and Alexander of Macedon, in which the character of ALEXION, a physician, intimate with Cicero. (Cic., ad Att., 13, ep. 25.) ALEXIS, I a comic poet of Thurium, uncle on the father's side to Menander, and his instructer in the drama. (Proleg. Aristoph., p. xxx) He flourished in the time of Alexander the Great, and, according to Suidas, wrote 245 pieces for the stage (¿didaže dpúμara qué). Athenæus calls him ó xapieis," the gracefully sportive," and the extracts which he as well as Stobæus give from the productions of the poet appear to justify the appellation. If he did not invent the character of the parasite, he at least introduced it more frequently into his comedies, or portrayed it more successfully than any of his predecessors. The titles of several of his pieces have been preserved, besides the extracts which are given by Athenæus and Stobæus. (Athen., 2, 59, f-Schweigh. ad Athen., l. c.) The remains of this poet are also to be found in the Excerpta ex Trag. et Comoed. Gr. of Grotius, Paris, 1626, 4to.-II. An artist mentioned by Pliny as one of the pupils of Polycletus, but without any statement of his country or the works which he executed. (Plin., 34, 8.) for which precedent might not be found; and as there | containing pretended conversations between Philip were far more bad than good writers, the authority and weight of numbers was likely to prevail, and the language, consequently, to grow more and more corrupt. It was thought necessary, therefore, to draw a line between those classic writers, to whose authority an appeal in matter of language might be made, and the common herd of inferior authors. In the most cultivated modern tongues, it seems to have been found expedient to erect some such barrier against the inroads of corruption; and to this preservative caution are we indebted for the vocabulary of the Academicians della Crusca, and the list of authors therein cited as affording "testi di lingua." To this we owe the Dictionaries of the Royal Academies of France and Spain, of their respective languages; and Johnson's Dictionary of our own. But, as for the example first set in this matter by the Alexandrean critics, its effects upon their own literature have been of a doubtful nature In so far as the canon has contributed to preserve to us some of the best authors included in it, we cannot but rejoice. On the other hand, there is reason to believe, that the comparative neglect into which those not received into it were sure to fall, has been the occasion of the loss of a vast number of writers, who would have been, if not for their language, yet for their matter, very precious; and who, perhaps, in many cases, were not easily to be distinguished, even on the score of style, from those that were preferred. (Moore's Lectures, p. 55, seqq.) The details of the canon are as follows: 1. Epic Poets. Homer, Hesiod, Pisander, Panyasis, Antimachus. 2. Iambic Poets. Archilochus, Simonides, Hipponax. 3. Lyric Poets. Alcman, Alcæus, Sappho, Stesichorus, Pindar, Bacchylides, Ibycus, Anacreon, Simonides. 4. Elegiac Poets. Callinus, Mimnermus, Philetas, Callimachus. 5. Tragic Poets. (First Class) Eschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Ion. Achæus, Agathon. (Second Class, or Tragic Pleiades): Alexander the Ætolian, Philiscus of Corcyra, Sositheus, Homer the younger, Eantides, Sosiphanes or Sosicles, Lycophron. 6. Comic Poets. (Old Comedy): Epicharmus, Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Pherecrates, Plato. (Middle Comedy): Antiphanes, Alexis. (New Comedy): Menander, Philippides, Diphilus, Philemon, Apollodorus. 7. Historians. Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Theopompus, Ephorus, Philistus, Anaximenes, Callisthenes. 8. Orators. (The ten Attic Orators): Antiphon. Andocides, Lysias, Isocrates, Isæus, Eschines, Lycurgus, Demosthenes, Hyperides, Dinarchus. 9. Philosophers. Plato, Xenophon, Eschines, Aristotle, Theophrastus. 10. Poetic Pleiades. (Seven poets of the same epoch with one another). Apollonius the Rhodian, Aratus, Philiscus, Homer the younger. Lycophron, Nicander, Theocritus. (Schöll, Hist. Lt. Gr., vol. 3, p. 186, seqq.) ALEXANDROPOLIS, a city of Parthia, probably east of Nisæa, built by Alexander the Great. (Plin., 6, 25.) ALEXARCHUS, a Greek historian. Vid. Supplement. ALEXICACUS, an epithet applied to various deities, particularly to Jupiter, Apollo, Hercules, &c. It means "an averter of evil," and is derived from dež, "to avert, or "ward off," and Kakóν, "evil." Another Greek term of the same import is dлоrрóжαioг, and analogous to both is the Latin averruncus. (Consult Fischer, ad Aristoph., Plut., 359.) ALEXIAS, a Greek physician. Vid. Supplement. ALEXĪNUS, a native of Elis, the disciple of Eubulides, and a member of the Megaric sect. He set himself in array against almost all of his contemporaries that were in any way distinguished for talent, such as Aristotle, Zeno, Menedemus, Stilpo, and the historian Ephorus, and from his habit of finding fault with others was nicknamed Elenxinus ('Ehéyğıvoç), or “ the faultfinder." In particular, he vented the most calumnious imputations against Aristotle, and wrote a work ALFENUS, or PUBLIUS ALFENUS VARUS, a barber of Cremona, who, growing out of conceit with his line of business, quitted it and came to Rome. Here he attended the lectures of Servius Sulpicius, a celebrated lawyer of the day, and made so great proficiency in his studies as to become eventually the ablest lawyer of his time. His name often occurs in the Pandects. He was advanced to some of the highest offices in the empire, and was at last made consul, A U.C. 755. (Compare the commentators on Horace, Serm., 1, 3 130.) In some editions of Horace, Alfenus is styled Sutor," a shoemaker." Bentley, however, on the authority of two MSS., one of them a MS. copy of Acron. changes the lection to tonsor, a barber." His em endation has been very generally adopted. ALGIDUM, a town of Latium, on the Via Latina situate in a hollow about twelve miles from Rome. Antiquaries seem to agree in fixing its position at l'Osteria dell' Aglio. (Holstein, Adnot.. p. 158.-Vulp. Lat. Vet., 15, 1, p. 248.-Nibby, Viag. Antiq., vol. 2, p. 62.) ALGIDUS, a chain of mountains in Latium, stretching from the rear of the Alban Mount, and running parallel to the Tusculan Hills, being separated from them by the valley along which ran the Via Latina. The neighbourhood is remarkable for the numberless conflicts between the Roman armies and their unwearied antagonists the Equi and Volsci. Mount Algidus, in fact, was advantageously placed for making inroads on the Roman territory, either by the Via Latina or the Via Lavicana. The woods of the bleak Algidus are a favourite theme with Horace. (Od., 1, 21, 6.—3, 23, 9.-4, 4, 58.-Cramer's Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 48.) This mountainous range was sacred to Diana (Hor., Carm. Sec., 69) and to Fortune. (Liv., 21, 62.) ALIACMON. Vid. Haliacmon. ALIARTUS. Vid. Haliartus. ALIENUS C.ECĪNA. Vid. Cæcina. ALIMENTUS, C., a Roman historian, who flourished during the period of the second Punic war, of which he wrote an account in Greek. He was the author also of a biographical sketch, in Latin, of the Sicilian rhetorician Gorgias of Leontini, and of a work De Re Militari. This last-mentioned production is cited by Aulus Gellius, and is acknowledged by Vegetius as the foundation of his more elaborate commentaries on the same subject. (Dunlop's Roman Lit, vol 2, p 5, in notis.) ALINDA, a city of Caria, southeast of Stratonicea It was a place of some note and strength, and was held by Ada, queen of Caria, at the time that Alexander undertook the siege of Halicarnassus. (Arrian, Exp. Al, 1, 23-Strab, 657.) The site has been identified by many antiquaries with the modern Moglah, the principal town of modern Caria, but on what authority is not apparent. Another traveller, from the similarity of names, places it at Aleina, between Moglah and Tshina. (Rennell's Geogr. of Western ista, vol. 2, p. 53.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, P 208.) ALIPIUS. Vid. Alypius. ALIRROTHIUS. Vid. Halirrothius. ALLECTUS, a prætorian prefect, who slew Carausius in Britain, and took possession of his throne, holding it for three years, from 294 to 297 A.D. He was at last defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, a general of Constantius Chlorus, who landed on the coast of the island with an army. (Aurel. Vict., 39.) high," and Broga, "land." (Adelung's Mithridates, vol. 2, p 50) ALLUCIUS, a prince of the Celtiberi in Spain, whose affianced bride having fallen into the hands of Scipio Africanus, was restored to him uninjured by the Roman commander; an act of self-control rendered still more illustrious by reason of the surpassing beauty of the maiden. (Lav., 26, 50.) ALMO, a small river near Rome, falling into the Tiber It is now the Dachia, a corruption of Aqua d'Acio At the junction of this stream with the Tiber, the priests of Cybele, every year, on the 25th March, washed the statue and sacred things of the goddess. Vid. Lara. (Ovid, Fast., 4, 337-Lucan, 1, 600. Compare Vales. et Landenbr., ad Ammian. Marcell., 23. 3-Lucan, ed. Cort. et Weber, vol. 1, p. 157, seqq) ALOA, a festival at Athens, in the month Poseidon (a month including one third of December and two thirds. of January), in honour of Ceres and Bacchus. These deities were propitiated on this occasion, as by their blessing the husbandmen received the recompense of their toil and labour. The oblations, therefore, consisted of nothing but the productions of the earth. Hence Ceres was called Alvas ('A7wúç), Alois ('Azwis), and Eualosia (Eva^woía). All these names are derived from the Greek ú?ws, "a threshing-floor." According to Philochorus (p. 86, Fragm.), the Aloa was a united festival in honour of Bacchus, Ceres, and Proserpina. (Compare Corsini, Fast. Att., 2, p. 302.) ALLIA, a river of Italy, running down, according to We have written 'Awús, &c., with the lenis in place Livy, from the mountains of Crustumium, at the of the aspirate, although the root be aws. The uneleventh milestone, and flowing into the Tiber. It aspirated form is, in fact, the earlier of the two, and was crossed by the Via Salaria, about four miles beyond the more likely, therefore, to be retained as a religious the modern Marcigliano, and is now the Aia. Cluve- appellation. (Compare the remarks of Bergler, ad Alrius (Ital. Ant., vol. 1, p. 707) is mistaken when he ciphron, 1, ep. 33.) Reitz, however, favours the opidentifies the Allia with the Rio di Mosso, as that riv-posite form, though less correctly. (Ad Luc., Dial. ulet is much beyond the given distance from Rome. (Nibby, delle Vie degli Antichi, p. 87.) On its banks the Romans were defeated by the Gauls under Brennus, July 17th, B.C. 387. Forty thousand Romans were either killed or put to flight. Hence in the Roman calendar, "Alliensis dies" was marked as a most unlucky day. (Livy, 5, 37. — Florus, 1, 13. - Plut., Vit. Cam.) The true name of the river is Alia, with the first vowel short. Our mode of pronouncing and writing the name is derived from the poets, who lengthened the initial vowel by the duplication of the consonant. (Niebuhr, Roman Hist., vol. 2, p. 291, Walter's transl., in notis.) ALLIENI FORUM. Vid. Forum II. ALLIFE, a town of Samnium, northwest of the Vulturnus, the name of which often occurs in Livy. It was taken, according to that historian, by the consul Petilius, A.U.C. 429; and again by Rutilius. (Liv., 8, 25.-Id., 9, 38.) This place was famous for the large-sized drinking-cups made there. (Horat., Serm., 2, 8, 39.) The ancient site is occupied by the modern Allife. For a description of the numerous antiquities existing at Allife, consult Trutta, Diss. sopr. le Antich. Alif. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2. p. 233.) ALLOBROGES, a people of Gallia, between the Isara or Isere, and the Rhodanus or Rhone, in the country answering to Dauphiné, Piedmont, and Saroy. Their chief city was Vienna, now Vienne, on the left bank of the Rhodanus, thirteen miles below Lugdunum or Lyons. They were finally reduced beneath the Roman power by Fabius Maximus, who hence was honoured with the surname of Allobrogicus. (For the particulars of this war, consult Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. 2, p. 168, seqq., and the authorities there cited.) At a later day we find the ambassadors of this nation at Rome, tampered with by Catiline, but eventually remaining firm in their allegiance. (Sallust, Cat., 40, seqq.-Cic., in Cat., 3, 3, seqq.) The name Allobroges means " Highlanders," and is formed from Ai, Meretr., 1.) Creuzer gives 'Awa for the name of the festival, as we have done. (Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 308.) ALOEUS, I. son of Apollo and Circe. From him, through his son Epopeus, was descended the Marathon, after whom the famous plain in Attica was named. (Suid., s. v. Mapatóv.) Callimachus applied to this same Marathon, son of Apollo, the epithets of divy poc, "all humid," and Evvôpoç, “dwelling in the water” (Suid., 1. c.), a remark that will serve as an introduction to the explanation given by Creuzer to the fable of the Aloida. Vid. Aloida.-II. Son of Neptune and Iphimedia. He married Iphimedia, the daughter of his brother Triops; but Iphimedia having a stronger attachment for Neptune than for her own husband, be-came by the former the mother of two sens, Ctus and Ephialtes, whom Aloeus, however, brought up as his own (Homer makes them to have been nurtured by Earth), and who were hence called Aloidæ. Vid. Aloida. (Hom., Od., 11, 304, seqq.) ALOĪDÆ ('Aλweida), sons of Aloeus in name, but in reality the offspring of Neptune and Iphimedia. (Vid. Aloeus II.) They were two in number, Otu. and Ephialtes, and, according to Homer (Od., 11, 310 seqq.), were, in their ninth year, nine cubits in widt} and nine fathoms in height. At this early age, they undertook to make war upon heaven, with the intention of dethroning Jupiter; and, in order to reach the heav ens, they strove to place Mount Ossa upon Olympus, and Pelion upon Ossa; but they were destroyed by Apollo before, to use the graphic language of Homer, the down had bloomed beneath their temples, and had thickly covered their chin with a well-flowering beard." According to the animated narrative of the same bard, they would have accomplished their object had they made the attempt, not in childhood, but after having reached the measure of youth." (Od., l. c.) Such is the Homeric legend respecting the Aloida, as given in the Odyssey. In the Iliad (5, 385) they are said to have bound Mars, and kept him captive for the Ac ALOPECE, I. an island in the Palus Mæotis, near the mouth of the Tanais. Strabo and Ptolemy call it Alopecia ('A2жɛkia), but Pliny (4, 26) names it Alopece. II. An island in the Cimmerian Bosporus, near Panticapæum. Constantine Porphyrogenitus (de adm. imp., c. 42) calls it Atech ('ATEX).-III. A borough of Attica, north of Hymettus, and near the Cynosarges, consequently close to Athens. According to Herodotus (5, 63), it contained the tomb of Anchimolius, a Spartan chief, who fell in the first expedition undertaken by the Spartans to expel the Pisistratida. cording to Eschines (in Timarch., p. 119), it was not more than eleven or twelve stadia from the walls of the city. This was the borough or demus of Socrates and Aristides. It was enrolled in the tribe Antiochis. (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Ahwπéкn.) Chandler thought that he passed some vestiges belonging to it in his journey from Athens to Hymettus. (Travels, vol. 2, c. 30) ALOPECONNESUS, a town on the northern coast of the Thracian Chersonese. It was an Eolian colony, according to Scymnus (v. 705), and it is mentioned as one of the chief towns of the Chersonese by Demosthenes (de Cor., p. 256). It was taken by Philip, king of Macedon, towards the commencement of his wars with the Romans (Liv., 31, 16). According to Athenæus (2, 60), truffles of excellent quality grew near it. The site of the ancient town still retains the name of Alexi (Mannert, 7, p. 197.) space of thirteen months, until Mercury "stole him the Olpæ of Thucydides (3, 101).-IV. A town of the away” (ἐξέκλεψεν). Later writers add, of course, Locri Opuntii, above Daphnus. It was here that, acmany other particulars. Apollodorus makes Ephialtes cording to Thucydides, the Athenians obtained some to have aspired to a union with Juno, and Otus with advantages over the Locrians in a descent they made Diana. (Compare Nonnus, Dionys., 48, 402.- Hy-on this coast during the Peloponnesian war. (Thucyd., gin., Fab., 28.) He farther states, that Diana effected 2, 26.) their destruction in the island of Naxos. She changed herself, it seems, into a hind, and bounded between the two brothers, who, in their eagerness each to slay the animal, pierced one another with their weapons (ἐφ' ἑαυτοὺς ἠκόντισαν). Diodorus Siculus (5, 51) gives an historical air to the narrative, making the two brothers to have held sway in Naxos, and to have fallen in a quarrel by each other's hand. (Compare Pind., Pyth., 4, 88, ed. Böckh, and the scholiast, ad loc.) Virgil assigns the Aloïde a place of punishment in Tartarus (En., 6, 582), and some of the ancient fabulists make them to have been hurled thither by Jupiter, others by Apollo. So in the Odyssey (l. c.) they are spoken of as inhabiting the lower world, though no reason is assigned by the poet for their being there, except what we may infer from the legend itself, that they were cut off in early life, lest, if they had been allowed to attain their full growth, they might have obtained the empire of the skies. (Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.) Pausanias makes the Aloide to have founded Ascra in Boeotia, and to have been the first that sacrificed to the Muses on Mount Helicon (9, 29). Müller regards the Aloide as the mythic leaders of the old Thracian colonies, heroes by land and sea. They appear in Pieria (at Aloïum, near Tempe) and at Mount Helicon, and in both quarters have reference to the digging of canals and the draining of mountain-dales. (Orchomenus, p. 337.) Creuzer, on the other hand, sees in the fable of the Aloïda a figurative allusion to a contest, as it were, between the water and the land. Aloeus is "the man of the threshing-floor" (2wç), whose efforts are all useless on account of the infidelity of his spouse (the Earth," the very wise one," lot and μndoç). She unites against him with Neptune, and the sea thereupon begets the mighty energies of the tempests (Otus and Ephialtes), which darken the day ('roc, from rós, "the horned owl," the bird of night), which brood heavily over the earth, and cause the waves of ocean to leap and dash upon the cultivated regions along the shore ('Eourne, from πí, and aλhouai, “to leap," as indicating "the one that attacks" or " leaps upon," the spirit that oppresses and torments, " the nightmare"). At last the god of day (Apollo) comes forth, and the storm ceases, first along the mountain-tops, and at last even on the shore. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 386.) If we adopt the other version of the fable, that the Aloida were destroyed by Diana, the storm will then be hushed by the influence and changing of the moon. ALOIUM, town of Thessaly, near Tempe. (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Αλώιον.) ALOPE, I. daughter of Cercyon, king of Eleusis, and mother of Hippothoon by Neptune. She was put to death by her father, and her tomb is spoken of by Pausanias (1, 29). Hyginus says that Neptune, not being able to save her life, changed her corpse into a fountain (Fab., 187). The son, on having been exposed by order of its mother, was at first suckled by a mare (iπоç), | whence his name Hippothoon; and was afterward taken care of and brought up by some shepherds. When he had attained to manhood, he was placed on his grandfather's throne by Theseus, who had slain Cercyon. (Pansan, 1, 5, et 39.-Hygin., l. c.)-II. A town of Thessaly, situate, according to Steph. Byz. (s. v. 'A267), between Larissa Cremaste and Echinus. (Compare Strabo, 432.-Pomp. Mel., 2, 3.) It is probably the same with the Alitrope noticed by Scylax (p. 24), and retains its name on the shore of the Melian Gulf, below Makalla.-III. A town of the Locri Ozolæ, according to Strabo (427). It is, perhaps, no other than ALOS, or HALOS, I. a city in Thessaly, situate near the sea, on the river Amphrysus. It was founded by Athamas, whose memory was here held in the highest veneration. (Strab., 432. - - Herodot., 7, 197.) This place was called the "Phthiotic" or "Achæan" Alos, to distinguish it from another city of the same namo among the Locri.-II. A city of the Locri Opuntii. ALPENUS, a town of the Locri Epicnemidii, south of Thermopyla, whence, as Herodotus (7, 229) inform:s us, Leonidas and his little band drew their supplies. It is also called Alpeni ('AZπnvot). This is probably the same town which Eschines names Alponus, since he describes it as being close to Thermopyla. (Esch., de Fals. Leg., p. 46.) ALPES, a chain of mountains, separating Italia from Gallia, Helvetia, and Germania. Their name is derived from their height, Alp being the old Celtic appellation for a lofty mountain. (Adelung, Mithridates, vol. 2, p. 42.-Compare remarks under the article Albion II.) They extend from the Sinus Flanaticus, or Gulf of Carnero, at the top of the Gulf of Venice, and the sources of the river Colapis, or Kulpe, to Vada Sabatia, or Savona, on the Gulf of Genoa. The whole extent, which is in a crescent form, Livy makes only 250 miles, Pliny 700 miles. The true amount is nearly 600 British miles. They have been divided by both ancient and modern geographers into various portions, of which the principal are, 1. The Maritime Alps (Alpes Maritima), beginning from the environs of Nice (Nicæа), and extending to Mons Vesulus, Monte Viso. 2. The Cottian Alps (Alpes Cottie), reaching from the last-mentioned point to Mont Cenis. (Vid. Cottius.) 3. The Graian Alps (Alpes Graia), lying between Mont Iseran and the Little St. Bernard inclusively. The name Graie is said to refer to the tradition of Hercules having crossed over them on his return from Spain into Italy and Greece. 4. The Pennine Alps (Alpes Pennine), extending from the Great St. Bernard to the sources of the Rhone and Rhine. The name is deri ved from the Celtic Penn, "a summit," and not, as Livy and other ancient writers, together with some modern ones, pretend, from Hannibal having crossed into Italy by this path, and who, therefore, make the | The modern name of the river is the Rouphia.-There orthography Poenina, from Poenus. 5. The Rhætic are few streams so celebrated in antiquity as the Alor Tridentine Alps (Alpes Rhætica sive Tridentina), pheus. Its proximity to the scene of the Olympic from the St. Gothard, whose numerous peaks bore the contests connects its name continually with the menname of Adula, to Mont Brenner in the Tyrol. 6. tion of those memorable games, on the part of the anThe Noric Alps (Alpes Norica), from the latter point cient poets, and gives it, in particular, a conspicuous to the head of the river Plavis, or la Piave. 7. The place in the verses of Pindar. There is also a pleasCarnic or Julian Alps (Alpes Carnica sive Juliæ), ter- ing legend connected with the stream. According to minating in the Mons Albius on the confines of Illyri- the poets, the god of the Alpheus became enamoured cum. It was not till the reign of Augustus that the of and pursued the nymph Arethusa, who was only seAips became well known. That emperor finally sub-ved from him by the intervention of Diana, and chang dued the numerous and savage clans which inhabited ed for that purpose into a fountain. This fountain she the Alpine valleys, and cleared the passes of the ban-placed in the island of Ortygia, near the coast of Siciditti that infested them. He improved the old roads ly, and forming in a later age one of the quarters of the and constructed new ones; and finally succeeded in city of Syracuse. The ardent river-god, however, did establishing a free and easy communication through not even then desist, but worked a passage for his these mountains. (Strab., 204.) It was then that stream amid the intervening ocean, and, rising up again the whole of this great chain was divided into the seven in the Ortygian island, commingled its waters with portions which have just been mentioned. Among the those of the fountain of Arethusa. Hence, according Pennine Alps is Mont Blanc, 14,676 feet high. The to popular belief, if anything were thrown upon the AIprincipal passes at the present day are, that over the pheus in Elis, it was sure to reappear, after a certain Great St. Bernard, that over Mont Simplon, and that lapse of time, upon the bosom of the Ortygian founover Mont St. Gothard. The manner in which Han-tain. (Pausan., 5, 7.-Id., 8, 54.-Strab., 269 et 343. nibal is said to have effected his passage over these mountains is now generally regarded as a fiction. (Vid. Hannibal, under which article some remarks will also be offered upon the route of the Carthaginian commander in crossing the Alps.) Besides the divisions of the Alps already mentioned, we sometimes meet with others, such as the Lepontine Alps (Alpes Lepontia), between the sources of the Rhine and the Lacus Verbanus (Lago Maggiore); the Alpes Summæ (Cæs., B. G., 3, 1, and 4, 10), running off from the Pennine Alps, and reaching as far as the Lake Verbanus, &c. Pind., Nem., 1, 1, seqq.-Moschus, Id., 8.Virg., En., 3, 692, seqq.-Id., Georg., 3, 180—Nennus, in Creuz., Melet., 1, p. 78.) According to another version, however, of the same legend, it was Diana herself, and not the nymph Arethusa, whom the river-god of the Alpheus pursued, and, when this pursuit Lad ended in the island of Ortygia, the fountain of Arethusa arose there. (Schol. ad Pind., Nem., 1, 3.— vol. 2, p. 428, ed. Böckh.) The account last given will afford us a clew to the true meaning of the entire fable The goddess Diana had, it seems, a common altar at Olympia with the god of the Alpheus. (HeALPHESIBEA, daughter of Phygeus, or Phegeus, rodotus, in Schol. ad Pind., Olymp., 5, 10.—I auking of Psophis in Arcadia, married Alemæon, son of san., 5, 14.) To the same Diana water was held saAmphiaraus, who had fled to her father's court after cred. (Böckh, ad Pind., Nem., 1.- Creuzer's Symthe murder of his mother. She received, as a bridal bolik, vol. 2, p. 182.) This part of the worship of present, the fatal collar and robe which had been given Diana having passed from the Peloponnesus into Sicito Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Am-ly, the worship of the Alpheus accompanied it; or, in phiaraus. The ground, however, becoming barren on other words, a common altar for the two divinities was his account. Alemæon left Arcadia and his newly-erected by the Syracusans in Ortygia, similar in its atmarried wife, in obedience to an oracle, and came, first to Calydon unto king Eneus, then to the Thesprotii, and finally to the Achelous. Here he was purified by the river-god from the stain of his mother's blood, and married Callirrhoë, the daughter of the stream. Callirrhoë had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a present, the collar and robe, which were then in the hands of Alphesiboa. He endeavoured to obtain them, under the pretence that he wished to consecrate them at Delphi; but the deception being discovered, he was siain by the two brothers of Alphesiboa, who had lain in wait for him. Alphesiboa, showing too much sorrow for the loss of her former husband, was conveyed by her brothers to Tegea, and given into the hands of Agapenor. The more usual name by which Alphesiboa is known among the ancient fabulists is Arsinoë. (Apollod., 3, 7.-Heyne, ad loc.) ALPHEUS and ALPHEUS (Aλpeóc, and 'A20ɛóc, the short penuit marking the earlier, the long one the later and more usual, pronunciation), I. a river of Peloponnesus, flowing through Arcadia and Elis. It rose in the Laconian border of Arcadia, about five stadia from Asea, and mingled its waters, at its source, with those of the Eurotas. The united streams continued their course for the space of twenty stadia, when they disappeared in a chasm. The Alpheus was seen to rise again at a place called Pegæ (nyaí), or “ the sources," in the territory of Megalopolis, and the Eurotas in that of Belmina, in Laconia. Flowing onward from this quarter, the Alpheus passes through the intervening part of Arcadia, enters Elis, passes through the plain of Olympia, and discharges its waters, now swelled by humerous tributary streams, into the Sicilian Sea. tendant rites and ceremonies to the altar at Olympia. For in the island of Ortygia all water was held sacred (Schol. ad Pind., Nem., I, 1-2, p. 428, ed. Eückh), and Diana, besides, was worshipped at the fountain of Arethusa, under the titles of Torquía and 'A7qɛúa. From this commingling of rites arose, therefore, the poetic legend, that the Alpheus had passed through the ocean to Ortygia, and blended its waters with those of Arethusa, or, in other words, its rites with those of Diana. (Böckh, ad Pind., Nem., l. c.)—II. An engraver on gems, who executed many works in connexion with Arethon, one of his contemporaries. A head of Caligula, engraved by him when a young man, is stil! extant. (Bracci, pt 1, tab 16.) ALPHIUS AVĪTus, a Roman poet, who wrote an account of illustrious men, in two volumes. Terentianus Maurus has cited some verses of the work, having reference to the story of Camillus and the schoolmaster of Falisci. (Compare Burmann, Anthol. Lat., vol. 1, p. 452.) ALPINUS (CORNELIUS), a wretched poet, ridiculed by Horace (Serm., 1, 10, 36, segg). In describing Memnon slain by Achilles, he kills him, as it were, according to Horace, by the miserable character of his own description. So also the same poet is represented by the Venusian bard as giving the Rhine a head of mud. Who this Alpinus actually was cannot be exactly ascertained, and no wonder, since it would have been strange if any particulars of so contemptible a poet had escaped oblivion. Cruquius, without any authority, discovers in Alpinus the poet Cornelius Gallus, the friend of Virgil. Nor is Bentley's supposition of any great value. According to this latter critic, Horace ALT alludes, under the name of Alpinus, to Furius Bibacu- | two hundred and thirty statues; of Jupiter alone i ALPIS, a river falling into the Danube. Mannert (Geogr., vol. 3, p. 510) supposes this to have been the same with the Enus, or Inn. It is mentioned by Herodotus (4, 29). ALSIUM, a maritime town of Etruria, southeast from Cære, now Palo. (Sil. Ital., 8, 475.) ALTHEA, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married Eneus, king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager, considerSeven days after ed by some to be the son of Mars. the birth of Meleager, the Destinies came unto Althæa, and announced that the life of Meleager depended upon a brand then burning on the hearth, and that he would die when it was consumed. The mother saved the brand from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althæa's brothers, Althæa, to revenge their death, threw the piece of wood into the fire, and, as soon as it was burned, Meleager expired. She was afterward so deeply grieved for the loss of her son, that she made away with her own existence. (Apollod., 1, 8, 1.Ovid, Met., 8, 446, seqq.) Another version of the story is also given (Apollod., I. c.), which appears to have been derived from Homer (I., 9, 551.-Compare with this Anton. Lib, c. 2, and Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.). ALTHEMENES (Aλ@nuévns, more correct than Althæmenes, 'A20auévns, the common form. Heyne, ad Apollod., 3, 2, 1, not. crit.), son of Catreus, king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be their father's murderer, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide, and built, on Mount Atabyrus, the famous temple of Jupiter Atabyrius. After the death of all his other sons, Catreus went after his son Althemenes: when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son. When Althemenes knew that he had killed his father, he entreated the gods to remove him; and the earth immediately opened, and swallowed him up. (Apollod., 3, 2.) According to Diodorus Siculus, however, he shunned the society of men after the fatal deed, and died eventually of grief. (Diod. Sic., 5, 59.) ALTINUM, a flourishing city near Aquileia. According to Cluverius, the precise site of the ancient Altinum seems uncertain. D'Anville, however, asserts (Anal. Geogr. de l'Ital., p. 84) that its place is yet marked by the name of Altino, on the right bank of the river Silis (Sile), and near its mouth. According to Strabo (214), the situation of Altinum bore much resemblance to that of Ravenna. The earliest menAt a lation of it is in Velleius Paterculus (2, 76). ter period of the Roman empire it must have become a place of considerable note, since Martial compares the appearance of its shore, lined with villas, to that of Baiæ. (Ep., 4, 25.) It was also celebrated for its wool. (Martial, Ep., 14. 153.) ALTIS, the sacred grove of Olympia, on the banks of the Alpheus, in the centre of which stood the temple of Jupiter. It was composed of olive and planeBesides trees, and was surrounded by an enclosure. the temple just mentioned, the grove contained those of Juno and Lucina, the theatre, and the prytaneum. In front of it, or, if we follow Strabo, within its precincts, was the stadium, together with the race-ground or hippodromus. The whole grove was filled with monuments and statues, erected in honour of gods, heroes, and conquerors. Pausanias mentions more than describes twenty-three, and these were, for the most ALUNTIUM, a town of Sicily, on the northern coast, ALYATTES, a king of Lydia, father of Croesus, suc ceeded Sadyattes. He drove the Cimmerians from He died after a Asia, and made war against Cyaxares, king of the Medes, the grandson of Deioces. reign of 57 years, and after having brought to a close a war against the Milesians. An immense barrow or mound was raised upon his grave, composed of stones and earth. This is still visible within about five miles of Sardis or Sart. For some curious remarks on the resemblance between this tomb, as described by Herodotus, and that said to have been erected in memory of Porsenna (Varro, ap. Plin., 36, 13), and which af fords a new argument in favour of the Lydian origin of Etrurian civilization, consult the Excursus of Creuzer, ad Herod., 1, 93 (ed. Bahr, vol. 1, p. 924).—It is also related that an eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between this monarch and Cyaxares, and that this eclipse had been predicted by Thales. (Herod., 1, 74-Bahr, ad loc.) Modern investigations make it to have been a total one. (Oltmann, Act. Soc. Berolin. Mathemat., 1812.) It is worthy of notice, too, that the same eclipse is mentioned in the Persian poem Schahnameh, as having taken place under king Keikawus, who is thought to have been the Cyaxares of the Greek writers. (Von Hammer, Wiener Jahrbüch., 9, p. 13.) For remarks on the chronology of this reign, consult Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. 1, 2d ed., p. 296 et 298, and also Larcher, Histoire d'Herodote, vol. 7, p. 537. (Table Chronol.) ALYPIUS, I. a philosopher of Alexandrea in Egypt, contemporary with Jamblichus. He was remarkably small of size, but possessed, according to Eunapius, a very subtle turn of mind, and was very skilful in dialectics. Alypius wrote nothing; all his instruction was given orally. Jamblichus composed a life of this philosopher. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 1, p. 657.) — II. A Introduction to Music." native of Alexandrea, who wrote a work on music, entitled, Eioaywyn μovoikń, or “ He divides the whole musical art into seven portions: 4. Kinds. 2. Intervals. 3. Systems. He treats, 1. Sounds. 5. Tones. 6. Changes. 7. Compositions. however, of only one of these, the fifth; whence Meibomius concludes that only a fragment of his work has There is some difference of opinion as Cassiodorus reached us. to the period when Alypius flourished. (De Musica, sub fin.) believes, that he was anterior to Ptolemy, and even to Euclid. De la Borde (Essai sur la Musique, vol. 3, p. 133) places him in the latter half of the fourth century after Christ. Of all the ancient writers on music that have come down to us, he is the only one through whom we are made acquainted with the notes employed by the Greeks; so that, without him, our knowledge of the ancient music would be greatly circumscribed. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 8, p. 270.)-III. A native of Antioch, an architect and engineer, who lived in the reign of Julian the apostate, to whom he dedicated a geographical description of the ancient world. This production is considered by some to be the same with the short abridgment, first pubThere is, however, no good lished by Godefroy (Gothofredus), in Greek and Latin, at Geneva, 1628, in 4to. reason whatever to suppose this work to have been written by Alypius. The Greek text published by Godefroy appears rather to have been forged after the 117 |