of their ancestors in its primeval purity and beauty; Jody and fulness of his style, unite to throw a charm and while he was raising a monument to all future around these productions which has been felt in every ages of what Rome had been, to inculcate upon his age.-Cicero's Epistles, about 1000 in all, are comown times what it ought still to be. We know it to prised in thirty-six books, sixteen of which are adhave been his original purpose to make it a very volu- dressed to Atticus, three to his brother Quintus, one minous work; for he expressly tells his brother (Ep. to Brutus, and sixteen to his different friends, and ad Q. Frat., 3, 5) that it was to be extended to nine they form a history of his life from his fortieth year books. Ernesti thinks that they were all given to the Among those addressed to his friends, some occur world (Ep. ad Att., 6, 1, in notis), although Cicero, from Brutus, Metellus, Plancus, Cælius, and others. in a letter to Atticus, on which that learned and accu- For the preservation of this most valuable department rate scholar makes this very remark, speaks of them as of Cicero's writings, we are indebted to Tyro, the auhis six pledges or sureties for his good behaviour. thor's freedman, though we possess at the present day -Cicero, as a philosopher, belongs, upon the whole, only a part of those originally published. The most to the New Academy. It has been disputed whether interesting by far are the letters to Atticus, for they he was really attached to this system, or had merely not only throw great light on the history of the times, resorted to it as being the best adapted for furnishing but also give us a full insight into the private character him with oratorical arguments suited to all occasions. of Cicero himself, who was accustomed at all times to At first its adoption was subsidiary to his other plans. unbosom his thoughts most freely to this friend of his. But, towards the conclusion of his life, when he no The authenticity of the correspondence with Brutus has longer maintained the place he was wont to hold in been much disputed by modern scholars, and the genthe Senate or the Forum, and when philosophy formed eral opinion is adverse to these letters being genuine.— the occupation" with which," to quote his own words, His poetical and historical works have suffered a heavy "life was just tolerable, and without which it would fate. The latter class, consisting of his commentary have been intolerable," he doubtless became convinced on his consulship, and his history of his own times, that the principles of the New Academy, illustrated as are altogether lost. Of the former, which comprised they had been by Carneades and Philo, formed the the heroic poems Alcyones, Limon, Marius, his own soundest system which had descended to mankind consulate, the elegy of Tamelastis, translations of from the schools of Athens. The attachment, howev- Homer and Aratus, Epigrams, &c., but little remains er, of Cicero to the Academic philosophy was free except some fragments of the Phænomena and Diosefrom the exclusive spirit of sectarianism, and hence it meia of Aratus. It may, however, be questioned, did not prevent his extracting from other systems what whether literature has suffered much by these losses. he found in them conformable to virtue and reason. We are far, indeed, from speaking contemptuously of His ethical principles, in particular, appear eclectic, the poetic powers of one who possessed so much having been in a great measure formed from the opin- fancy, so much taste, and so fine an ear. But his ions of the Stoics. Of most of the Greek sects he poems were principally composed in his youth; and speaks with respect and esteem. For the Epicureans afterward, when his powers were more mature, his ocalone he seems (notwithstanding his friendship for cupations did not allow even his active mind the time Atticus) to have entertained a decided aversion and necessary for polishing a language still more rugged contempt. The general purpose of Cicero's philosoph-in metre than it was in prose. His contemporary hisical works was rather to give a history of the ancient philosophy, than dogmatically to inculcate opinions of his own. It was his great aim to explain to his fellow-citizens, in their own language, whatever the sages of Greece had taught on the most important subjects, in order to enlarge their minds and reform their morals. In theoretic investigation, in the development of abstract ideas, in the analysis of qualities and perceptions, Cicero cannot be regarded as an inventor or profound original thinker, and cannot be ranked with Plato and Aristotle. His peculiar merit, as a philosophical writer, lay in his luminous and popular exposition of the leading principles and disputes of the ancient schools; and no works transmitted from antiquity present so concise and comprehensive a view of the opinions of the Greek philosophers. The most obvious peculiarity of Cicero's philosophical writings is their form of dialogue. The idea was borrowed from Plato and Xenophon; but the nature of Cicero's dialogue is as different from that of the two Athenians, as was his object in writing. With them, the Socratic mode of argument could hardly be displayed in any other shape; whereas Cicero's aim was to excite interest, and he availed himself of this mode of composition for the life and variety, the ease, perspicuity, and vigour which it gave to his discussions. Nor does Cicero discover less skill in the execution of these dialogues, than address in their design. In the dignity of his speakers, their high tone of mutual courtesy, the harmony of his groups, and the delicate relief of his contrasts, he is inimitable. The majesty and splendour of his introductions, the eloquence with which both sides of a question are successively displayed, the clearness and terseness of his statements on abstract points, his exquisite allusions to the scene or time of the supposed conversation, his digressions in praise of philosophy, and, lastly, the mel

tory, on the other hand, can hardly have conveyed more explicit, and certainly would have contained less faithful, information than his private correspondence; while, with all the penetration he assuredly possessed, it may be doubted, if his diffuse and graceful style of thought and composition was adapted for the depth of reflection and condensation of meaning, which are the chief excellences of historical composition.-The editions of the separate works of Cicero are too numerous to be mentioned here. The best editions of the entire works are: that of Ernesti, Hal., 1774, 8 vols. 8vo; that of Olivet, Paris, 1740, 9 vols. 4to; that of Schütz, Lips., 1814-20, 19 vols. (in 27) 12mo; and that of Nobbe, Lips., 1827, 1 vol. 4to, or 10 vols. 12mo. (Plut. in Vit.-Enc. Metropol., Div. 3, vol. 2, p. 279, seqq. Biog. Univ., vol. 8, p. 530, seqq. Encyclop. Am., vol. 3, p. 190, seqq. — Dunlop, Rom. Lit., vol. 2, p. 275, seqq. — Bahr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 487, seqq.)-II. Marcus, only son of the orator, and to whom the latter addressed his work De Officis. He took part in the civil contest at an early age, and served under both Pompey and Brutus. After the battle of Philippi he retired to Sicily and joined the younger Pompey. Subsequently, however, he took advantage of the act of amnesty that was passed, and returned to Italy, where he lived some time in a private situation. Augustus, on attaining to sovereign power, made him his colleague in the consulship, and it was to Marcus Cicero, in his quality of consul, that he wrote an account of the victory at Actium and the conquest of Egypt. Marcus had the satisfaction of executing the decree which ordered all the statues and monuments that had been erected to Antony to be thrown down. After his consulship he was appointed governor of Syria, from which period history is silent respecting him. He died at an advanced age, and was notorious for dissipated and intemperate habits. He

CIL

appears to have inherited little, if anything, of his fa- | numerous fleets to the Persian monarchs, as well as (Cic., Ep. ad to the Syrian and Egyptian successors of Alexander. Plut., Vit. But it was more especially from the formidable charther's virtue, patriotism, and talent. Att., 1, 2. Id., Ep. ad Fam., 13, 11. Cic. extr.-Id., Vit. Brut., &c.)-III. Quintus, broth-acter of her piratical navy that Cilicia has obtained a er of the orator, and brother-in-law of Atticus. After name in the seafaring annals of antiquity. Some idea having been prætor A.U.C. 692, he obtained the gov- of the alarm inspired by these daring rovers can be He was subsequently a lieutenant formed from the language of Cicero, however exagernment of Asia. of Caesar's in Britain, and only left that commander to gerated we may suppose it to be for a political purpose. accompany his brother Marcus Tullius, as lieutenant, (Or. pro Leg. Manil., 11.) The selection, too, which into Cilicia. After the battle of Pharsalia, in which the Roman people made of Pompey, and the unusual In less than 50 days, however, Pompey rehe took part on the side of Pompey, he was proscribed powers confided to him, prove the importance of tho More than 20,000 pirates are said to have by the triumvirate, and put to death by the emissaries contest. of Antony. He had a marked talent for poetry, and duced the whole province either by force or the terror had planned a poem on the invasion of Britain by Ca- of his arms. or removed to some distant countries, and thus ensar. He also composed several tragedies, imitated or fallen into his hands: these he settled in the interior, else translated from the Greek, but which have not reached us. Eighteen lines of his are preserved in tirely purged the shores of Asia of these nests of robHe was the au- bers. In the course of this war the Romans are said to have captured 378 ships, and burned 1300, conquerthe Corpus Poëtarum of Maittaire. ed 120 towns and castles, and to have slain 10,000 of thor of the piece entitled "de Petitione Consulatus,' usually printed along with Cicero's letters to him. is addressed by Quintus to his brother when the latter the enemy.-Cilicia was divided into Campestris and was a candidate for the consulship, and gives advice Trachea. The former was the larger and more eastwith regard to the measures he should pursue to at- erly portion, and derived its name from its champaign tain his object, particularly inculcating the best means character. Trachea, on the other hand, was so called to gain private friends and acquire general popularity from its rugged aspect (paxɛia, "rough"). It was (Corral. Quæst., p. 278, ed. Lips. Biogr Univ., nearly all occupied by the broad ridge of Taurus, which (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 315, seqq.) vol. 8, p. 550.- Dunlop, Roman Literature, vol. 2, p. leaves scarcely any room for level land towards the CILIX, a son of Agenor, who gave his name to Ci495.) licia, according to Herodotus. (Consult remarks under the article Cilicia.-Herodot., 7, 91.)

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It

sea.

CICONES, a people on the coast of Thrace, near the Homer has Ismaspot where Maronea stood in a later age. CILLA, a town of Troas, in the immediate vicinity of placed here the scene of Ulysses' first disaster rus was the name of their city, which the poet supCIMBER, L. Tillius, one of the conspirators against poses that chieftain to have taken and plundered; but Adramyttium. (Hom., Il., 1, 37.—Strab., 612.) the natives coming down from the interior in great force, he was driven off with severe loss of both men Cæsar. He was a man notorious for his drunkenness and ships. (Od., 1, 40, seqq.) Ismarus is known to and low violence (Seneca, Ep., 83. Id., de Ira, 3, later writers only as a mountain celebrated for its 30), and he had been throughout the civil war a violent wine, which indeed Homer himself alludes to in an-partisan of Cæsar's, who appointed him a short time other passage. (Od., 1, 197.)

CILICIA, a country of Asia Minor, on the seacoast, south of Cappadocia and Lycaonia, and to the east of Pisidia and Pamphilia. Herodotus says (7, 91), that the people of this country were anciently called Hypachai, and that the appellation of Cilicians was subsequently derived from Cilix, son of Agenor, a PhœniThis passage seems to point to a Phoenician or cian. Syrian origin for the race, a supposition strengthened by the fact of the early commercial habits of the people This country, though tributary to the Perof Cilicia. sian king, was nominally under the government of its native princes, with whom Syennesis appears to have (Consult Herod., 1, 74.-Id., been a common name. 5, 118.-Xen., Anab., 1, 2.) Cilicia, more especially that part which consisted of plains, was a wealthy country; since we are informed by Herodotus (3, 90) that it yielded to Darius a revenue of 500 talents, equal to that of Mysia and Lydia together, besides 360 white horses. Xenophon also (Anab., 1, 2) describes it as a broad and beautiful plain, well watered, and abounding in wine and all kinds of trees, and yielding barley, millet, and other grain. In a military point of view, the importance of Cilicia was also very great, since it was surrounded by lofty mountains, presenting only one or two passes, and these easily secured by a small force against the largest armies. Had the Persians known how to defend these, the younger Cyrus would never have reached the Euphrates, nor would Alexander have been able to penetrate to the plains of Issus, which witnessed the overthrow (Arrian, Exp. Al., 2, 4.) At a later peof Darius. riod we learn from Cicero, during his command there, what importance the Romans attached to the province of Cilicia, when it became necessary to cover Asia against the growing power of the Parthians. (Ep. ad Att., 5, 20.) As a maritime country, too, Cilicia makes a considerable figure in history, since it furnished

before his assassination to the province of Bithynia.
- Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 12,
(Appian, Bell. Civ., 3, 2.
13.) Cimber was the one who gave the signal agreed
upon with his associates for commencing the attack,
by taking hold of Cæsar's robe, and pulling it down
from his shoulders. (Plut., Vit. Cæs.)

CIMBRI, a people of Germany, who invaded the
Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered
It would
by Marius and Catulus. (For an account of the war,
consult the article Teutones.) The Cimbri are gener-
ally thought to have had for their original seat the
Cimbric Chersonese, or modern Jutland.
(Consult
seem, however, that there is some curious connexion
between their name and that of the ancient Cimmerii,
a point which may have some bearing on the question
respecting the origin of the Germanic race.
remarks under the article Cimmerii, and compare
Mannert, Geschichte der alten Deutschen, p. 11, and
Pfister, Gesch. der Teutschen, vol. 1, p. 40.) Ade-
lung, however, opposes this idea. (Mithradates, vol.
2, p. 143.)

CIMINUS, I. a range of hills in Etruria, lying to the south of Salpinum.-II. A lake at the foot of Mons Ciminus, now Lago di Vico, or Ronciglione (Strabo, 225.) The Ciminian forest, whose almost impenetrable shades served for a time as a barrier to Etruria against the attacks of Rome, is described as covering the adjacent country to a considerable extent. (Liv., CIMMERII, a nomadic race of Upper Asia, who ap9, 36.-Front., Strat., 1, 2.—Plin., 2, 96.) pear to have originally inhabited a part of what is now called Tartary. According to Herodotus (1, 15), they were driven from their primitive seats by the Scythians and moved down, in consequence, upon Asia Minor, which they invaded and ravaged during the reign of Ardys, king of Lydia, the successor of Gyges. Strabo, however, places the incursion of the Cimmerians in the time of Homer, or a little before the birth of the

349

CIMMERIUM, a town in the interior of the Tauric Chersonese, northwest of Theodosia. It is now EskiKrim (Old Krim), on the river Tschuruck. (Mela, 1, 19.)

the Cimolia terra, a species of earth resembling, in some of its properties, fuller's earth, though not the same with it. (Theophrast, de Lapid., 2, 107. — Strabo, 484.) The ancients used it for cleaning their clothes. It was white, dense, of a loose texture, mixed with sand or small pebbles, insipid to the taste, and unctuous to the touch. The substance, according to Sir John Hill (ad Theophr., l. c.), which comes nearest to the Cimolian earth of antiquity, is the Steatite of the Soap-Rock of Cornwall, which is the common matter of a great part of the cliff near the Lizard Point. Cimolus is now Kimoli, though more generally known by the name of Argentiera. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 405.)

poet. (Strab., 20.) Wesseling thinks the authority | merians, therefore, who overran Asia Minor, will be a of Strabo inferior to that of Herodotus; but Larcher Celtic race. There is something extremely plausible inclines to the opinion that two different incursions are in this supposition, and in this way, too, we may, withspoken of, an earlier and a later one. He makes the out having recourse to Bochart's derivation, account for former of these even anterior to the time assigned by the existence of Cimmerii, or Celts, in the remote west. Strabo, and thinks it preceded by a short period the (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 26, not.) siege of Troy. He supposes this, moreover, to be the one alluded to by Euripides. (Iph. in Taur., 1115, seqq.-Larcher, ad Herod., 1, 6.) According to this view of the subject, Herodotus speaks merely of the latter of these two inroads. Volney maintains, in like CIMOLUS, one of the Cyclades, northeast of Melos. manner, that there were two incursions of the Cim- Its more ancient name was Echinusa, or Viper's Islmerians, but he places the first of these in the reign of and, from the number of vipers which infested it beArdys (699 B.C.), to which he thinks Herodotus al-fore it was inhabited. It produced what was called ludes in the fifteenth chapter of his first book; and the second one in the time of Alyattes and Cyaxares, which he supposes to be the inroad alluded to by Herodotus in the one hundred and third chapter of the same book. (Volney, Suppl. à l'Herod., de Larcher, p. 75, seqq.) It appears much more reasonable, however, to refer all to but one invasion on the part of the Cimmerian race, commencing in the time of Ardys, and continued until the reign of Alyattes (616, B.C.), when these barbarians were expelled from the Asiatic peninsula. ( Bähr, ad Herod., 1, 6.)—The account given by Herodotus is, that the Cimmerians, when they came into Asia Minor, took Sardis, with the exception of the citadel, and that they were finally expelled by Alyattes, the contemporary of Cyaxares. CIMON, I. Son of Miltiades, and of Hegesipyle the (Herod., 1, 15, seq.) The same historian makes the daughter of Olorus, a Thracian prince. His education, Cimmerians to have dwelt originally in the neighbour- according to Plutarch, was very much neglected, and hood of the Palus Mæotis and Cimmerian Bosporus, he himself indulged, at first, in every species of exand when driven out "from Europe," as he expresses cess. At his father's death he seems to have suchimself (Ek Ts Eipúnns), by the Scythians, to have ceeded to a very scanty fortune, and he would perfled along the upper shore of the Euxine to Colchis, haps have found it difficult to raise the penalty of fifty and thence to have passed into Asia Minor. (Herod., talents, which had been imposed upon his parent, and 1, 103.) Niebuhr, with very good reason, insists that which the son was bound to pay to the public treas Herodotus has there fallen into an error, and that all ury, had not Callias, one of the wealthiest men of the wandering races which have ir succession occupied Athens, struck by the charms of his half-sister Elpithe regions of Scythia, have, when driven out by other nice, undertaken to discharge the sum as the price of tribes from the east, moved forth in a western direction her hand. (Vid. Callias, Elpinice.) Cimen, howtowards the country around the Danube. The Cim- ever, had attracted notice, and gained reputation, by merians, therefore, must have come into Asia Minor the spirit which he displayed on the occasion of leavfrom the east. As regards the name of the Cimmerian ing the city on the approach of the Persians, when he Bosporus, the same acute critic supposes it to have was the foremost to hang up a bridle in the Acropolis, arisen from the circumstance of a part of the Cimme- as a sign that he placed all his hopes in the fleet; and rian horde having been left in this quarter, and having also by the valour with which he fought at Salamis. continued to occupy the Tauric Chersonese as late as Aristides, in particular, saw in him a fit coadjutor the settlement of the Greek colonies in these parts. to himself and antagonist to Themistocles, and ex(Niebuhr, Kleine Schriften, p. 365, seqq.)- The an- erted himself in his favour; and the readiness with cients differed in opinion as regarded the orthography of which the allied Greeks, when disgusted by the arrothe name Cimmerii, some being in favour of Kepbépiot, gance of Pausanias, united themselves with Athens, others of Xɛuépioi. (Hesych., s. v. — - Eustath., ad was owing in a great measure to Cimon's mild temOd., 10, 14. Schol., ad loc. Aristoph., Kan., 189. per, and to his frank and gentle manners. The popEtymol. Mag., p. 513.- Voss, Weltk., p. 14.) ularity of Themistocles was already declining, while Modern scholars are in like manner divided as to the Cimon, by a series of successful enterprises, was rapderivation of the term “Cimmerian" itself. It is main- idly rising in public favour. He defeated the Pertained by some of these that the Greeks obtained their sians in Thrace, on the banks of the Strymon, took first knowledge of this race from the Phoenicians, and Eion, and made himself master of the whole country. that hence, in all probability, the stories told of the He conquered the island of Scyros, the inhabitants of gloom which enshrouded the Cimmerian land, and of which were addicted to piracy; and brought thence to the other appalling circumstances connected with the Athens what were deemed the bones of the national people, were mere Phoenician inventions to deter the hero Theseus. He next subdued all the cities on the Grecian traders from visiting them. In accordance coast of Asia Minor, and went against the Persian with this idea, Bochart derives the word "Cimmerian" fleet which lay at the mouth of the Eurymedon. The from the Phoenician kamar, or kimmer, "tenebrosum." Persians, although superior in number, did not dare to (Geogr. Sacr., col. 591.-Compare Job, 3, 5.) Hence abide an engagement, but sailed up the river to place we read of Cimmerians, not only in Lower Asia, but themselves under the protection of their land forces. also in the remotest west and north. The Cimme- Cimon, however, provoked them to a battle, and, havrians," says Eustathius, "are a people in the west, on ing defeated and sunk or taken two hundred ships, the Oceanus: they dwell not far from Hades." (Com- landed his men, flushed with victory, and completepare Tzetz., ad Lycophr., 695, and consult the article ly routed the Persian army. Returning to Athens Avernus.) Another class of etymologists, however, after these two victories thus achieved in a single deduce the word in question from the Celtic, and make day, he employed the perquisites of his command, and the Cimmerii identical with the Kimri, whence the later the resources which he had acquired from his sucCimbri. (Volney, Suppl., &c., page 75.) The Cim-cesses over the barbarians, in the embellishment of

CIMON.

At an

his native city, and in relieving the wants of the indi- | mosthenes, Diodorus, and Plutarch speak, never took gent. He laid a part of the foundations of the long place. The silence of Thucydides is conclusive on walls with magnificent solidity at his own charge, the subject, to say nothing of the vague and contraand the southern wall of the citadel was built with the dictory statements of the very authors who do mentreasures which he brought from Asia into the coffers tion it. The fable seems to have sprung up, or to of the state. He also set the example of adorning the have acquired a distinct shape, in the rhetorical school public places of the city with trees, and, by introdu- of Isocrates, and to have been transmitted through the cing a stream of water, converted the Academy, a spot orators to the historians. (Plut., Vit. Cim. — ThirlCINCIA LEX, was proposed by M. Cincius, a triIt enacted, that no about two miles north of the city, from an arid waste wall's Greece, vol. 3, p. 2, seqq.) into a delightful grove. (Vid. Academus.) He threw down the fences of his fields and orchards, that all who bune of the people, A.U.C. 549. (Liv., 34, 4.-Tac., Ann., 11, 5.) wished might enter and partake of their produce: he one should take money or a present for pleading a CINCINNATUS, L. Quintius, a Roman patrician, not only gave the usual entertainments expected from cause. the rich to the members of his own borough, but kept a table constantly open for them. He never appeared whose name belongs to the earlier history of the rein public without a number of persons attending him public, and has a well-known and spirit-stirring legend in good apparel, who, when they met with any elderly connected with it. His son, Kaso Quintius, had been citizen scantily clothed, would insist on exchanging banished on account of his violent language towards their warm mantles for his threadbare covering. It the tribunes, and the father had retired to his own patwas the oflice of the same agents respectfully to ap- rimony, aloof from popular tumults. The successes proach any of the poorer citizens of good character, of the qui and Volsci, however, rendered the apwhom they might see standing in the market-place, pointment of a dictator necessary, and Cincinnatus were sent to announce this unto him, found the Roand silently to put some small pieces of money into was chosen to that high office. The delegates who their hands. This latter kind of expenditure was cerThe dictator laid aside his rural tainly of a mischievous tendency; and was not the man noble ploughing his own fields; and from the less that of a demagogue, because Cimon sought popu- plough he was transferred to the highest magistracy larity, not merely for his own sake, but for that of his of his native state. About 466 B.C., Cimon was habiliments, assumed the ensigns of absolute power, order and his party. sent to the Thracian Chersonese, of which the Per- levied a new army, marched all night to bring the nesians still kept possession, and having driven them out, cessary succour to the consul Minucius, who was next reduced the island of Thasus, and took posscs- surrounded by the enemy and blockaded in his camp, sion of the Thasian gold mines on the neighbouring and before morning surrounded the enemy's army, and continent. Scarcely, however, had he returned to At- reduced it to a condition exactly similar to that in tica, when an accusation was preferred against him of which the Romans had been placed. The baffled having been corrupted by the King of Macedonia, be- Equi were glad to submit to the victor's terms; and cause he had refrained, not, according to the common Cincinnatus, thereupon returning in triumph to Rome, account, from attacking the Macedonians then at laid down his dictatorial power, after having held it peace with Athens, but from striking a blow at the only fourteen days, and returned to his farm. Thracian tribes on the frontier of that kingdom, who advanced age he was again appointed dictator, to rehad recently cut off the Athenian settlers on the banks strain the power of Spurius Melius (vid. Melius), and of the Strymon. (Vid. Amphipolis.) From this ac- again proved himself the deliverer of his country. cusation Čimon had a very narrow escape. Having (Val. Max., 4, 4, 7.-Liv., 3, 26.) been sent, however, after this, with a body of troops to aid the Spartans before Ithome, and the latter having, after some interval, sent back their Athenian allies, whom they suspected of not lending them any effectual assistance, the irritation produced by this national insult fell principally upon Cimon, who was known to be Subsean admirer of the Spartan character and constitution, and he was accordingly driven into exile. quent events, however, made the Athenians feel the want of this able commander, and he was recalled and sent on an expedition against Egypt and Cyprus; but he was carried off by illness, or the consequences of a wound, in the harbour of Citium, to which place he was laying siege. His spirit, however, still animated his countrymen; for the fleet, when sailing home with his remains, gained a naval victory over a large squadron of Phoenician and Cilician galleys near the Cyprian Salamis, and followed up this victory by another which they gained on shore, either over the troops which had landed from the enemy's ships, or over a land force by which they were supported.-Cimon was, beyond dispute, the ablest and most successful general of his day; and his victories shed a lustre on the arms of Athens, which almost dimmed the glories of Marathon In after times, Cimon's military renown and Salamis. was enhanced by the report of a peace which his vicThese tories had compelled the Persian king to conclude on terms most humiliating to the monarchy. were, that the Persians had agreed to abandon at least the military occupation of Asia Minor, to the distance of three days' journey on foot, or one on horseback, from the coast, and to abstain from passing the mouth of the Bosporus and the Chelidonian islands into This peace, of which Isocrates, Dethe western sea.

CINEAS, a Thessalian, a minister and friend of Pyrrhus, and employed by the latter on many embassies. He had been a pupil of Demosthenes, and possessed considerable talents as an orator. Having been sent by Pyrrhus to Rome with proposals of peace, he compared the senate, on his return, to an assembly of another Lernaan hydra. (Plut., Vit. Pyrrh.) kings, and a war with the Romans to a contest with

CINGULUM, a town of Picenum, southwest of AncoIt surrendered to Cæsar, though Labienus, then The modern a great partisan of Pompey, had raised and constructed na. its fortifications at his own expense. name is Cingolo. (Cas., Bell. Civ., 1, 15.- Cic., Ep. ad Att., 7, 11.-Sil. Ital., 10, 34.)

A

CINNA, L. Cornelius, an adherent of Marius, who played a conspicuous part in the civil war between that leader and Sylla. Having attained to the consulship, after the proscription of Marius by his opponent, he began to exert himself for the recall of the former, and accused Sylla, who was just going as proconsul to Asia, of maladministration. That commander, however, took no notice of the complaint. After the departure of Sylla, he brought forward once more the law of Sulpicius, which admitted the Italians into all the thirty-five tribes without distinction. violent riot ensued, numbers were slain, and Cinna, his colleague Octavius. The Italian towns, regarding with his chief partisans, was driven from the city by He collected thirty legions, the cause of Cinna as their own, received him with the utmost cordiality. A scene of bloodshed and lawless called the proscribed to his support, and with Marius, 351 Sertorius, and Carbo, marched upon and took possession of Rome. rapine now ensued, which has perhaps no parallel in