66 him in the 2d vol. of a work entitled Exercitationes | which the nature of his subject allowed him so many Critica in Scriptores Veteres, Lips., 1797, 8vo. opportunities. The Argonautics of Apollonius are re APOLLONIUS, I. a native of Perga in Pamphylia, markable for the purity of the diction, and, with some who flourished principally under Ptolemy Philopator, exceptions, the beauty of the versification: they are, towards the close of the second century before the in this respect, a happy imitation of the Iliad and OdysChristian era. He is one of the four writers whom sey. Longinus (de Subl., 33) calls Apollonius Twe ought to regard as the fathers of mathematical sci- roc, an expression that is well elucidated by the reence, since it was from their works that the moderns marks of Quintilian (10, 1, 54) on the same writer: first derived an accurate acquaintance with this de- Non contemnendum edidit opus, æquali quadam partment of knowledge. These authors are, to give mediocritate." He never rises to the sublime, but, at them in chronological order, Euclid, Archimedes, the same time, never descends to the vulgar and lowly Apollonius, and Diophantus. We learn from Pappus, The Romans appear to have entertained a high opinthat Apollonius studied at Alexandrea under the suc-ion of the Argonautics of Apollonius. The poem was cessors of Euclid, and that it was here he acquired the freely translated by Varro Atacinus, and was imitated superior skill in geometrical science which rendered by Virgil in the fourth book of the Eneid. It has his name so famous. The same author gives no very been still more followed by Valerius Flaccus, who borfavourable account of his other qualities. He repre- rowed from it the fable of his own poem; but it must sents him (Coll. Math., l. 7, præf.) as a vain man, be confessed that the Roman poet has surpassed his jealous of the merit of others, and eagerly seizing every model. The best edition of Apollonius is that of occasion to depreciate them. Apollonius was one of Wellauer, Lips., 1828, vols. 8vo. Previous to the the most prolific and profound writers in mathematical appearance of this, the best edition was that of Brunck, science. His works alone formed a considerable part of Lips., 1810, 2 vols. 8vo, with the additional Greek those which the ancients regarded as the source of the scholia, curá G. H. Schaeffer. Brunck's first edition true geometrical spirit. His treatise on Conics, how- appeared in 1780, 2 vols. 8vo, from the Strasburg ever, is the most remarkable, and the one that con- press.-III. A sophist, son of the grammarian Architributed most to his celebrity. It had many commen- bius, lived at Alexandrea in the time of Augustus, actators among the ancients, such as Pappus of Alexan- cording to the common opinion, and had Apion in the drea, Hypatia, daughter of Theon, Eutocius of Asca- number of his disciples. Ruhnken, however (Præf. lon, &c. The West was acquainted, for a long pe- ad Hesych., vol. 2, p. 5), believes him to have been riod, in modern times, with only the first four books much later, and that Apion lived long before him. He of the Conics of Apollonius; and it was not till about is known by his Homeric Lexicon (Aéseis 'Oμnpikαí), the middle of the 17th century that the fifth, sixth, and containing a list of the principal words used by Hoseventh books were recovered from Arabic versions. mer, with their explanations. It is a very useful work, A magnificent edition of the whole eight books was though much interpolated. Villoison published the published by Dr. Halley, at Oxford, in 1710, the eighth first edition of this Lexicon in 1773, Paris, 2 vols. book being in a measure restored by him from the in- 4to, from a MS., which he supposed to be of the tenth dications given by Pappus. (Montucla, Hist. des century. The commentary and prolegomena of VilMath., vol. 1, p. 245, seqq.-Lacroix, in Biogr. Univ., loison are full of erudition, and yet he was but twentyvol. 2, p. 316, seqq.)-II. A poet of Alexandrea, gen- one years of age when he appeared as the editor of erally called Apollonius of Rhodes, from his having Apollonius. Toliius produced a reprint of Villoison's lived for some time there. He was a pupil of Callim- edition, at Leyden, in 1778, 8vo. This re-impression achus, but renouncing the erudite style of his mas- is considered superior to the original, as far as the exter, he endeavoured to follow the track of Homer. It cellent notes added by Tollius are concerned. It is appears that Callimachus was offended with this act injured, however, by the retrenchment of Villoison's of rebellion against his authority, and that it was the prolegomena.-IV. A grammarian of Alexandrea, surcause of the enmity which subsisted between the two named Dyscolus (Avokоλoç), "Ill-humoured," poets until the death of the former. Apollonius," Morose," on account of his unpleasant disposition; having read at Alexandrea his Homeric poem on the or else, as some suppose, from the difficult questions expedition of the Argonauts, was hissed by a party he was accustomed to propose to the savans of Alexwhich had been formed against him by the cabals of andrea. He flourished about the middle of the second his master. Mortified at this treatment, he retired to century of the Christian era, and passed his days in Rhodes, where he taught rhetoric, and obtained the the Bruchium, a quarter of the city where many learnrights of citizenship. At a subsequent period, under ed men were supported at the royal expense. (Vid. Ptolemy V. (Epiphanes), he succeeded as librarian at Alexandrea.) He is the first that reduced the subject Alexandrea, in the place of Eratosthenes, who had be- of grammar to a systematic form. Of his numerous come enfeebled by age. His principal production, the writings in this department, we have only four treapoem on the Argonautic expedition, is the only one of tises remaining. Iɛpì Evvtúžews twv tov λóyov μephis works that has come down to us. It is divided ov, "Of the Syntax of parts of speech;" in four into four books. The subject of the poem is the de- books: IIɛpì 'Avтwvvμías, “Of the Pronoun :" Hɛpè parture of Jason and his companions in quest of the Συνδέσμων, “ Of Conjunctions :” and Περὶ Ἐπιῤῥηgolden fleece, and the return of these adventurers to párov, "Of Adverbs." To him is also ascribed a their native shores after long and perilous wanderings. compilation, entitled 'loropov avμaciov Bibniov, The plan is very simple: it is that of an historian, and "A collection of Wonderful Histories," which has is not adapted to poetic composition. There is no only the accidental merit of containing some fragments unity of interest in the poem; for Jason is not the of lost writers. This last-mentioned work is found only hero of the piece, and even if he were, his char- in the editions of Phlegon given by Xylander and acter is not sufficiently sustained for such an end. Meursius. Teucher produced a separate edition of The poet places him in scenes where he acts without it in 1792, 8vo, from the Leipsic press. The treaprobity and without honour. The characters of Or- tise on Syntax was first printed by the elder Aldus, pheus and Hercules are better drawn. That of Medea in his Thesaurus Cornucopiæ, Venet., 1495, fol. ; is a complete failure: the passion that sways her and was reprinted by Junta, in 1515, 8vo, Florent. breast is at variance with both modesty and filial piety. Both these editions are inaccurate. Sylburg pub In other respects, the poem contains many pleasing lished a new edition in 1590, 4to, Francof., with the descriptions. Apollonius also deserves praise for not text corrected from MSS. The best, however, is yielding to the spirit of the age, and indulging in those that of Bekker, Berolin., 1817, 8vo. To Bekker we learned digressions that were then popular, and for also owe editions of three other works of Apollo or nius which had previously remained unedited. The treatise on the Pronoun was first published by him in Wolf and Buttmann's Museum Antiq. Stud., vol. 2, Berol., 1811, and the treatises on Conjunctions and Adverbs in the second volume of his Anecdota Græca. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 27.)— V. A native of Alabanda in Caria. He taught rhetoric at Rhodes, and his school enjoyed a high reputation. Cicero and Julius Cæsar were among the number of his pupils. He was remarkable for sending away those who he was convinced could not become orators, instead of letting them waste their time in attending on his instructions. His surname was Molo, or, according to others, Molonis (son of Molo). Cicero often alludes to him, sometimes under the name of Apollonius, on other occasions under that of Molo. (Cic., de Orat., 1, 28. Id., Brut., 89.)--VI. A native of Tyana in Cappadocia, of an ancient and wealthy family, born about the commencement of the Christian era, and famous in the annals of ancient imposture. Wonderful stories were told of the annunciation made to his mother during her pregancy, as well as of the circumstances under which his birth took place. (Philostr., Vit. Apoll., 1, 4.) His early education was received at Ege, a town of Cilicia, on the Sinus Issicus, where he attached himself to the tenets and discipline of the Pythagorean philosophy, refraining from animal food, living entirely upon fruits and herbs, wearing no article of clothing made from any animal substance, going barefoot, and suffering his hair to grow to its full length. He spent much of his time in the temple of Esculapius at Ege, a temple rendered famous by the wonderful cures which were effected there; and the priests, finding him possessed of talents and docility, initiated him into the mysteries of the healing art. His medical knowledge proved subsequently a valuable auxiliary to him in imparting force to his moral precepts. After having acquired great reputation at gæ, Apollonius determined to qualify himself for the office of a preceptor in philosophy by passing through the Pythagorean discipline of silence. Accordingly, he is said to have remained five years without once exercising the faculty of speech. During this time he chiefly resided in Pamphylia and Cilicia. When his term of silence was expired, he visited Antioch, Ephesus, and other cities, declining the society of the rude and illiterate, and conversing chiefly with the priests. At sunrising he performed certain religious rites, which he disclosed only to those who passed through the discipline of silence. He spent the morning in instructing his disciples, whom he encouraged to ask whatever questions they pleased. At noon he held a public assembly for popular discourse. His style was neither turgid nor abstruse, but truly Attic, and marked by great force and persuasion. Apollonius, that he might still more perfectly resemble Pythagoras, determined to travel through distant nations. He proposed his design to his disciples, who were seven in number, but they refused to accompany him. He therefore entered upon his expedition, attended only by two servants. At Ninus he took, as his associate, Damis, an inhabitant of that city, to whom he boasted that he was skilled in all languages, though he had never learned them, and that he even understood the language of beasts and birds. The ignorant Assyrian worshipped him as a god; and, resigning himself implicitly to his direction, accompanied him wherever he went. At Babylon he conversed with the magi, and, by his sage discourses, obtained the favour and admiration of the king, who furnished him with camels and provisions for his journey over Caucasus. He was equally patronised by Phraotes, an Indian king, and after four months' residence with the Indian sages, returned to Babylon, and thence into Ionia. Various miracles of his performance in the cities of Greece are gravely related. Among other feats, he pretended that he had raised the shade of Achilles. At Athens he is said to have cast out a demon, which at its departure threw down a statue; at the Isthmus of Corinth, to have predicted the attempt of Nero to cut through it; and in the island of Crete, during an earthquake, to have exclaimed that the sea was bringing forth land at the time that an island was rising out of the sea between Crete and Thera. From Crete he repaired to Rome. Just before this time, however, Nero had ordered all who practised magic to be driven from the city. The friends of Apollonius apprized him of the hazard which was likely to attend his purposed visit to Rome; and the alarm was so great, that out of thirty-four persons who were his stated companions, only eight chose to accompany him thither. He nevertheless persevered in his resolution, and, under the protection of the sacred habit, obtained admission into the city. The next day he was conducted to the consul Telesinus, who was inclined to favour philosophers of every class, and obtained permission to visit the temples and converse with the priests. From Rome Apollonius travelled westward to Spain. Here he made an unsuccessful attempt to incite the procurator of the province of Bætica to a conspiracy against Nero. After the death of that tyrant he returned to Italy on his way to Greece; whence he proceeded to Egypt, where Vespasian was making use of every expedient to establish his power. That prince early perceived that nothing would give greater credit with the Egyptian populace than to have his cause espoused by one who was esteemed a favoured minister of the gods, and, therefore, did not fail to show him every kind of attention and respect. The philosopher, in return, adapted his measures to the views of the new emperor, and used all his influence among the people in support of Vespasian's authority. Upon the accession of Domitian, Apollonius was no sooner informed of the tyrannical proceedings of that emperor, and particularly of his proscriptions of philosophers, than he assisted in raising a sedition against him, and in favour of Nerva, among the Egyptians; so that Domitian thought it necessary to issue an order that he should be seized and brought to Rome. Apollonius, being informed of the order, set out immediately, of his own accord, for that city. Upon his arrival he was brought to trial; but his judge, the prætor Ælian, who had formerly known him in Egypt, was desirous of favouring him, and so conducted the process that it terminated in his acquittal. Apollonius now passed over into Greece, and visited various parts of the country, gaining new followers wherever he went. He finally settled at Ephesus in Asia Minor, where he established a school and had many disciples. Here a story is related of him, which, if true, implies that he was acquainted with the conspiracy against Domitian. At the moment when that tyrant was cut off at Rome, Apollonius is said to have made a sudden pause in the midst of a public disputation at Ephesus, and, changing his tone, to have exclaimed, "Well done, Stephen! take heart; kill the tyrant; kill him;" and then, after a short pause, to have added; "the tyrant is dead; he is killed this very hour." After this we hear little of him, except that Nerva wrote to him on his accession; but it is very probable that he died at Ephesus during the short reign of that emperor, at the very advanced age of ninety-seven. The sources of information concerning this extraordinary man are very uncertain. His life by Philostratus, from which the foregoing sketch is principally selected, was compiled two hundred years after his death, by order of the Empress Julia, widow of Severus, which prince regarded Apollonius as a divinely-inspired personage, and is said to have associated his image in a temple with those of Orpheus, Abraham, and our Saviour. Philostratus, a mere sophist, received as materials the journal of Damis, his companion and disciple, who was ignorant and credulous, and a short and imperfect memoir by Maxentius of Egæ, now lost. All sorts of fables and traditionary tales are mixed up with the account of Philostratus, who only merits attention for a mere outline of the facts upon which he must necessarily have formed his marvellous superstructure. The claim of the whole to notice rests chiefly on the disposition of the pagans, when Christianity began to gain ground, to assimilate the character and merits of Apollonius with those of the Divine Founder of the rising religion. Something is also due to a life so singular as that of Apollonius, who certainly contrived to pass for a divinely-favoured person, not only in his own days, but as long as paganism prevailed. The inhabitants of Tyana dedicated a temple to his name; the Ephesians erected a statue to him under the name of Hercules Alexicacus, for delivering them from the plague; Hadrian collected his letters; the Emperor Severus honoured him as already described; Caracalla erected a temple to him, Aurelian, out of regard to his memory, retrained from sacking Tyana; lastly, Ammianus Marcellinus ranks him among the eminent men, who, like Socrates and Numa, were visited by a demon. All these prove nothing of the supernatural attributes of Apollonius, but they are decisive of the opinion entertained of him. At the same time, Dr. Lardner clearly shows that the life of Philostratus was composed with a reference to the history of Pythagoras rather than to that of our Saviour. (Compare the remarks of Mitchell, in the Introduction to his edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes, p. viii., seqq., Lond., 1838.) On the whole, as his correct doctrines appear to have been extremely moral and pure, it may be the fairest way to rank him among that less obnoxious class of impostors, who pretend to be divinely gifted, with a view to secure attention and obedience to precepts, which, delivered in the usual way, would be generally neglected. Of the writings of Apollonius, there remain only his Apology to Domitian, and eighty-four epistles, the brevity of which is in favour of their authenticity. They were edited by Comelin in 1601, 8vo, and by Stephens, in his Epistolæ, 1577. His life by Philostratus is found in the writings of that sophist, the best edition of which is that of Olearius, Lips., 1709, folio. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2, p. 39, seqq. Michaud, Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p, 320, seqq.)—VÏÏ. A stoic philosopher, born at Chalcis in Euboea, or, according to some, at Chalcedon in Bithynia. His high reputation induced the Emperor Antoninus Pius to send for him to come to Rome in order to take charge of the education of Marcus Aurelius. On his arrival at the capital, the emperor sent him an eager invitation to repair to the palace; but the philosopher declined to come, observing that the pupil ought to come to the master, not the master to the pupil. The emperor, on receiving this answer, observed, with a smile, "It was then easier, it seems, for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from his residence in Rome to the palace in the same city!" Antoninus, however, hastened to send his royal pupil to him, and Aurelius profited in no small degree by the lessons of his instructer. The Meditations of Aurelius contain a eulogium on his stoic preceptor. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 323.) – VIII. A sculptor, distinguished by a statue of Hercules, the extant part of which is preserved in the Vatican Museum at Rome, and is known by the name of the Belvidere torso. He was a native of Athens, and, according to Winckelmann, flourished a short time subsequent to Alexander the Great. This opinion is founded principally upon the form of the letters composing the Greek inscription sculptured on the marble. A conjecture of this kind, however, can at best be only approximative. The famous torso of the Belvidere Hercules has been the admiration of all artists. Michael Angelo sketched it from every possible point of view; and when, in his old age, he was deprived of sight, the enthusiastic painter caused himself to be conduct ed to this chef-d'œuvre of art, and, by passing his hands over it, sought in this way to enjoy those feelings of delight which his loss of vision seemed to deny him. (La Salle, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 325.)— IX. A sculptor, who made the head of a young satyr, now preserved at Egremont House, Petworth. (Consult O. Muller, Amalth., 3, 252.)—X. A sculptor, who, in connexion with his brother Tauriscus, constructed a celebrated image of a bull, formerly the property of Asinius Pollio. This image is generally supposed to be that now known as the Farnese Bull, though artists have observed several things in the latter per formance which argue it to be of a later date. (Plin., 36, 5.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) APONIANA, an island near Lilybæum. (Hirt., B. Afric., 2.) Cluverius thinks that one of the Egusæ or Egades is here meant. Others suppose it to be the same with Paconia of Ptolemy. In one MS. the name is given as Apononia. (Cluv., Sicil., 2, 15.) APONUS FONS, a fountain, or, more correctly, warm mineral springs about six miles to the south of Patavium. They were celebrated for their healing properties, and hence their name, from a, not, and ovos, the anguish or pain of a malady, as indicating their property of lulling or removing the pains of sickness. There was also a species of divination connected with them, by throwing articles into the fountain. (Lucan, Phars., 7, 193. Suet., Vit. Tib., c. 14, and Crus., ad loc.) The Aponus Fons was the principal source of what were denominated the Aqua Patavine. The name of Bagni d'Abano, by which these waters are at present known, has evidently been formed by corruption from Aponus. (Plin., 2, 103.—Id., 31, 6.) APOTHEOSIS, a ceremony observed by some ancient nations, by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank of deities. Neither the Egyptians nor Persians seem to have adopted this custom. The Greeks were the first who admitted it. The Romans borrowed it from them. Herodian (4, 2) has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After the body of the deceased was burned, a waxen image of it was placed upon a tall ivory couch in the vestibule of the palace, the couch being decked with the most sumptuous coverings. The image represented the emperor as pale and suffering under sickness. This continued for seven days. The city meanwhile was in sorrow. For the greater part of each day the senate sat ranged on the left side of the bed, dressed in robes of mourning, the ladies of the first rank sitting on the right side in white robes, without any ornaments. During the seven days the physicians paid regular visits to the sick person, and always reported that he grew worse, until at length they gave out that he was dead. When the death was announced, a band consisting of the noblest members of the equestrian order, and the most distinguished youths of senatorian rank, carried the couch and image, first to the Forum, where hymns and dirges were sung, and then to the Campus Martius. In this latter place a large pyramidal edifice of wood had been previously constructed, the interior being filled with combustibles of all kinds. The couch was placed on this, with abundance of aromatics and spices. The equestrian order then moved in solemn array around the pile, imitating by their evolutions the pyrrhic dance; and chariots were also driven around, having the persons standing in them arrayed in their prætextas, and wearing masks which recalled the features of the most celebrated Romans of former days. The new emperor then applied a torch to the pile, and fire was also communicated to it by the rest. Meanwhile, an eagle was let fly from the summit of the structure, which was to ascend with the flames to the heavens, and was supposed to bear with it from earth the soul of the deceased emperor. If the deified person was a female, a peacock, not an eagle, was sent from the funeral pile. (Lydius, de Re Mil., p. 93. Irmisch, ad Herodian, l. c.) Some writers, misled by the language of Diodorus Siculus, have ascribed the introduction of the apotheosis into Greece to Egyptian colonies. Diodorus, however, a partisan of the theory of Euthemerus, only saw in the gods of every religion mere deified mortals. Leibnitz commits, with regard to the Persians, an error similar to that of Diodorus, when he sees in the myth of Arimanes nothing more than the apotheosis of the chief of a Nomadic tribe. Mosheim also (Annot. ad Cudworth, p. 238) pretends that Mithras was only a deified hunter, because, upon the monuments that have reached us, he represented as killing a bull, and being followed by a dog! (Consult Constant, de la Religion, vol. 2, p. 446, in not.) stands females of loose character, remarking as fol lows: "Extra urbem plebs submaniana et meretricu la habitabant, maxime Via Appia." (Heins., ad Ov., 1. c.) APPIANUS, a native of Alexandrea, who flourished at Rome under Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. Here he distinguished himself by his forensic abilities, and acquired the post of a procurator of the empire. and, according to some authorities, the government of the province of Egypt. His Roman History ('P μaïkú, or 'loropía 'Pwμaïký), in twenty-four books, no longer exists entire. It embraced the history of the Republic to the time of Augustus, in an order which Appian himself explains in his preface. He states, that in reading the works which treated of Roman History, he was wearied with being compelled to transAPPIA VIA, the most celebrated of the Roman roads, port his attention every moment from one province to both on account of its length, and the difficulties which another, according as the scene of events changed: to it was necessary to overcome in its construction, pass from Carthage to Spain, from Spain to Sicily, hence called the "Queen of the Roman Ways," Regina from Sicily to Macedonia, and from this latter counViarum. (Stat., Syl., 2, 2.) It was made, as Livy in- try again to Carthage. To remedy this inconveforms us (9, 29), by the censor Appius Cæcus, A.U.C. nience, inseparable from synchronism, he collects to442, and in the first instance was only laid down as gether in his history the events that have passed in far as Capua, a distance of about a thousand stadia, each particular country: it is thus that the several or a hundred and twenty-five miles; but even this por- books of his history arose, in which the facts are stated, tion of the work, according to the account of Diodorus not in a chronological order, nor by principal epochs, Siculus, was executed in so expensive a manner, that but with reference to the country in which they took it exhausted the public treasury (20, 36). From place. This method, which has been sometimes imCapua it was subsequently carried on to Beneventum, itated in modern times, and especially by Gibbon, preand finally to Brundisium, when this port became the sents certainly some advantages. It labours under great place of resort for those who were desirous of the serious objection, however, of turning away the atcrossing over into Greece and Asia Minor. (Strabo, tention of the reader, in too great a degree, from the 283.) This latter part of the Appian Way is supposed main subject of the narrative. It is difficult, thereto have been constructed by the consul Appius Clau- fore, to follow, in Appian, the progressive greatness dius Pulcher, grandson of Cœcus, A.U.C. 504, and to and downfall of the state of which he treats. Still, have been completed by another consul of the same however, his work abounds with valuable information family thirty-six years after. We find frequent men- respecting the history of those times, and on many tion made of repairs done to this road by the Roman points of ancient geography. Though evidently a emperors, and more particularly by Trajan, both in the compilation, it is not the less important, however, on histories of the time, and also in ancient inscriptions. this account, since many of the sources whence he deThis road seems to have been still in excellent order in rived his information are completely lost to us, while the time of Procopius, who gives a very good account for some epochs of Roman history he is the only auof the manner in which it was constructed. He says, thority we possess. The details into which he enters, "An expeditious traveller might very well perform the on the events of the wars of which he treats, render his journey from Rome to Capua in five days. Its breadth work a very interesting one for military readers. Setis such as to admit of two carriages passing each oth- ting aside the defective nature of the plan, Appian's Above all others, this way is worthy of notice: history is, in other respects, wanting neither in critical for the stones which were employed on it are of an ex- views of the subject, nor in discernment. The gravest tremely hard nature, and were doubtless conveyed by reproach, however, to which he is exposed, is his parAppius from some distant quarry, as the adjoining tiality for the Romans, which makes it necessary to country furnishes none of that kind. These, when read him with caution. His style is formed on that they had been cut smooth and squared, he fitted to- of Polybius, but he is inferior to his model.--Of the gether closely, without using iron or any other sub-first five books of Appian's History we possess merely stance; and they adhere so firmly to each other, that fragments. The first book, which was entitled 'Pothey appear to have been thus formed by nature, and μaikov ẞaoihin, contained the history of the seven not cemented by art. And though they have been Roman kings: the succeeding four were entitled retravelled over by so many beasts of burden and car- spectively, Ιταλική, Σαμνιτικής Κελτική, and Σικε riages for ages, yet they do not seem to have been any λikǹ kai NŋowTIK, that is, the wars of the Romans wise moved from their place, or broken, nor to have in Italy, with the Samnites, with the Gauls, and in lost any part of their original smoothness." (Procop., Sicily and the other isles. We have then the 6th, Beil. Got., 3.) According to Eustace, such parts of 7th, and 8th entire. The sixth book, entitled 'lƐnpikń, the Appian Way as have escaped destruction, as at contains the history of the wars in Spain; the seventh, Fondi and Mola, show few traces of wear and decay 'Avvibaλiký, that of the wars with Hannibal; the after a duration of two thousand years. (Classical eighth, Λιβυκή, Καρχηδονικὴ καὶ Νουμιδική, the Punic Tour, vol. 3, p. 177.) The same writer states the Wars; of the ninth, Makedovik, which contained the average breadth of the Appian Way at from eighteen wars with Macedonia, we have only fragments reto twenty-two feet. maining ; the tenth, Ἑλληνικὴ καὶ Ἰωνική, containing the wars in Greece and Asia Minor, is entirely lost; of the eleventh, Συριακὴ καὶ Παρθική, the first part, the history of the wars in Syria, alone remains; the second part, the wars with the Parthians, is lost: this lacuna, in truth, is supplied in the MSS.; the part, however, thus supplied, was not written by Appian, but is a mere compilation from Plutarch's Lives of Crassus and Antony. Indeed, there is some reason to think that a history of the wars with the Parthians er. APPIADES, a name given to the five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and Peace. A temple was erected to them near the Appiæ Aquæ, in the vicinity of Julius Cæsar's forum. Such at least is the explanation commonly given to the expression Appiades Dea, as occurring in Ovid (A. A., 3, 452). Burmann, however, thinks that the poet refers merely to the nymphs of the adjacent fountain, while Heinsius, altering the common lection of Dea to suæ, under was never written by Appian. (Consult Schweighaeu- | across the Anio, and the nucleus was thus formed of ser, ad Hist. Parth Appiano tem. trib., p. 921, vol. 3.) The twelfth book, Mi@padariký, contains the history of the wars with Mithradates. In the nine succeeding books (from the 13th to the 21st inclusive), Appian gave the history of the civil wars, from the time of Marius and Sylla to the battle of Actium and the conquest of Egypt. Of these nine, the first five remain they contain, in the form of an introduction, the history of all the troubles that disturbed the Roman republic from the secession to the Mons Sacer down to the defeat of Sextus Pompeius. The twenty-second book, entitled 'ExaTovraɛría, contained the history of the first hundred years of the dominion of the Cæsars. From the account given of its contents, however, by Appian himself (Præf., 15), as well as from other sources (Phot., Cod., 57), it appears to have contained what we should call at the present day a statistical account of the Roman empire: the loss of this is much to be regretted. The twenty-third book, '12λupiký, or, as Photius calls it, Aakikn, contains the wars of Illyria: the twenty-fourth book, 'Apabiкn, treating of the wars of Arabia, is lost. From this list it results, that, regarding the eleventh as complete, we have ten books remaining of the History of Appian.The best edition of Appian is that of Schweighaeuser, Lips., 1785, 3 vols. 8vo. (Michaud, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 329, seqq.-Schweigh., ad App-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 173, seqq.) APPII FORUM, a small place on the Appian Way, about sixteen miles from the Tres Tabernæ. It is mentioned by St. Paul (Acts, 28, 15), and is also well known as Horace's second resting-place in his journey to Brundisium. Holstenius (Adnot., p. 210) and Corradini (Vet. Lat., 11, p. 94) agree in fixing the position of Forum Appii at Casarillo di Santa Maria. But D'Anville, from an exact computation of distances and relative positions, inclines to place it at Borgo Lungo, near Treponti, on the present road. (Anal. Geogr. de l'Italie, p. 186.) It would appear, that this opinion of D'Anville's is the more correct one, especially as it is clear from Horace (Serm., 1, 5), that from hence it was usual to embark on a canal, which ran parallel to the Appian Way, and which was called Decennovium, its length being nineteen miles. (Procop., Rer. Got., 1, 2.) Vestiges of this canal may still be traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 93.) As regards the ancient name, it may be remarked, that the term Forum was applied to places in the country where markets were held and courts of justice convened. APPIOLE, a city of Latium, in the territory of Setia (Corradini, Vet. Lat., 2, 2), taken and burnt by Tarquinius Priscus. It is said to have furnished from its spoils the sums necessary for the construction of the Circus Maximus. (Dion. Hal, 3, 49. — Lav., 1, 35. -Strabo, 231.) According to Corradini (l. c.), the name of Valle Apole is given in old writings to a tract of country situated between Sezza and Piperno. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 108.) APPIUS CLAUDIUS, I. the founder of the Appian family at Rome. He was a Sabine by birth, a native of Regillum, and his original name is said to have been Attus Clausus. In the year of the city 260, the last portion of what Niebuhr considers the mythical age of Roman History, Attus is said to have migrated to Rome, with the members and clients of his house to the number of 5000. This powerful accession of strength ensured him, of course, a favourable reception; he was classed among the patricians, enrolled in the senate, and assumed the more Roman name of Appius Claudius. His motive for leaving his native country is said to have been a wish to live on friendly terms with the Romans, with whom his fellow-citizens, notwithstanding his advice, were bent on making war. Lands were assigned to him and his followers what afterward became the Claudian tribe. Appius |