectual, she was strangled by the eunuch Bacchus, B.C. 71. — VII. Daughter of Agrippa I., king of Judæa, and born A.D. 28. She was at first affianced to Marcus, son of Alexander, but this young man having died, Agrippa gave her in marriage to his brother Herod, king of Chalcis, by whom she became the mother of two sons, Berenicianus and Hyrcanus. Having lost her husband when she was at the age of twenty, she went to live with her brother Agrippa, a circumstance which gave rise to reports injurious to her character. To put an end to these rumours, she made proposals to Polemo, king of Cilicia, and offered to become his wife if he would embrace Judaism. Polemo consented, but she soon left him, and returned, in all probability, to her brother, for she was with the latter when St. Paul was arrested His at Jerusalem, A.D. 63. The commerce between the | antiquity, and is often mentioned by the early writers. guilty pair became now so public, that the rumour Its situation, as is generally agreed, answers to that even reached Rome, and we find Juvenal alluding of the present Kara Veria. Some interesting cirto the affair in one of his satires (6, 155). She fol- cumstances respecting Beroa are to be found in the lowed Agrippa when he went to join Vespasian, whom Acts of the Apostles (17, 11. Cramer's Ancient Nero had charged to reduce the Jews to obedience. Greece, vol. 1, p. 232). A new scene now opened for her; she won the affec- BEROSUS, a Babylonian historian, rendered much tions of Titus, and, at a subsequent period, when Ves- more famous by the mention of others than from anypasian was established on the throne, and Titus re-thing which is known of his own performances. He was turned home after terminating the Jewish war, she priest of the temple of Belus in the time of Alexander, accompanied him to Rome along with her brother and, having learned the Greek language from the MaAgrippa. At Rome she lived openly with Titus, and cedonians, he removed to Greece, and opened a school took up her abode in the imperial palace, as we learn of astronomy and astrology in the island of Cos, where from Dio Cassius, who states also that she was then in his productions acquired him great fame with the Athethe flower of her age. Titus, it is said, intended even nians. The ancients mention three books of his, relto acknowledge her as his wife; but he was compelled ative to the history of the Chaldeans, of which Joseby the murmurs of his subjects to abandon this idea, phus and Eusebius have preserved fragments. As a and he sent her away from the city soon after his ac- priest of Belus, he possessed every advantage which cession to the throne. Such, at least, is the account the records of the temple, and the learning and tradigiven by Suetonius (Tit., 7), who appears more enti- tions of the Chaldeans, could afford, and seems to tled to belief than Dio Cassius, according to whom have composed his work with a serious regard for Titus sent Berenice away before his accession to the truth. Annius of Viterbo published a work under the throne, and refused to receive her again, when she name of Berosus, which was soon discovered to be a had returned to Rome a short time after the com- forgery. (Cory's Ancient Fragments, p. viii., Præf.) mencement of his reign. (Dio Cass., 66, 15 et 18.) BERYTUS (Berotha, Ezck., 47, 16. Βηρώθη, Το-There is a great difficulty attending the history of seph., Ant. Jud., 5, 1. - Berothai, 2 Sam., 8, 8), an this Berenice as regards her intimacy with Titus. She ancient town of Phoenicia, about twenty-four miles must, at least, have been forty-two years of age when south of Byblus, famous in the age of Justinian for the she first became acquainted with the Roman prince, study of law, and styled by the emperor "the mother and fifty-one years old at the period of the celebrated and nurse of the laws." The civil law was taught scene which forms the subject of Racine's tragedy. there in Greck, as it was at Rome in Latin. It had Many are inclined to believe, therefore, that the Bere- also the name of Colonia Felix Julia, from Augustus nice to whom Titus was attached was the daughter Cæsar, who made it a Roman colony, and named it in of Mariamne and Archelaus, and, consequently, the honour of his daughter. (Plin., 5, 20.) The modern niece of the Berenice of whom we have been speak- appellation is Beirout. The adjacent plain is renowned ing; she would be twenty-five years old when Titus as the place where St. George, the patron saint of came into Judea. (Clavier, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 4, England, slew the dragon; in memory of which, a p. 241, seqq.)—VIII. A city of Egypt, on the coast of small chapel was built upon the spot, dedicated at first the Sinus Arabicus, from which a road was made to that Christian hero, but now changed to a mosque. across the intervening desert to Coptos on the Nile, by It was frequently captured and recaptured during the Ptolemy Philadelphus, 258 miles in length. From crusades. It is now the seat of one of the most interthis harbour the vessels of Egypt took their departure esting missionary stations in the world, and possesses for Arabia Felix and India. It was through the me- many important advantages for such a purpose. It is dium of Berenice also, and the caravan route to Cop- situated on the Mediterranean, at the foot of Mount tos, that the principal trade of the Romans with India Lebanon, within three days of Damascus, two days' was conducted. By this line of communication, it is sail of Cyprus, two from Tyre, and three from Tripoli. said that a sum not less than what would now be Its present population is about 10,000. (For interest£400,000, was remitted by the Roman traders to their ing notices of this place, consult Jewett's Researches, correspondents in the East, in payment of merchandise vols. 1 and 2.-Life of Rev. Plany Fisk.-Missionary which ultimately sold for a hundred times as much. Herald, &c.) (Plin., 6, 23.-Id., 6, 29—Strab., 560.-Agathemer., 2, 5.) The ruins of the ancient Berenice are found at the modern port of Habest. (Murray, Hist. Account, &c., vol. 2, p. 187.)-IX. A city of Cyrenaica, called also Hesperis. In its vicinity the ancients placed the gardens of the Hesperides. It is now Bengazi, a poor and filthy town. Few traces of the ancient city remain above ground, although much might be brought to light by excavation. When we reflect," remarks Captain Beechey, "that Berenice flourished under Justinian, and that its walls underwent a thorough repair in the reign of that emperor, it will be thought somewhat singular, that both the town and its walls should have disappeared so completely as they have done." Of the latter, scarcely a vestige remains above the surface of the plain. (Modern Traveller, part 49, p. 98.) BERŎE, I. an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she persuaded Semele not to receive the visits of Jupiter if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. (Óvid, Met., 3, 278.)-II. The wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris, at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. (Virg., En., 5, 620.) BERCEA OF BERRHOEA, a large and populous city of Macedonia, south of Edessa. It was a place of great BESIPPO, a seaport town of Hispania Bætica, east of Junonis Promontorium, where Mela was born. Its ruins lie in the neighbourhood of the modern Porto Barbato. (Philos. Transact, vol. 30, p. 922.) The town of Vejer de la Frontera, which many think represents the ancient Besippo (Hardouin, ad Plin., 3, 3), lies too far from the sea. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 343.) BESSI, a people of Thrace, occupying a district called Bessica, between Mons Rhodope and the northern part of the Hebrus. The Bessi belonged to the powerful nation of the Satra, the only Thracian tribe which had never been subjugated. (Herod., 7, 110.) According to Strabo (318), they were a very lawless and predatory race, and were not conquered finally till the reign of Augustus. (Dio Cass., 54.-Flor., 4, 12.) BESSUS, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sovereign, with the intention of carrying him off prisoner to his satrapy; but, being hotly pursued by the Macedonians, he left the monarch wounded and dying in the way, and effected his own escape. Being subsequently delivered into the hands of Alexander, that monarch, according to one account (Justin, 12, 5), gave him up for punishment to the brother of Darius. (Compare Curt., 5, 12, seqq.-Id., 7, 5.) Plutarch, however. states, that Alexander himself punished the offender in the following manner: he caused two straight trees to be bent, and one of his legs to be made fast to each; then suffering the trees to return to their former posture, his body was torn asunder by the violence of the recoil. (Plut., Vit. Alex.) Arrian makes Alexander to have caused his nostrils to be slit, the tips of his ears to be cut off, and the offender, after this, to have been sent to Ecbatana, and put to death in the sight of all the inhabitants of the capital of Media. (Arrian, Exp. Al., 4, 7.) BIANOR, a son of the river-god Tiber, and of Manto daughter of Tiresias. Servius makes him the founder of Mantua, and identical with Ocnus. (Serv. ad Virg. Eclog., 9, 60. Id. ad En., 10, 198.) The allusion in Virgil's ninth Eclogue is thought to be to this same Bianor; but consult the remarks of Heyne, ad loc. measures of the former, he retired from public affairs in a great degree, and during eight months (the period that remained for his holding the consulship) contented himself with publishing edicts. This conduct placed his colleague in an odious light, and Cæsar endeavoured, by means of the populace, whom he had excited for this purpose, to force Bibulus to leave his dwelling, and come forth and take an active part in public affairs. The attempt, however, proved unsuccessful. Bibulus was not very conspicuous for military talents. In the war between Cæsar and Pompey, however, he had the chief command of the fleet of the latter. He died at sea in the course of the civil contest. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 4, p. 463.) BIFRONS, a surname of Janus, because he was rep. resented with two faces. (Vid. Janus.) BILBILIS, I. a city of the Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarraconensis, southeast of Numantia, and southwest BIAS, I. son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of of Nertobriga. It lay on the western bank of the rivArgos, and brother to the famous soothsayer Melam-er Bilbilis, and was a Roman municipium. The poct pus. (Vid. Melampus.)-II. One of the seven wise Martial was born here. Bilbilis was famed for the inen of Greece. He was son of Teutamus, and was temper of the weapons manufactured in it. The ruins born at Priene, in Ionia, about 570 B.C. Bias was of the ancient city lie not far from the modern Calaa practical philosopher, studied the laws of his coun- tayud, at a place called Bambola. (Plin., 34, 14.try, and employed his knowledge in the service of Mart., 10, 103. — Id., 4, 55.) - II. A river of Hishis friends, defending them in the courts of justice, pania Tarraconensis, running by Bilbilis, in the counsettling their disputes. He made a nople use of his try of the Celtiberi, and falling into the Iberus. It is wealth. His advice, that the Ionians should fly be- now the Xalon. Its waters were famous for temperfore the victorious Cyrus to Sardinia, was not following iron. (Hieron., Paul. de Flum. Hisp.—Martial, ed, and the victory of the army of Cyrus confirmed the correctness of his opinion. The inhabitants of Priene, when besieged by Mazares, resolved to abandon the city with their property. On this occasion Bias replied to one of his fellow-citizens, who expressed his astonishment that he made no preparations for his departure, "I carry everything with me." He remained in his native country, where he died at a very advanced age. His countrymen buried him with splendour, and honoured his memory. Some of his apophthegms are still preserved. (Biogr. Unw., vol. 4, p. 455. — Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 89, scq.) 10, 103, et ult.-Justin, 44, 8.) BIMATER, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had two mothers, because, when taken from his mother's womb, he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. (Ovid, Met., 4, 12.) BINGIUM, a town of Gaul, in Germania Prima, west of Moguntiacum. It lay upon the Rhine, and is now Bingen. (Tacit., Hist., 4, 70.) BION, I. a native of Borysthenes, of low extraction. When young, he was sold as a slave to an orator, who afterward gave him his freedom, and left him large possessions. Upon this he went to Athens, and apBIBACULUS (M. Furius), a Latin poet, born at Cre- plied himself to the study of philosophy. He had sevmona about 103 B.C. He appears to have composed eral preceptors; but chiefly attached himself to the a turgid poem entitled Ethiopis, on the legend, very doctrine of Theodorus, of the Cyrenaic sect, of which probably, of the Ethiopian Memnon; and also another he was a professed advocate. He flourished about the on the mouths of the Rhine. This last is thought to 120th Olympiad. (Drog. Laert., 4, 46, seqq.) — II. have formed part of an epic poem on Cæsar's wars in An Athenian tragic poet, a son of Eschylus.-III. A Gaul. (Burmann, Anthol. Lat., lib. 2, ep. 238.) Greek poet, born near Smyrna, in the district of PhlosBoth works are lost, and we have only a couple of sa. He appears to have lived in Sicily, and to have fragments remaining. (Bahr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. died there of poison, as his pupil Moschus informs us 1, p. 124.) Horace (Serm., 2, 5, 40) ridicules a in an elegy on his death. Some make him contempolaughable verse of his, in which Jupiter is represented rary with Theocritus, while others suppose that he as spitting snow upon the Alps: "Jupiter hibernas flourished a century later, about 187 B.C. He is cana nive conspuct Alpes." This line occurred in the ranked, along with Moschus, among the bucolic poets, beginning of a poem which he had composed on the less on account of the subjects of his pieces, which Gallic war. Quintilian (10, 1, 96) enumerates Bi- are for the most part of a lyric or philosohpical charbaculus among the Roman Iambic poets, and, in an-acter, than by reason of the manner in which he treats other part of his work (8, 6,18), gives this same line, them. He is far inferior to Theocritus in simplicity citing it as an instance of harsh metaphor. It is sur- and naiveté. His productions are in general too laprising that the critic did not carry his censure farther boured; but in description he succeeds perfectly, and than this, and therefore Spalding well remarks of the his writings are not wanting in elegance, and in coromission, "Debebat autem noster sordium quoque in- rect and pleasing imagery. There are many good cusare hanc metaphorum." To render his parody editions of this poet's works, generally printed with Horace substitutes Furius himself for the those of Moschus, the best of which is that of Valckemonarch of the skies, and, to prevent all mistake, ap-naer, Lugd. Bat., 1810, 8vo, reprinted at Oxford in plies to the former a laughable species of designation, 1816, by Gaisford, in the Pocta Minores Græci. drawn directly from his personal appearance, " pingui tentus omaso," "distended with his fat paunch." (Horat., l. c) more severe, BIBRACTE, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, upon the Arroux, one of the branches of the Ligeris or Lore. It was afterward called Augustodunum, and is now Autun. (Cas., B. G., 7, 55, &c.) BIBULUS, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibulus, by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was Cæsar's colleague in the consulship, but, finding it impossible to thwart the BISALTE, a people of Macedonia, situate between the lake Bolbe and the Strymon. They were of Thracian origin. (Herodotus, 7, 115.) Theopompus, who is cited by Steph. Byz. (s. v. Bioaλría), affirmed, that almost all the hares in the country occupied by this people were found to have two livers. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 266.) BISANTHE, a town on the Propontis, northwest of Perinthus. It was called also Rodestus, and is now Rodosto. (Herod., 7, 137.) BIT BISTONIS, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. It derived its name from the Bistones, who inhabited its shores, and held dominion over the surrounding district. (Herod., 7, 110.-Scymm., Ch., 673.) ans. on the Euxine and around the Bosporus they call Ko Vid. Avaricum. BITURIGES, a people of Gaul. There were two tribes of this name, the Bituriges Cubi and the Bituriges Vivisci. The former were in Gallia Celtica, to the west of the Edui. Their capital was Avaricum, now Bourges. The Vivisci were in Aquitania, on the Atlantic coast, below the mouth of the GarumnaTheir chief city was Burdigala, now Bordeaux. (Cæs., B G, 8, 5, &c.--Lemaire, Index Geogr ad Cæs., s. v, p. 210, seq) It BLANDUSIA, or, more properly, Bandusia, a fountain in the immediate vicinity of Horace's Sabine farm. is supposed to be the modern Fonte Bello. (Compare the remarks of the commentators on Horace, Ode 3, 13, 1.) BLASTOPHOENICES, a people of Lusitania. (Appian, de reb. Hisp., 6, 56.) Ukert maintains the identity of this people with the Bastuli Pœni. (Geogr., vol. 2, p. 303.) BLEMMYES, a people of Ethiopia supra Egyptum, dwelling, according to Strabo and Ptolemy, to the southeast of the Astaboras, towards the Sinus Avalites. They were fabled to be without heads, and to have the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. This fable is supposed to owe its origin to a custom prevailing among this people, of depressing their heads between their shoulders, which they forced upward, so that their necks became very short, and their heads were concealed partly by their shoulders, and partly by their long and thick hair. (Strab., 563.—Mela, i, 4, 8.– Plin., 5, 8.-Amm. Marcell., 14, 4.-Vopisc. in Prob., c. 17.-Procop., Bell. Pers., c. 19.-Claudian, Carm. BOADICEA. de Nil., v. 19.-Nonn. Dionys., 17, extr.) Vid. Boudicea. BOAGRIUS, a river of the Locri Epicnemidii, waterStrabo asserts that it was ing the town of Thronium. BITHYNIA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Galatia, on the east by Paphlagonia, and on the west by the Propontis and Mysia. One of the earlier names of this region, more particularly along the shores of the Propontis and Euxine, was Bebrycia, derived from the Bebryces, who are said to have been the primitive settlers in the land. Homer nowhere mentions the people of this country by the appellation of Bithynians, BIZYA, a city in Thrace, on the shores of the Euxbut invariably designates them as Mysians and Phrygi(Il., 2, 862.—Ib., 13, 792.-Strab., 565.) Stra-ine, above Halmydessus, and northwest of Byzantium. bo has also proved, that the Mysians not only occupied It is now Vycia. The poets fabled that it was shunthe shores of the Lake Ascanius and the plains of Ni- ned by swallows, on account of the crimes of Tereus. cæa, but that they extended as far as Chalcedon and (Plin., 4, 11 Solin., c. 10. Ovid, Met., 6, 424, the Thracian Bosporus. (Strab., 566.) Though we seqq.) cannot precisely fix the period at which the Bithyni settled in the fertile district to which they communicated their name, we can have no doubt as to the country whence they came, since the testimony of antiquity is unanimous in ascribing to them a Thracian origin. Herodotus, in particular, asserts that, according to their own traditions, they came from the banks of the Strymon, and, having been driven from their country by the Teucri and Mysi, crossed over into Asia. (Herod., 7, 75.) Thucydides also and Xenophon expressly style them Bithynian Thracians. Xen., Hist. Gr., 1, 3, 2. — Id. ib., (Thucyd., 4, 75 3, 2, 2.) Some geographers have noticed a distinction to be observed in regard to this people, namely, that the appellation of Bithyni was properly applicable to the inland population, while that of the coast took the name of Thyni. (Apollod. Rhod., 2, 462 —Eustath. ·Phn., 5, 32.) But, hisad Dionys. Perieg., 793. torically speaking, it is of little value.-The Bithynians, as Herodotus informs us (1, 28), were first subOn the dissolution of the Lydian jected by Croesus. empire they passed under that of Persia, and their country became the seat of a satrapy sometimes known in history by the title of Dascylium, sometimes-of the Hellespont, but more commonly of Bithynia. The people lived principally in villages; the only considerable towns being situate on the coast, and inhab-known likewise by the name of Manes, and was noited by Greek colonists. This state of things lasted thing more than a torrent, which was sometimes en(Compare Lycophron, till the death of Alexander, who had taken military tirely dry, though occasionally it was swollen so as possession of the country after the defeat and expul- to be two plethra in breadth. sion of the Persians from the peninsula. On the de- v. 1145.) Bocchus, a king of Getulia, in alliance with Rome, cease of the King of Macedon, we find Botirus, the son of Dydalsus, a Thracian chief, scizing upon Astacus, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla, the a Greek town on the seacoast, and, after defeating lieutenant of Marius. Many of the old editions of Calantus, the officer who commanded the Grecian Sallust read Jugurtha filia Boccho nupserat (Jug forces in that country, establishing an independent Bell., 80), instead of Bocchi, &c., thereby making principality, which he transmitted, through his lineal Bocchus to have been Jugurtha's son-in-law. The descendants Bas and Xipotes, to Nicomedes, son of Abbé Brotier, relying upon this reading and some of the latter, who, after the death of Lysimachus, first Sylla's medals, proposes to substitute in Plutarch's life assumed the title of King of Bithynia. He gave his of Marius, where mention is made of Bocchus, the term 'son-in-law" for "father-in-law;" but M. Vauvilliers name to the city of Astacus, which from henceforth was called Nicomedia, and became the capital of the more judiciously contends, from six MSS. of Sallust, new kingdom. (Memn. excerpt. ap. Phot., p. 720, and in conformity with Florus (3, 1), for the expression seq.-Pausan., 5, 12.) An account of the succession" father-in-law" of Jugurtha. Bocches obtained, as in this family will be found under the articles Nicomedes and Prusias. Like other Asiatic sovereigns, the kings of Bithynia are said to have been sensual and effeminate. (Polyb., 37, 2.-Cic., Verr., 5, 11.) The interior of the country was mountainous and - Nicet., Chon, p. 128), woody (Xen., Anab., 6, 15. but near the sea it was covered with rich and fertile plains, thickly spread with towns and villages. The produce consisted in grain of every sort; in wine, (Xen., cheese, figs, and various kinds of wood. Plin., 11, 42.) The Anab., 6, 4, 4.- Strab., 565. western portion of Bithynia has received from the Turks the name of Khodavendkhiar; and that situated 66 the reward of his treachery, the western part of Nu- BODUAGNATUS, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. (Cas., B G, 2, 23) BOEDROMIA, an Athenian festival, sacred to Apeilo Patrous, and instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion, son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus, son of NepIt was celebrated in the month Boedromion, tune. 261 which took its name from this circumstance. The appellation given to the festival is derived dñò Tоû ßonSpouɛiv, from coming to help. (Etymol Mag., s. v. Suid.,'s..-Callim., H. in Apoll., v 69-Plut, Thes., c. 27. Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alt., vol. 4, p. 143.) BOEDROMION, the name of one of the Attic months. It was the third in the order of the Attic year, and corresponded nearly to our September. It derived its name from the festival called Boedromia being celebrated during it. (Vid. Boedromia.) BOTARCHE, the chief magistrates in Bocotia. They presided in the national councils, and commandad the forces. They were, in later times at least, elected annually, and rigidly restricted to their term of office. Their number is supposed to have been originally fourteen, the primitive number of the confederate Bootian states. It was afterward reduced, and underwent many variations. Thebes appears to have had the privilege of appointing two, one of whom was superior in authority to the rest, and probably acted as president of the board. (Thucyd., 2, 2.—Id, 4, 91 Arnold, ad Thucyd., l. c.—Thirlwall's Hist. Gr., vol. 1, P. 434-Lav., 42, 43.) | Bootarchs, who presided over the military as well as civil departments (Thucyd., 2, 2.-Id., 4, 92.-Id., 5, 37); the latter in the establishment of four councils, which were possessed, in fact, of the sovereign authority, since all measures of importance were to be submitted to their deliberation. The general assembly of the Baotian republic was held in the temple of the Itonian Minerva. (Pausan., 9, 34.) From the extent and population of their territory, the Boeotians might have placed the first part in Greece, ifthey had not been prevented by the bad government of the cities, by the jealousy of Thebes, and the consequent want of union. And yet the example of Epaminondas and Pelopidas afterward showed that the genius of two men could outweigh all these defects.-The Baotians were regarded by their neighbours, the Athenians, as naturally a stupid race. Much of this, however, was wilful exaggeration, and must be ascribed to the national enmity, which seems to have existed from the earliest times between these two nations. Besides, this country produced, in fact, many illustrious men, such as Hesiod, Pindar, Plutarch, Epaminondas, Pelopidas, &c. BOTIA, a country of Greece Proper, lying to the In Baotia, too, Mount Helicon was sacred to the northwest of Attica, and shut in by the chains of Hel- Muses, to whom also many of the fountains and rivers icon, Citharon, Parnassus, and, towards the sea, of the country were consecrated. The modern name Ptous; which mountains enclosed a large plain, con- of Boeotia is Stramulipa, in Livadia, which last stituting the chief part of the country. Numerous comprehends within its limits the ancient Bœotia, as rivers, of which the Cephissus was the most important, one of its component parts.-In Boeotia are several descending from the heights, had probably stagnated celebrated ancient battle-fields, the former glory of for a long time, and formed lakes, of which the Copaïs which has been increased by late events; namely, was the largest These same rivers appear to have Platea (now the village Kokla), where Pausanias and formed the soil of Baotia, which is among the most Aristides established the liberty of Greece by their fruitful in Greece. Boeotia was also perhaps the most victory over Mardonius; Leuctra (now the village thickly settled part of Greece; for no other could Parapogia), where Epaminondas triumphed over the show an equal number of important cities. This Spartans; Coronea, where the Spartan Agesilaus decountry, as we learn from the concurrent testimony of feated the Thebans; and Cheronea, where Philip Strabo, Pausanias, and other ancient writers, was first founded the Macedonian greatness on the ruins of Greoccupied by several barbarous clans, under the various cian freedom.-Near Tanagra, the birthplace of Conames of Aones, Ectenes, Temmices, and Hyantes. rinna, the best wine was produced here also cocks (Ștrabo, 401.—Pausan., 9, 5.) To these succeeded, were bred, of remarkable size, beauty, and courage, according to the common account, Cadmus and his with which the Grecian cities, passionately fond of followers, who, after expelling some of the indigenous cock-fighting, were supplied. The Baotians were tribes above mentioned, and conciliating others, found- particularly fond of music, and excelled in it. (Craed a city, which became afterward so celebrated under mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 189, scqq. - Heeren's the name of Thebes, and to which he gave the name Politics of Anc. Greece, p. 32, Bancroft's transl. of Cadmea. The descendants of Cadmus were com- Encyclop. Americ., vol 2, p. 151, seqq.) pelled, subsequently, to evacuate Boeotia, after the BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus, a capture of Thebes by the Epigoni, and to seek ref- man celebrated for his virtues, services, honours, and uge in the country of the Illyrian Enchelees. (Herod- tragical end. He was born about A D. 470, in Rome olus, 5, 61-Pausanias, 9, 5.) They regained, how- or Milan, of rich, ancient, and respectable family; ever, possession of their former territory, but were once was educated in Rome, in a manner well calculated more expelled, as we learn from Strabo, by a numer- to develop his extraordinary abilities; afterward went ous horde of Thracians and others. On this occasion, to Athens, which was still the centre of taste and scihaving withdrawn into Thessaly, they united them- ence, and studied philosophy under Proclus and othselves with the people of Arne, a district of that prov-ers. Returning to Rome, he was graciously received by ince, and for the first time assumed the name of Boo- Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, then master of Italy, tians. (Strabo, 401.) After a lapse of some years, loaded with marks of favour and esteem, and soon they were compelled to abandon Thessaly, when they raised to the first offices of the empire. He exerted once more succeeded in re-establishing themselves in the best influence on the administration of this mon their original abode, to which they now communicated arch, so that the dominion of the Goths promoted the the name of Baotia. This event, according to Thu- welfare and happiness of the people who were subject cydides, occurred about sixty years after the capture to them. He was long the oracle of his sovereign of Troy; but, in order to reconcile this account with and the idol of the people. The highest honours were the statement of Homer, who distinctly names the thought inadequate to reward his virtue and his serBaotians among the Grecian forces assembled at that vices. But Theodoric, as he grew old, became irrimemorable siege, the historian admits that a Baotian table, jealous, and distrustful of those around him. division (dodacuór) had already settled in this prov- The Goths now indulged in all sorts of oppression and ince prior to the migration of the great body of the extortion, while Boethius exerted himself in vain to nation (1, 12). The government of Boeotia remained restrain them. He had already made many enemies under the monarchical form till the death of Xanthus, by his strict integrity and vigilant justice. These at who fell in single combat with Melanthus the Messe- last succeeded in prejudicing the king against him, nian, when it was determined to adopt a republican and rendering him suspicious of Boëthius. The opconstitution. This, though imperfectly known to us, position of Boëthius to their unjust measures was conappears to have been a compound of aristocratic and strued into a rebellious temper, and he was even acdemocratic principles, the former being apparent in cused of a treasonable correspondence with the court the appointment of eleven annual magistrates named of Constantinople. He was arrested, imprisoned, and |