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AGRIONIA, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, generally celebrated in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose, because the god was attended with wild beasts. The appellation, however, should rather be viewed as referring back to an early period, when human sacrifices were offered to Bacchus. Hence the terms 'unoric and 'Aypiúvior applied to this deity. (Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 334.) Plutarch even speaks of a human sacrifice to this god as late as the days of Themistocles (Vit., 13), when three Persian prisoners were offered up by him to Bacchus, at the instigation of the diviner Eurantides. The same writer elsewhere (Vit. Ant., 24) uses both 'unors and 'Ayptúvios, in speaking of Bacchus; where Reiske, without any necessity, proposes 'Aypichios (from 622v) as an emendation. In celebrating this festival, the Grecian women, being assembled, sought eagerly for Bacchus, who, they pretended, had fled from them; but, finding their labour ineffectual, they said that he had retired to the Muses and concealed himself among them. The ceremony being thus ended, they regaled themselves with an entertainment. (Plut., Sympos., 8, 1.) Has this a figurative reference to the suspension of human sacrifices, and the consequent introduction of a milder form of worship? Castellanus, however (Syntagm. de Festis Græcor., s. v. Agrionia), makes the festival in question to have been a general symbol of the progress of civilization and refinement. (Compare Rolle, Recherches sur le Culte de Bacchus, vol. 3, p. 251.)

gagement with the Caledonians under their most able | return to its former masters. On the commencement of leader Galgacus. The latter made a noble stand, but the Punic wars, Agrigentum was one of the most imporwas at last obliged to yield to Roman valour and dis- tant strongholds which the Carthaginians possessed in cipline; and, having taken hostages, Agricola gradual- the island. It suffered severely during these conflicts, ly withdrew his forces into the Roman limits. In the being alternately in the hands of either party (Diod. mean time, Domitian had succeeded to the empire, to Sic., 23, 7.-Polyb., 1, 17, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 23, 9. whose mean and jealous nature the brilliant character-Id., 23, 14), but it eventually fell under the Roman and successes of Agricola gave secret uneasiness. power, and, notwithstanding its losses, continued for Artfully spreading a rumour that he intended to make a long period a flourishing place, though it is supposed the latter governor of Syria, he recalled him, received to have been confined, after it came permanently unhim coldly, and allowed him to descend into private der the Romans, to the limits of the ancient Camicus, life. The jealousy of the tyrant still pursued him; with which the modern Girgenti nearly corresponds. and as, after he had been induced to resign his pre- Diodorus states the population, in its best days, to have tension to the proconsulship of Asia or Africa, he was been not less than 120,000 persons. (Mannert, 9, pt. soon seized with an illness of which he died, Domi- 2, p. 353, seqq.-Hoare's Classical Tour, vol. 2, p. tian, possibly without reason, has been suspected of a 90, seqq.) recourse to poison. Agricola died A.D. 93, in his fifty-fourth year, leaving a widow, and one daughter, the wife of Tacitus. It is this historian who has so admirably written his life, and preserved his high character for the respect of posterity. (Tac., Vit. Agric.) AGRIGENTUM, a celebrated city of Sicily, about three miles from the southern coast, in what is now called the valley of Mazara. The Greek form of the name was Acragas (Aкpayaç), derived from that of a small stream in the neighbourhood. The primitive name was Camicus, or, to speak more correctly, this was the appellation of an old city of the Sicani, situate on the summit of a mountain, which afterward was regarded merely as the citadel of Agrigentum. The founding of Camicus is ascribed to Dædalus, who is said to have built it, after his flight from Crete, for the Sicanian prince, Cocalus. In the first year of the 56th Olympiad, 556 B.C., a colony was sent from Gela to this quarter, which founded Agrigentum, on a neighbouring height, to the southeast. Its situation was, indeed, peculiarly strong and imposing, standing as it did on a bare and precipitous rock, 1100 feet above the level of the sea. To this advantage the city added others of a commercial nature, being near to the sea, which afforded the means of an easy intercourse with the ports of Africa and the south of Europe. The adjacent country, moreover, was very fertile. From the combined operation of all these causes, Agrigentum soon became a wealthy and powerful city, and was considered inferior to Syracuse alone. According to Diodorus Siculus (13, 81, seqq.), it drew on itself the enmity of the Carthaginians (406 B.C.), by refusing to embrace their alliance, or even to remain neutral. It was according ly besieged by their generals Hannibal and Hamilcar. The former, with many of his troops, died of a pestilential disorder, derived from the putrid effluvia of the tombs, which were opened and destroyed for the sake of the stone. But, from want of timely assistance and scarcity of provisions, the Agrigentines were obliged to abandon their city, and fly for protection to Gela, whence they were transferred to the city of the Leontines, which was allotted to them by the republic of Syracuse. The conqueror Hamilcar despoiled Agrigentum of all its riches, valuable pictures, and statues. Among the trophies sent to Carthage was the celebrated bull of Phalaris, which, two hundred and sixty years afterward, on the destruction of Carthage, was restored to the Agrigentines by Scipio. At a subsequent period, when a general peace had taken place, Ol. 96, 1 (Diod. Sic., 14, 78), we find the Agrigentines returning to their native city; though, from a passage in Diodorus (13, 113), it would seem that the place had not been entirely destroyed by the foe, and that many of its previous inhabitants might have come back at an earlier date. (Ol. 93, 4.) Agrigentum soon recovered its importance, but the tyranny of Phintias having induced the inhabitants to call in the aid of Carthage, the city once more fell under that power. Not long after, it revolted to Pyrrhus (Diod. Sic., 22, exc., 14), But, on his departure from the island, was compelled to

AGRIPPA ('Aуpinаç), I. a skeptical philosopher, only known to have lived later than Enesidemus, the contemporary of Cicero, from whom he is said to have been the fifth in descent. He is quoted by Diogenes Laertius, who probably wrote about the time of M. Antoninus. The "five grounds of doubt" (oi ñévte tpóTo), which are given by Sextus Empiricus as a summary of the later skepticism, are ascribed by Diogenes Laertius (9, 88) to Agrippa.

1. The first of these argues from the uncertainty of the rules of common life, and of the opinions of philosophers. 2. The second from the "rejectio ad infinitum :" all proof requires some farther proof, and so on to infinity. 3. All things are changed as their relations become changed, or as we look upon them in different points of view. 4. The truth asserted is merely an hypothesis; or, 5. Involves a vicious circle. (Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhon. Hypot., 1, 15.)

With reference to these Tévre TрÓTо, it need only be remarked, that the first and third are a short summary of the ten original grounds of doubt which were the basis of the earlier skepticism. The three additional ones show a progress in the skeptical system, and a transition from the common objections derived from the fallibility of sense and opinion, to more abstract and metaphysical grounds of doubt. They seem to mark a new attempt to systematize the skeptical philosophy, and adapt it to the spirit of a later age. (Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, 12, 4.)—II. M. Asinius, consul A.D 25. died A.D. 26, was descended from a family more

AGRIPPA.

illustrious than ancient, and did not disgrace it by his | vented him from finishing the impregnable fortifications mode of life. (Tac., Ann., 4, 34, 61.)-III. Agrippa with which he had begun to surround Jerusalem. His Castor, about A.D. 135, praised as an historian by Eu- friendship was courted by many of the neighbouring sebius, and for his learning by St. Jerome (de Viris Il-kings and rulers. It was probably to increase his poplustr., c. 21), lived in the reign of Hadrian. He wrote ularity with the Jews that he caused the apostle James, against the twenty-four books of the Alexandrean Gnos- the brother of John, to be beheaded, and Peter to be tic, Basilides, on the Gospel. Quotations are made cast into prison (A.D. 44.-Acts, 12). It was not, however, merely by such acts that he strove to win from his work by Eusebius. (Hist. Eccles., 4, 7.their favour, as we see from the way in which, at the See Gallandi's Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. 1, p. 330.). IV. Fonteius, one of the accusers of Libo, A.D. 16, risk of his own life, or, at least, of his liberty, he inis again mentioned in A.D. 19, as offering his daugh- terceded with Caligula on behalf of the Jews, when that emperor was attempting to set up his statue in the ter for a vestal virgin. (Tac., Ann., 2, 30, 86.)V. Probably the son of the preceding, commanded the Temple at Jerusalem. The manner of his death, which province of Asia with proconsular power, A.D. 69, and took place at Cæsarea in the same year, as he was exwas recalled from thence by Vespasian, and placed hibiting games in honour of the emperor, is related in He was shortly afterward Acts, 12, and is confirmed in all essential points by over Masia in A.D. 70. killed in battle by the Sarmatians. (Tac., Hist., 3, Josephus, who repeats Agrippa's words, in which he 46.-Joseph., B. Jud., 7, 4, § 3.)-VI. Herōdes I. acknowledged the justice of the punishment thus in('Нpions 'Aуpinπaç), called by Josephus (Ant. Jud., flicted on him. After lingering five days, he expired, 17, 2, § 2)“ Agrippa the Great," was the son of Aris- in the fifty-fourth year of his age. By his wife Cypros he had a son named Agrippa, tobulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great. Shortly before the death of his grandfather he came and three daughters, Berenice, who first married her to Rome, where he was educated with the future em- uncle Herodes, king of Chalcis, afterward lived with peror Claudius, and Drusus, the son of Tiberius. He her brother Agrippa, and subsequently married Polasquandered his property in giving sumptuous enter-mo, king of Cilicia; she is alluded to by Juvenal (Sat., (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 17, 1, tainments to gratify his princely friends, and in bestow- 6, 156); Mariamne and Drusilla, who married Felix, ing largesses on the freedmen of the emperor, and be- the procurator of Judæa, came so deeply involved in debt that he was compelled 2; 18, 5-8; 19, 4-8.-Bell. Jud., 1, 28, § 1; 2, to fly from Rome, and betook himself to a fortress at 9, 11-Dion Cass., 60, 8.-Euseb., Hist. Eccles., Malatha in Idumæa. Through the mediation of his 2, 10.)-VII. Herodes II., the son of Agrippa I., was wife Cypros, with his sister Herodias, the wife of He- educated at the court of the Emperor Claudius, and at rodes Antipas, he was allowed to take up his abode at the time of his father's death was only seventeen years Tiberias, and received the rank of ædile in that city, old. Claudius, therefore, kept him at Rome, and sent with a small yearly income. But, having quarrelled Cuspius Fadus as procurator of the kingdom, which with his brother-in-law, he fled to Flaccus, the pro- thus again became a Roman province. On the death consul of Syria. Soon afterward he was convicted, of Herodes, king of Chalcis (A.D. 48), his little prin through the information of his brother Aristobulus, of cipality, with the right of superintending the Temple having received a bribe from the Damascenes, who and appointing the high-priest, was given to Agrippa, wished to purchase his influence with the proconsul, who four years afterward received in its stead the toand was again compelled to fly. He was arrested, as trarchies formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, with he was about to sail for Italy, for a sum of money the title of king. In A.D. 55, Nero added the cities which he owed to the treasury of Cæsar, but made his of Tiberias and Tariches in Galilee, and Julias, with escape, and reached Alexandrea, where his wife suc- fourteen villages near it, in Perea. Agrippa expendceeded in obtaining a supply of money from Alexan-ed large sums in beautifying Jerusalem and other citder the Alabarch. He then set sail, and landed at Pu-ies, especially Berytus. His partiality for the latter teoli. He was favourably received by Tiberius, who rendered him unpopular among his own subjects, and intrusted him with the education of his grandson, Ti- the capricious manner in which he appointed and deberius. He also formed an intimacy with Caius Ca- posed the high-priests, with some other acts which ligula. Having one day incautiously expressed a wish were distasteful, made him an object of dislike to the that the latter might soon succeed to the throne, his Jews. Before the outbreak of the war with the Rowords were reported by his freedman Eutychus to Ti-mans, Agrippa attempted in vain to dissuade the peoberius, who forthwith threw him into prison. Calig-ple from rebelling. When the war was begun he siula, on his accession (A.D. 37), set him at liberty, and ded with the Romans, and was wounded at the siege After the capture of Jerusalem, he went gave him the tetrarchies of Lysanias (Abilene) and of Gamala. Philippus (Batanæa, Trachonitis, and Auranitis). He with his sister Berenice to Rome, where he was inalso presented him with a golden chain of equal weight vested with the dignity of prætor. He died in the with the iron one which he had worn in prison. In seventieth year of his age, in the third year of the reign the following year Agrippa took possession of his king- of Trajan. He was the last prince of the house of the dom, and, after the banishment of Herodes Antipas, the Herods. It was before this Agrippa that the apostle Paul made his defence (A.D. 60.-Acts, 25, 26). tetrarchy of the latter was added to his dominions. On the death of Caligula, Agrippa, who was at the lived on terms of intimacy with the historian Josephus, time in Rome, materially assisted Claudius in gaining who has preserved two of the letters he received from possession of the empire. As a reward for his servi- him. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 17, 5, § 4; 19, 9, § 2; 20, ces, Judæa and Samaria were annexed to his domin-1, § 3, 5; 92, 7; § 1, 8; 4 and 11, 9, § 4.-Bell. Jud., ions, which were now even more extensive than those 2, 11, § 6, 12; § 1, 16, 17; 1, 4, 1; § 3.-Vit., s. of Herod the Great. He was also invested with the 54.-Phot., Cod., 33.)-VIII. Menenius. (Vid. Meconsular dignity, and a league was publicly made nenius.)-IX. Posthumus, a posthumous son of M. At his request, Vipsanius Agrippa, by Julia, the daughter of Augustus, He was adopted by Augustus, with him by Claudius in the forum. the kingdom of Chalcis was given to his brother He- was born in B.C. 12. rodes (A.D. 41). He then went to Jerusalem, where together with Tiberius, in A.D. 4, and he assumed the he offered sacrifices, and suspended in the treasury of toga virilis in the following year, A.D. 5. (Suet., Octhe temple the golden chain which Caligula had giv- tav., 64, 65.-Dion Cass., liv. 29, 55, 22.) Notwithen him. His government was mild and gentle, and standing his adoption, he was afterward banished by he was exceedingly popular among the Jews. In the Augustus to the island of Planasia, on the coast of city of Berytus he built a theatre and amphitheatre, Corsica: a disgrace which he incurred on account of his baths and porticoes. The suspicions of Claudius pre-savage and intractable character, but he was not guilty

He

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diately after his promotion to this dignity, he was char. ged by Octavianus with the construction of a fleet, which was the more necessary, as Sextus Pompey was master of the sea.

of any crime. There he was under the surveillance of soldiers, and Augustus obtained a senatus consultum, by which the banishment was legally confirmed for the time of his life. The property of Agrippa was assigned by Augustus to the treasury of the army. It is said that during his captivity he received the visit of Augustus, who secretly went to Planasia, accompanied by Fabius Maximus. Augustus and Agrippa, both deeply affected, shed tears when they met, and it was be-ed the Julian port in honour of Octavianus, and where lieved that Agrippa would be restored to liberty But the news of this visit reached Livia, the mother of Tiberius, and Agrippa remained a captive. After the accession of Tiberius, in A.D. 14, Agrippa was murdered by a centurion, who entered his prison and killed him, after a long struggle, for Agrippa was a man of great bodily strength. When the centurion afterward went to Tiberius to give him an account of the execution, the emperor denied having given any order for it, and it is very probable that Livia was the secret author of the crime. There was a rumour that Augustus had left an order for the execution of Agrippa, but this is positively contradicted by Tacitus. (Tac., Ann. 1, 3-6.. Dion Cass., 55, 32; 57, 3. - Suet., 1. c., Tib., 22.-Vellei., 2, 104, 112.)

After the death of Agrippa, a slave of the name of Clemens, who was not informed of the murder, landed on Planasia with the intention of restoring Agrippa to liberty and carrying him off to the army in Germany. When he heard of what had taken place, he tried to profit by his great resemblance to the murdered captive, and he gave himself out as Agrippa. He landed at Ostia, and found many who believed him, or affected to believe him, but he was seized and put to death by order of Tiberius. (Tac., Ann., 2, 39, 40.)

Agrippa, in whom thoughts and deeds were never separated (Vellei., 2, 79), executed this order with prompt energy. The Lucrine Lake, near Baiæ, was transformed by him into a safe harbour, which he callhe exercised his sailors and mariners till they were able to encounter the experienced sailors of Pompey. In B.C. 36, Agrippa defeated Sextus Pompey first at Mylæ, and afterward at Naulochus on the coast of Sicily, and the latter of these victories broke the naval supremacy of Pompey. He received, in consequence, the honour of a naval crown, which was first conferred upon him; though, according to other authorities, M. Varro was the first who obtained it from Pompey the Great. (Vellei., 2, 81. - Liv., Epit., 129. Dion Cass., 49, 14.—Plin., H. N., 16, 13, s. 4.-Virg., Æn., 8, 684.)

In B.C. 35, Agrippa had the command of the war in Illyria, and afterward served under Octavianus, when the latter had proceeded to that country. On his return, he voluntarily accepted the ædileship in B.C. 33, although he had been consul, and expended immense sums of money upon great public works. He restored the Appian, Marcian, and Anienian aqueducts, constructed a new one, fifteen miles in length, from the Tepula to Rome, to which he gave the name of the Julian, in honour of Octavianus, and had an immense number of smaller water-works made, to distribute the water within the town. He also had the large cloaca of Tarquinius Priscus entirely cleansed. His various works were adorned with statues by the first artists of Rome. These splendid buildings he augmented in B.C. 27, during his third consulship, by several others; and among these was the Pantheon, on which we still read the inscription, "M. Agrippa L. F. Cos. Tertium fecit." (Dion Cass., 49, 43; 53, 27.-Plin., H. N., 36, 15, s. 24, § 3.—Strab., 5, p. 235.-Frontin., De Aquad., 9.)

When the war broke out between Octavianus and M. Antonius, Agrippa was appointed commander-inchief of the fleet, B.C 32. He took Methone in the Peloponnesus, Leucas, Patræ, and Corinth; and in the battle of Actium (B.C. 31), where he commanded, the victory was mainly owing to his skill. On his return to Rome in B.C. 30, Octavianus, now Augustus, rewarded him with a "vexillum cæruleum," or sea-green flag.

The name of Agrippa Cæsar is found on a medal of Corinth. IX. M. Vipsanius, was born in B.C. 63. He was the son of Lucius, and was descended from a very obscure family. At the age of twenty he studied at Apollonia in Illyria, together with young Octavius, afterward Octavianus and Augustus. After the murder of J. Cæsar in B.C. 44, Agrippa was one of those intimate friends of Octavius who advised him to proceed immediately to Rome. Octavius took Agrippa with him, and charged him to receive the oath of fidelity from several legions which had declared in his favour. Having been chosen consul in B.C. 43, Octavius gave to his friend Agrippa the delicate commission of prosecuting C. Cassius, one of the murderers of J. Cæsar. At the outbreak of the Perusinian war between Octavius, now Octavianus, and L. Antonius, in B.C. 41, Agrippa, who was then prætor, command- In B.C. 28, Agrippa became consul for the second ed part of the forces of Octavianus, and, after distin- time with Augustus, and about this time married Marguishing himself by skilful manœuvres, besieged L. An- cella, the niece of Augustus, and the daughter of his tonius in Perusia. He took the town in B.C. 40, and sister Octavia. His former wife, Pomponia, the daughtowards the end of the same year retook Sipontum, ter of T. Pomponius Atticus, was either dead or diwhich had fallen into the hands of M. Antonius. In vorced. In the following year, B.C. 27, he was again B.C. 38, Agrippa obtained fresh success in Gaul, where consul the third time with Augustus. he quelled a revolt of the native chiefs; he also penetrated into Germany as far as the country of the Catti, and transplanted the Ubii to the left bank of the Rhine; whereupon he turned his arms against the revolted Aquitani, whom he soon brought to obedience. His victories, especially those in Aquitania, contributed much to securing the power of Octavianus, and he was recalled by him to undertake the command of the war against Sextus Pompeius, which was on the point of breaking out, B.C. 37. Octavianus offered him a triumph, which Agrippa declined, but accepted the consulship, to which he was promoted by Octavianus in B.C. 37. Dion Cassius (48, 49) seems to say that he was consul when he went to Gaul, but the words ὑπάτευε δὲ μετὰ Λουκίου Γάλλου seem to be suspicious, unless they are to be inserted a little higher, after the passage τῷ δ' Αγρίππα τὴν τοῦ ναυτικοῦ παρаσkεvy EуXεipioac, which refer to an event that took place during the consulship of Agrippa. For, imme- | wife, Scribonia (B.C. 21).

In B.C. 25, Agrippa accompanied Augustus to the war against the Cantabrians. About this time jealousy arose between him and his brother-in-law, Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, and who seemed to be destined as his successor. Augustus, anxious to prevent differences that might have had serious consequences for him, sent Agrippa as proconsul to Syria. Agrippa, of course, left Rome, but he stopped at Mytilene in the island of Lesbos, leaving the government of Syria to his legate. The apprehensions of Augustus were removed by the death of Marcellus in B.C. 23, and Agrippa immediately returned to Rome, where he was the more anxiously expected, as troubles had broken out during the election of the consuls in B.C. 21. Augustus resolved to receive his faithful friend into his own family, and, accordingly, induced him to divorce his wife Marcella, and marry Julia, the widow of Marcellus and the daughter of Augustus by his third

In B.C. 19, Agrippa went into Gaul. He pacified two daughters, Julia, married to L. Æmilius Paullu the turbulent natives, and constructed four great pub- and Agrippina, married to Germanicus, and three sons, lic roads and a splendid aqueduct at Nemausus (Ni- Caius (vid. Cæsar, C.), Lucius (vid. Cæsar, L.), and mes). From thence he proceeded to Spain, and sub- AGRIPPA POSTUMUS. (Dion Cass., lib. 45-54.—Liv., dued the Cantabrians after a short but bloody and ob- Epit., 117–136. —. Appian, Bell. Civ., lib. 5.Suet., stinate struggle; but, in accordance with his usual Octav.-Frandsen, M. Vipsanius Agrippa, eine histoprudence, he neither announced his victories in pom-rische Untersuchung, über dessen Leben und Wirken, pous letters to the senate, nor did he accept a a triumph Altona, 1836.) There are several medals of Agripwhich Augustus offered him. In B.C. 18, he was in- pa, on one of which he is represented with a naval vested with the tribunician power for five years togeth-crown; on the reverse is Neptune indicating his suc er with Augustus; and in the following year (B.C. cess by sea. 17), his two sons, Caius and Lucius, were adopted by Augustus. At the close of the year, he accepted an invitation of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusalem. He founded the military colony of Berytus (Beyrout); thence he proceeded, in B.C. 16, to the Pontus Euxinus, and compelled the Bosporani to accept Polemo for their king, and to restore the Roman eagles which had been taken by Mithradates. On his return he stayed some time in Ionia, where he granted privileges to the Jews, whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph., Antiq. Jud., 16, 2), and then proceeded to Rome, where he arrived in B.C. 13. After his tribunician power had been prolonged for five years, he went to Pannonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He returned in B.C. 12, after having been successful as usual, and retired to Campania. There he died unexpectedly, in the month of March, B.C. 12, in his 51st year. His body was carried to Rome, and was buried in the mausoleum of Augustus, who himself pronounced a funeral oration over it.

Dion Cassius tells us (52, 1, &c.), that in the year B.C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and counsellors, Agrippa and Mæcenas, demanding their opinion as to whether it would be advisable for him to usurp monarchical power, or to restore to the nation its former republican government. This is corroborated by Suetonius (Octav., 28), who says that Augustus twice deliberated upon that subject. The speeches which Agrippa and Mecenas delivered on this occasion are given by Dion Cassius; but the artificial character of them makes them suspicious. However, it does not seem likely, from the general character of Dion Cassius as an historian, that these speeches are invented by him; and it is not improbable, and such a supposition suits entirely the character of Augustus, that those speeches were really pronounced, though preconcerted between Augustus and his counsellors to make the Roman nation believe that the fate of the Republic was still a matter of discussion, and that Augustus would not assume monarchical power till he had been convinced that it was necessary for the welfare of the nation. Besides, Agrippa, who, according to Dion Cassius, advised Augustus to restore the Republic, was a man whose political opinions had evidently a monarchical tendency.

Agrippa was one of the most distinguished and important men of the age of Augustus. He must be considered as a chief support of the rising monarchical constitution, and without Agrippa Augustus could scarcely have succeeded in making himself the absolute master of the Roman Empire. Dion Cassius (54, 29, &c.), Velleius Paterculus (2, 79), Seneca (Ep., 94), and Horace (Od., 1, 6) speak with equal admiration of his

merits.

Pliny constantly refers to the "Commentarii" of Agrippa as an authority (Elenchus, 3, 4, 5, 6, comp. 3, 2), which may indicate certain official lists drawn up by him in the measurement of the Roman world under Augustus (vid. Æthicus), in which he may have taken part.

Agrippa left several children. By his first wife, Pomponia, he had Vipsania, who was married to Tiberius Cæsar, the successor of Augustus. By his second wife, Marcella, he had several children, who are not mentioned; and by his third wife, Julia, he had

AGRIPPĪNA, I. the youngest daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of Augustus, was born some time before B.C. 12. She married Cæsar Germanicus, the son of Drusus Nero Germanicus, by whom she had nine children. Agrippina was gifted with great powers of mind, a noble character, and all the moral and physical qualities that constituted the model of a Roman matron her love for her husband was sincere and lasting, her chastity was spotless, her fertility was a virtue in the eyes of the Romans, and her attachment to her children was an eminent feature of her character. She yielded to one dangerous passion, ambition. Augustus showed her particular attention and attachment. (Sueton., Calig., 8.) At the death of Augustus in A.D. 14, she was on the Lower Rhine with Germanicus, who commanded the legions there. Her husband was the idol of the army, and the legions on the Rhine, dissatisfied with the accession of Tiberius, manifested their intention of proclaiming Germanicus master of the state. Tiberius hated and dreaded Germanicus, and he showed as much antipathy to Agrippina as he had love to her elder sister, his first wife. In this perilous situation, Germanicus and Agrippina saved themselves by their prompt energy; he quelled the outbreak, and pursued the war against the Germans. In the ensuing year his lieutenant, Cæcina, after having made an invasion into Germany, returned to the Rhine. The campaign was not inglorious for the Romans, but they were worn out by hardships, and, perhaps, harassed on their march by some bands of Germans. Thus the rumour was spread that the main body of the Germans was approaching to invade Gaul. Germanicus was absent, and it was proposed to destroy the bridge over the Rhine. (Compare Strab., 4, p. 194.) If this had been done, the retreat of Cæcina's army would have been cut off, but it was saved by the firm opposition of Agrippina to such a cowardly measure. When the troops approached, she went to the bridge, acting as a general, and receiving the soldiers as they crossed it; the wounded among them were presented by her with clothes, and they received from her own hands everything necessary for the cure of their wounds. (Tac., Ann., 1, 69.) Germanicus having been recalled by Tiberius, she accompanied her husband to Asia (A.D. 17), and after his death, or, rather, murder (vid. Germanicus), she returned to Italy. She stayed some days at the island of Corcyra to recover from her grief, and then landed at Brundisium, accompanied by two of her children, and holding in her arms the urn with the ashes of her husband. At the news of her arrival, the port, the walls, and even the roofs of the houses were occupied by crowds of people who were anxious to see and salute her. She was solemnly received by the officers of two prætorian cohorts, which Tiberius had sent to Brundisium for the purpose of accompanying her to Rome; the urn containing the ashes of Germanicus was borne by tribunes and centurions, and the funeral procession was received on its march by the magistrates of Calabria, Apulia, and Campania; by Drusus, the son of Tiberius; Claudius, the brother of Germanicus; by the other children of Germanicus; and, at last, in the environs of Rome, by the consuls, the senate, and crowds of the Roman people. (Tac Ann., 3, 1, &c.)

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During some years Tiberius disguised his hatred of | abrogated by the Emperors Constantine and Constans. Agrippina, but she soon became exposed to secret accusations and intrigues. She asked the emperor's permission to choose another husband, but Tiberius neither refused nor consented to the proposition. Sejanus, who exercised an unbounded influence over Tiberius, then a prey to mental disorders, persuaded Agrippina that the emperor intended to poison her. Alarmed at such a report, she refused to eat an apple which the emperor offered her from his table, and Tiberius, in his turn, complained of Agrippina regarding him as a poisoner. According to Suetonius, all this was an intrigue preconcerted between the emperor and Sejanus, who, as it seems, had formed the plan of lead-accused of high treason and condemned to death, but ing Agrippina into false steps. Tiberius was extremely suspicious of Agrippina, and showed his hostile feelings by allusive words or neglectful silence. There were no evidences of ambitious plans formed by Agrippina, but the rumour having been spread that she would fly to the army, he banished her to the island of Pandataria (A.D. 30), where her mother, Julia, had died in exile. Her sons, Nero and Drusus, were likewise banished, and both died an unnatural death. She lived three years on that barren island; at last she refused to take any food, and died, most probably, by voluntary starvation. Her death took place precisely two years after, and on the same date, as the murder of Sejanus, that is, in A.D. 33. Tacitus and Suetonius tell us that Tiberius boasted that he had not strangled her. (Sueton., Tib., 53.-Tac., Ann., 6, 25.) The ashes of Agrippina, and those of her son Nero, were afterward brought to Rome by order of her son, the Emperor Caligula, who struck various medals in honour of his mother. In one of these the head of Caligula is on one side, and that of his mother on the other. The words on each side are respectively, c. CÆSAR. AVG. GER. P.M. TR. POT., and AGRIPPINA. MAT. C. CES. AVG. GERM. (Tac., Ann., 1-6-Sueton., Octav., 64; Tib., l. c.; Calig., l. c.- -Dion Cass., 57, 5, 6; 58, 22.)-II. The daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder, daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa. She was born between A.D. 13 and 17, at the Oppidum Ubiorum, afterward called, in honour of her, Colonia Agrippina, now Cologne, and then the headquarters of the legions commanded by her father. In A.D. 28, she married Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man not unlike her, and whom she lost in A.D. 40. After his death she married Crispus Passienus, who died some years afterward; and she was accused of having poisoned him, either for the purpose of obtaining his great fortune, or for some secret motive of much higher importance. She was already known for her scandalous conduct, for her most perfidious intrigues, and for an unbounded ambition. She was accused of having committed incest with her own brother, the Emperor Caius Caligula, who, under the pretext of having discovered that she had lived in an adulterous intercourse with M. Æmilius Lepidus, the husband of her sister Drusilla, banished her to the island of Pontia, which was situated in the Sinus Syrticus Major, on the coast of Libya. Her sister Drusilla was likewise banished to Pontia, and it seems that their exile was connected with the punishment of Lepidus, who was put to death for having conspired against the emperor. Previously to her exile, Agrippina was compelled by her brother to carry to Rome the ashes of Lepidus. This happened in A.D. 39. Agrippina and her sister were released in A.D. 41, by their uncle, Claudius, immediately after his accession, although his wife, Messalina, was the mortal enemy of Agrippina. Messalina was put to death by order of Claudius in A.D. 48 ; and in the following year, A.D. 49, Agrippina succeeded in marrying the emperor. Claudius was her uncle, but her marriage was legalized by a senatus consultum, by which the marriage of a man with his brother's daughter was declared valid; this senatus consultum was afterward

In this intrigue Agrippina displayed the qualities of an
accomplished courtesan, and such was the influence
of her charms and superior talents over the old emper-
or, that, in prejudice of his own son, Britannicus, he
adopted Domitius, the son of Agrippina by her first
husband, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (A.D. 51). Agrip-
pina was assisted in her secret plans by Pallas, the per-
fidious confidant of Claudius. By her intrigues, L.
Junius Silanus, the husband of Octavia, the daughter
of Claudius, was put to death, and in A.D. 53 Octa-
via was married to young Nero. Lollia Paullina, once
the rival of Agrippina for the hand of the emperor, was
she put an end to her own life. Domitia Lepida, the
sister of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, met with a simi-
lar fate. After having thus removed those whose ri-
valship she dreaded, or whose virtues she envied, Agrip-
pina resolved to get rid of her husband, and to govern
the empire through her ascendency over her son Nero,
his successor. A vague rumour of this reached the
emperor; in a state of drunkenness, he forgot prudence,
and talked about punishing his ambitious wife.
ing no time to lose, Agrippina, assisted by Locusta and
Xenophon, a Greek physician, poisoned the old emper-
or, in A.D. 54, at Sinuessa, a watering-place to which
he had retired for the sake of his health. Nero was pro-
claimed emperor, and presented to the troops by Bur-
rus, whom Agrippina had appointed præfectus prætorio.
Narcissus, the rich freedman of Claudius, M. Junius
Silanus, proconsul of Asia, the brother of Lucius Junius
Silanus, and a great-grandson of Augustus, lost their
lives at the instigation of Agrippina, who would have
augmented the number of her victims but for the op-
position of Burrus and Seneca, recalled by Agrippina
from his exile to conduct the education of Nero.
Meanwhile the young emperor took some steps to shake
off the insupportable ascendency of his mother. The
jealousy of Agrippina rose from her son's passion for
Acte, and, after her, for Poppea Sabina, the wife of
M. Salvius Otho. To reconquer his affection, Agrip-
pina employed, but in vain, most daring and most re-
volting means. She threatened to oppose Britannicus
as a rival to the emperor; but Britannicus was poi-
soned by Nero; and she even solicited her son to an
incestuous intercourse. At last her death was resolv-
ed upon by Nero, who wished to repudiate Octavia
and marry Poppaa, but whose plan was thwarted by
his mother. Thus petty feminine intrigues became
the cause of Agrippina's ruin. Nero invited her, un-
der the pretext of a reconciliation, to visit him at Baiæ,
on the coast of Campania. She went thither by sea.
In their conversation hypocrisy was displayed on both
sides. She left Baie by the same way; but the ves-
sel was so contrived that it was to break to pieces
wnen out at sea. It only partly broke, and Agrippina
saved herself by swimming to the shore; her attend-
ant, Acerronia, was killed. Agrippina fled to her villa
near the Lucrine Lake, and informed her son of her
happy escape. Now Nero charged Burrus to murder
his mother; but Burrus declining it, Anicetus, the
commander of the fleet, who had invented the strata-
gem of the ship, was compelled by Nero and Burrus to
undertake the task. Anicetus went to her villa with
a chosen band, and his men surprised her in her bed-
room. "Ventrem feri," she cried out, after she was
but slightly wounded, and immediately afterward ex-
pired under the blows of a centurion (A.D. 60). (Tac.,
Ann., 14, 8.) It was told that Nero went to the villa,
and that he admired the beauty of the dead body of his
mother: this was believed by some, doubted by others
(14, 9). Agrippina left commentaries concerning her
history and that of her family, which Tacitus consult
ed, according to his own statement. (Ib., 4, 54.~
Compare Plin., Hist. Nat., 7, 6, s. 8; Elenchus, 7
&c.)

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