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Minor, vol. 2, p. 193, seqq.) The figs of this place were famous. Cicero (de Div., 2, 4) mentions the cry of a person who sold Caunian figs at Brundisium, as a bad omen against Crassus when setting out, at the time, on his Parthian expedition. The cry of the figvender was Cauneas (supply ficus eme, or vendo), and this to a Roman ear would sound very much like cave ne eas, pronounced rapidly, that is, like caw'n' cas, the letter being sounded by the Romans like u. (Schneider, L. G., vol. 1, p. 357, seqq.)

by the Scamander (the Simoïs of Homer) from the territory of Scepsis, as Strabo informs us, and the Cebrenians and the people of Scepsis were almost continually at war, until Antigonus removed the inhabitants of both places to Antigonia, afterward Alexandrea Troas. (Strab., 597.) According to Ephorus, Cebrene had received a colony from the Eolian Cyme. (Ap. Harpocr., s. v. Kébpnva.) Xenophon affirms that it was a place of great strength. (Hist. Gr., 3, 1, 14). The site is called at the present day Kutchulan-tepe. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 119.)

CE RUS, a river of Moesia, flowing into the Danube, and separating Upper from Lower Mosia. It is now either the Ischa, a small Bulgarian stream, or the Zibriz. (Dio Cass., 51, 25.)

CAYSTER OF CAŸSTRUS, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into the Egean Sea near Ephesus. Near its mouth it formed a marsh called Asia Palus, or the Asian marsh, and the same with the 'Aotos λequiv of Homer, much frequented by swans and other water-fowl. The Cayster is now called the Kitchik Minder, or Little Maander, from its winding course. (Plin., 5, 29.Strab., 642. Hom., Il., 2, 470. Virg., Georg., 1, 383-Id., En., 7, 699.—Ovid, Met., 5, 386.-Mar-Cecrops.) tral, Ep., 1, 54, 6.)

CEBENNA MONS, a range of mountains in Gaul, commencing in the territory of the Volca Tectosages, running thence in a northern direction into the country of the Ruteni, communicating by a side-chain with the mountains of the Arverni to the northwest, while the main range pursues its course towards the northeast and north, connecting itself, in the former direction with Mount Jura, and in the latter with Mount Vogesus (Vosge). The modern name of the range is the Cerennes, in the departments of l'Aveyron, la Lozère, and l'Ardèche. (Cas., B. G., 7, 4 et 56.) Pliny calls this range Gebenna (3, 4); Ptolemy, Strabo, and the Greeks in general, style it Kéuuevov opoç. Avienus (Or. Marit., 614) calls the adjacent region Cimenice. (Compare Wernsdorff, ad loc.—Lemaire, Index Geogr. ad Cæs., s. v., p. 229.)

CEBES, I. a Greek philosopher, and disciple of Socrates, and also one of the interlocutors whom Plato introduces in his dialogue entitled Phædon. He was born at Thebes, and composed three dialogues, called Hebdomé (Ebdoun), Phrynichus (Þpúvixos), and Prnaz, or the Picture (Ilivas). The last is the only one which has come down to us. It is commonly cited by its Latin title Cebetis Tabula (i. e., picta), and is a moral sketch or picture of human life, written in a pleasing and simple style. Some critics have raised doubts as to the authenticity of this little work. It breathes, indeed, a very pure vein of morality, but is not composed, as they think, in the true spirit of the Socratic school; and they are disposed, therefore, to regard it as the work of some stoic, perhaps Cebes of Cyzicus (No. II.), who wished to show that happiness consisted in the practice of virtue. But it is expressly attributed to Cebes by Lucian (de Mercede Conduct., c. 42), and after him by Tertullian (de Præscript. adv. Hæret., c. 39), Diogenes Laertius (2, 125), Chalcidius, and Suidas. Wolff was the first among the moderns who ventured to call in question this testimony of the ancients, and he has been followed on the same side by the Abbé Sevin (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 3, p. 75.-Compare the dissertation of Garnier, in the same collection, vol. 49, p. 455). No work of antiquity has met with a wider circulation. It has been translated into almost all the modern languages, even into the Arabic.-The best editions of Cebes are, that of Schweighauser, Argent., 12mo, 1806, and that of Thieme, Berol., 8vo, 1810, with German notes of great merit. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, 346.)—ÎI. A philosopher of Cyzicus, who lived in the time of Marcus Aurelius. (Compare Athenæus, 4, p. 156.-Ed. Schweigh., vol. 2, p. 109, and Garnier, Dissert. sur le Tableau de Cebes. Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 49, p. 455.) CEBRENE, a city of Troas, capital of a small district named from it Cebrenia. This district was separated

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CECROPIA, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. (Vid. Cecrops.) CECROPIDE, a name given to the Athenians by the poets, as the fabled descendants of Cecrops. (Vid.

CECROPS, according to the Attic legend, an autochthon or indigenous personage, and the earliest monarch of the country, after Ogyges. His form was half human, half that of a serpent. In his days, it is said, the gods began to choose favourite spots among the dwell ings of men for their own residence, or, as the expres sion seems to mean, particular deities were worshipped with especial homage in particular cities. It was at this time, therefore, that Minerva and Neptune strove for the possession of Attica. The question was to be determined by the natural principle of priority of occupa tion. It was asserted by Neptune, that he had appropriated the territory to himself, by planting his trident on the rock of the Acropolis at Athens, before the land had been claimed by Minerva. He pointed to it there standing erect, and to the salt-spring which had then issued, and was flowing from the fissure of the cliff, that had opened for the reception of the trident. On the other hand, Minerva alleged that she had taken possession of the country at a still earlier period than had been done by the rival deity. She appealed, in support of her claim, to the olive, which had sprung at her command from the soil, and which was growing near the fountain produced by the hand of Neptune from the same place. Cecrops was required to attest the truth of her assertion. He had been witness of the act, and testified accordingly; whereupon the twelve gods, according to one version of the fable, but, according to another, Cecrops himself, decided in favour of Minerva, who then became the tutelary deity of Athens. (Apollod., 3, 14, 1.) Cecrops married Agraulos, daughter of Actæus, and became the father of three daughters, Pandrosos, Herse, and Agraulos. After a reign of many years, spent in introducing among his subjects the blessings of civilization, he died, leaving the kingdom to Cranaus, another autochthon. (Apollod., l. c.)-Thus much for the fable, which has become in our histories so much grave matter of fact. The truth appears to be, that the whole series of Attic kings who are said to have preceded Theseus, including, perhaps, even Theseus himself, are mere fictions, owing their existence to misunderstood names and false etymologies, to attempts to explain ancient customs and religious rites, and to a wish to exalt the antiquity of a nation or a family by giving it a founder in a remote age. At the head of the list of Attic kings is commonly placed Ogyges. The evidence of his historical existence is so slight that his name hardly appears deserving of remark. Whether we make it equivalent, as some do, to apxaios, or trace it, with other etymologists, to a root yuyn, meaning night or darkness, in either case the name is merely figurative, and is intended to refer, not to an individual, but to a period of remote and obscure antiquity. Next in order comes Cecrops, whom we ought to regard as being, in genuine Attic

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CELENO, one of the harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. (Virg., Æn., 3, 245.)

CELENDERIS, a city on the coast of Cilicia Trachea, to the northeast of the Anemurian promontory. It was founded by the Phoenicians, and afterward received a Samian colony. Celenderis appears to have been a place of great strength, built on a high and craggy precipice, surrounded by the sea. (Tacit., Ann., 2, 80.) It is now Chelindreh. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 328.)

fable, the first king of Attica; the true autochthon | of the arts of civilized life. For the immediate sucfrom whom, according to the popular faith, the Attic cessor of Amphictyon, and the representative of the people had their origin. The story of his being half state of the Athenian nation, as it existed in that peman, half serpent, is only an expression of his autoch-riod, was Erichthonius. Erichthonius was, in the lanthonous nature. For in Herodotus (1, 78), the ex-guage of mythology, the son of Vulcan and Minerva, planation given by the Telmessians of the serpents or, as that tradition may be interpreted, it was in this devoured by the horses at Sardis is, op eivai visage that the manual labours which enjoyed the espeπαῖδα, that the snake is a child of earth." The cial patronage of those two deities began to attract the story of his leading a colony from Sais, in Egypt, to attention and assume the importance which afterward Athens, is a comparatively late invention, and entitled rendered them the source of affluence and of glory to to no credit. (Philol. Museum, 5, p. 357.) The very the possessors of the Athenian soil. (Wordsworth's name Cecrops (Kékрo) itself appears to be nothing Greece, p. 92, seqq.-Philological Museum, 5, p. 345, else than a synonyme of αὐτόχθων. The τέττιξ, or seqq.) cicada, was always regarded by the Athenians as a CELÆNE OF CELENE, a city of Phrygia, in the southsymbol of their autochthonia. As the eggs of this in-west, at the sources of the Marsyas. This was a small sect fall to the ground from the stalks on which they river which flows into the Meander, and which, acare deposited (Aristot., Hist. An., 5, 24), and are cording to Xenophon, was named after Marsyas, whom hatched in great numbers in showery weather, it was Apollo caused to be flayed alive, and whose skin he natural that the vulgar should consider the earth as hung in the cave where the river rises. Cyrus the producing them. Now one of the names of the ci- Younger had a palace there, with a park filled with cada is képκw (Elian, Hist. An., 10, 44), the origi- wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. nal form of which would seem to have been xpéxo, Within the enclosure of this palace rose the Mæander, referring, as well as TETTI, to the peculiar sound which and flowed through the park; the Marsyas rose in the the insect emits. Cecrops, therefore (KEKpop, Kpé-market-place. At the sources of the latter, Xerxes, Ko), is in reality nothing more than the cicada itself, after his return from Greece, built a palace and citathe emblem of autochthonia, converted into the first del. The inhabitants of Celænæ were in after days king of Athens. This is rendered still more probable carried off by Antiochus Soter to the city of Apamea, by the names of his daughters. As the ancients sup- founded by him a few miles to the southeast, at the posed the cicada to be produced from the ground, so confluence of the Marsyas and Mæander. (Liv., 38, they thought that it was wholly nourished by the dew. 13.-Xenoph., Anab., 1.) Hence the names Πάνδροσος (“ All-dewy') and Έρση (“Dew"), given to two of the daughters of the fabled Cecrops. The third name, 'Aypavoç (“Field-piper”), is equally appropriate to the cicada, of whose music the ancients thought so highly, that it was doubted whether the Ionians did not wear the golden cicada in their hair in honour of Apollo. (Schol. ad Aristoph., Nub., 971.)—But what becomes of the legend respecting the part that Cecrops bore in the controversy between Neptune and Minerva? It is not difficult to perceive, that in this tradition a record is preserved of the rivalry that arose between two classes of the Attic population, the one devoted to maritime pursuits, and aiming at commercial eminence, the other contented with their own domestic resources, and preferring the tranquil occupations of agricultural and pastoral life, which were typified by the emblematic symbol of peace. The victory of Minerva, which it commemorates, is a true and significant expression of the condition of this country, and of the habits of its people, from the days of Cecrops to those of Themistocles. (Wordsworth's Greece, p. 93.)-Cranaus comes next in the list of Attic kings. He was also an autochthon, contemporary with the flood of Deucalion. He mar-versy. ried Pedias, and the issue of their wedlock was Atthis. What is this but the legend of a union between the inhabitants of the hills (Kpavan y, the rocky country) with those of the plains of Attica (IIedtús, the plain country) and thus Attica (ATC) was formed by uniting the rugged district with that belonging to the plain. And yet a hundred histories have repeated the name of Cranaus as a king of Attica!-This state of prosperity, however, does not appear to have been of long duration; for Atthis is said to have died in early youth; and the flood of Deucalion to have inundated the country during the reign of Cranaus, who was himself driven from the throne by the king next in succession, named Amphictyon. This appellation, indicating, as it does, a collector of neighbouring people into one community, appears to indicate an attempt made in this, the next age, to organize afresh the social elements, which had been disturbed by the convulsions of the previous generation, and to combine them together into one federal body. This design seems to have been attended with success, and to have produced results favourable to the cultivation

CELERES. Vid. Equites.

CELEUS, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the art of cultivating the earth. (Hesiod, Op. et D., v. 423.-Apollod., 1, 5, 1.-Pausan., 1, 14.-Virg., Georg., 1, 165.)

CELSUS, I. AULUS CORNELIUS, a celebrated physician. His native city is unknown; some writers contending for Rome, others for Verona. (Compare Fabricius, Bibl. Lat., 2, 4, p. 36, seqq.) Even his very name is partly involved in doubt, some making it Aurelius Cornelius Celsus, others Aulus. The time in which he lived has also been made a subject of controOne class of writers infer, from a passage in Columella (R. R., 1, 1, 14; compare 3, 17, 4, and 4, 8, 1), that he was born in the time of Tiberius, and lived until the reign of Trajan. (Schilling, Quæst. de Corn. Celsi Vita, Lips., 1824, p. 19 and 75.) Another class place his birth under the reign of Augustus. (Compare Le Clerc, Hist. de la Med., vol. I, p. 517, seqq. Schulze, Compend. Hist. Med., p. 298, seqq.) The most probable opinion is, that he lived under Augustus and Tiberius, but wrote his works under the latter. Celsus composed a large work, on the plan, in some measure, of an encyclopædia, in which he treated of philosophy, jurisprudence, agriculture, and medicine. It was entitled "De Artibus." Unhappily, however, only the eight books (from the 6th to the 14th) which treat of medicine have come down to us. The best editions are that of Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat., 1785, and that of Milligan, Lond., 1826.-Roman literature, otherwise so barren of good medical authorities, can boast of possessing in Celsus one, who, for elegance, terseness, learning, good sense, and practical information, stands unrivalled. Every branch of the profession has been treated

CELSUS.

member of his profession.-II. A Platonic, or, accord-
ing to others, Epicurean philosopher, who lived to-
wards the close of the reign of Hadrian. His name
is famous as that of one of the bitterest enemies of
Christianity. From a motive of curiosity, or, perhaps,
in order to be better able to combat the new religion,
Celsus caused himself to be initiated into the myste-
ries of Christianity, and to be received into that secret
society which St. Clement of Rome is supposed to
have founded. (Compare Kestner, Agape, oder der
geheime Weltbunde der Christen, &c., Jena, 1819,
8vo.) It appears, however, that the sincerity of the
neophyte was distrusted, and that he was refused ad-
mittance into the higher ceremonies. The discontent
to which this gave rise in the breast of Celsus, infla-
med his resentment against the Christians, and he wrote
a work against them, entitled 'Aλnons λóyos, “A true
discourse," in which he employed all the resources of
his intellect and eloquence to paint Christianity as a
ridiculous and contemptible system, and its followers
as a sect dangerous to the well-being of the state.
There is no falsehood to which he has not recourse in
order to represent in an untrue light the Christian
He styles
scheme of morals, to parody and falsify the text of the
Old and New Testaments, and to calumniate the char-
acter of Jesus Christ and his disciples.
Christianity a doctrine tending to pervert and corrupt
TWV ẞióv), and exhorts the government to extirpate
the human race (λóyog λvμaivóμɛvos tòv Tüv ávůρú-
the sect, if it wishes to save the empire. The dis-
course itself is lost; but Origen, who refuted it, in a
work divided into eight books, has given us so com-
plete an extract from it, that, by the aid of this, we can
follow all the principal reasonings of the author. Cel-
sus wrote also a work against magicians and sorcerers
(Karà Máywv), which is cited by Origen and Lucian.
The latter, who was his friend, addressed to him his
(Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5,
memoir on Alexander, the false prophet, in which he
extols the wisdom of Celsus, his love for truth, and
his amiable manners.
p. 103, seqq.)-III. Albinovanus, a friend of Horace,
warned against plagiarism (Epist. 1, 3, 15) and plea-
santly ridiculed (Epist. 1, 8) for his foibles.

of by him, and it may be well said of him, Nikil quod tetigit non ornavit. So complete a specimen of proa sound judgment, fessional knowledge, selected by and adorned with philosophy, is nowhere else to be met with. As a Roman historian said of Homer, that he who can believe him to have been born blind must himself be devoid of every sense, so may we venture to affirm respecting Celsus, that he who can suppose him to have been a mere compiler, and never to have practised the art of medicine, must be totally destitute of all professional experience. His preface contains an admirable exposition of the principles of the different sects which had risen up in medicine before his time; and in the remaining part of the 1st book there are many pertinent remarks on the best method of preserving the health. In the 2d, which treats of the general symptoms and phænomena of diseases in general, he has copied freely from Hippocrates, having, no doubt, discovered that "to copy nature was to copy him." The last part of this book is devoted to the subject of diet and regimen; and here his views will, with a few exceptions, even now be admitted by the Dr. Cullen, unprejudiced to be wonderfully correct. with all his prejudices against ancient authors, allows that, "in most instances, his judgment, if understood well, might be found perhaps to be very good."-In the 3d book he has treated of fevers; and here his distinctions, remarks upon critical days, and treatment, will be found to be particularly deserving of attention. Venesection and cold applications to the head are the general remedies which he most approves of, and happy would it have been for mankind if the masters of the profession had been content to follow this simple plan of treatment, instead of being carried away by such specious theories as the Cullenian and Brunonian, which all must now admit have introduced very mistaken and fatal views of practice. The other parts of his work it is unnecessary to go over minutely; but we would point out, as particularly valuable, his divisions and treatment of ulcers. It is remarkable that no one has treated of diseases of the "obscænæ partes" with the same precision that he has done. The different shades of cutaneous diseases, which are found so difficult to define, he has marked with a surBut, of the whole work, prising degree of precision. His acthe most interesting part, perhaps, is the 7th book, which treats of the operations of surgery. count of those performed upon the eye may be inThe operating for stanced as particularly excellent. couching the cataract is described in much the same manner as it is now performed. The ancients were not acquainted with the mode of extracting. The operation of lithotomy, as described by him, though not exactly the same as that now generally practised, has, even at the present day, its admirers, among whom we may mention the celebrated Dupuytren, who has revived it at Paris, and considers it to possess the advantage over the common plan of affording a freer Mr. Charles Bell, of London, passage to the stone. has also operated much in the same way upon boys, to whom, by-the-by, Celsus restricts his practice. Celsus has the merit of being the first author who makes mention of the application of the ligature to The ligature is arteries for stopping hemorrhage. also mentioned by Heliodorus in a short tract on amputation preserved by Nicetas, by Galen in nearly twenty places, by Aëtius, Paulus Ægineta, Avicenna, Rhazez, Avenzoar, and Albucasis; so that it cannot with any propriety be called a modern invention.-In the last book he treats minutely of fractures and dislo-ed, on the east, upon the Edetani and the range of cations; and here, of course, he avails himself of the correct views previously laid down by Hippocrates. One may venture to affirm that, even at the present day, he who is thoroughly acquainted with the writings of Celsus, and has learned to reduce his knowledge to practice, will prove a useful and distinguished

CELTE, a general name for the whole Gallic race, but, in a special sense, an appellation given to the most occupied Gaul in the days of Cæsar. (Vid. Gallia.) indigenous and extensive of the three great tribes that

CELTIBERI, a people of Spain, brave and powerful, who occupied the greater part of the interior of the were composed of two nations, the Celta and Iberi, country. According to Diodorus Siculus (5, 33), they whence their name, which, perhaps, was used for distinction' sake from that of the Celta beyond the Pyrenees in Gaul. Their cavalry were excellent, and fought ers the fact far from proved that the Celts of Iberia were equally well on foot and on horseback. Niebuhr considNo definite tradition of this event is, according strangers from Gaul who had migrated into that country. to him, to be found, not even in Diodorus. This assertion, however, is altogether untenable, and is based (Compare upon the strange hypothesis that different races of human beings were originally created, and that mankind did not spring from one common parent. Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 2, p. 256.) The Celtiberi were reduced beneath the Roman sway in the Sertorian war, after a long and brave resistance. They were divided into six tribes, the Bellones. Arevaci, Pelendones, Ditthi, Belli, and Lusones. The country of the Celtiberi was sometimes called Celtiberia, and border

Mount Ortospeda; on the north upon the Iberus; on the west upon the Tagus and the Carpetani; on the south upon the Oretani. It comprised, therefore, what is now the southwestern part of Aragon, the southern part of Navarre, the eastern portion of Old Castile, and the northeastern division of New Castile. (Plin., 3,

325

3. Id. 4, 22. - Liv., Epit., 48.- Eutrop., 4, 16.Isidor., Hisp. Chron. Goth., p. 173.)

CELTICI, a people of Lusitania, whose territory lay below the mouth of the Tagus, and between that river and the Turdetani. They were of Celtic origin, as their name imports, and their country answered to what is now the southern part of Alontejos. Their chief town was Pax Julia, now Beja. (Plin., 3, 1.Id., 4, 21.)

CEN.EUM, a promontory of Euboea, which formed the extreme point of the island towards the northwest. The modern name is Lithada. (Strab., 444.-Plin., 4, 12.-Ptol., p. 87.)

CENCHREA, I. a harbour of Corinth, on the Saronic Gulf, from which this city traded with Asia, the Cyclades, and the Euxine. (Strabo, 380.) It was about seventy stadia from the city itself; and the road thither appears, from the account of Pausanias, to have been lined with temples and sepulchres. Dr. Clarke observes, that the remains at Cenchreæ faithfully correspond with the description given by Pausanias of the spot. Sir W. Gell says the place is still called Kenchres. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 207.)—II. A village of Argolis, near the frontiers of Arcadia, southwest of Argos. A tumulus was here erected to some Argives who had fallen in a battle with the Spartans. (Strabo, 376.)

CENCHREIS, a small island off the Spiræum Promontorium of Argolis. (Plin., 4, 11.)

CENCHRIUS, a river of Ionia near Ephesus and Mount Solmissus, where the Curetes, according to some, concealed and protected Latona after her delivery, when she was pursued by the power of Juno. (Strab., 639. -Tacit., Ann., 3, 61.)

CENIMAGNI, a people of Britain, north of the Trinobantes, on the eastern coast, forming part of the great nation of the Iceni. (Vid. Iceni. Lipsius, however, rejects the term Cenimagni, where it occurs in the text of Cæsar (B. G., 5, 21), on the ground that this race are nowhere else mentioned among the British tribes, and he proposes to read in place of it, Icent, Cangi. The author of the Greek paraphrase of Cæsar has Kevipavoi, whence Vossius conjectured the true reading to be Cenomani, and supposed this nation to have crossed over from Gaul. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., p. 231, seqq.)

CENINA. Vid. Canina. CENOMANI, a people of Gaul, belonging to the nation, of the Aulerci. (Vid. Aulerci.)

CENSORES, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created A.U.C. 312. The office of the censors was chiefly to estimate the fortunes, and to in spect the morals of the citizens. For a full account of their duties, &c., consult Adams, Rom. Ant.

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CENSORĪNUS, I. one of the ephemeral Roman emperors who appeared in so great numbers under the reign of Gallienus, and are known in later Roman history as 'the thirty tyrants." (Treb. Pollio, in Hist. Aug. Script., vol. 2, p. 254, ed. Hack.) Censorinus had been distinguished in camps and in the senate; he had been twice consul, twice prætorian prefect, three times prefect of Rome, and four times proconsul. After having passed through this honourable career, he retired to the country, being now advanced in years, and lame from a wound he had received in the war against the Persians during the reign of Valerian. It was under these circumstances that he was proclaimed emperor, A.D. 269, in spite, as it would appear, of his own wishes; and by a species of pleasantry he was surnamed, or rather nicknamed, Claudius, in allusion to his lameness (claudus, "lame"). The strict discipline, however, which he wished to introduce, gave of fence, and he was slain by the very soldiers who had raised him to the throne. (Treb. Poll., Vit. Cens.) II. A grammarian and philosopher, who flourished under Maximus and Gordianus, about A.D. 238. He

wrote a small work entitled "De die Natali," which was so called because composed on occasion of the birthday of his friend Cerellius. It treats of the time of birth, of the influence of one's Genius, as well as that of the stars, upon the birth-period of an individual; and embraces many other topics of a chronological, mathematical, and cosmographical character. Canio, therefore, who edited the work in 1583, separated the latter part of this production from the rest, and regards it as a fragment of an unknown author, De naturali institutione." The style of Censorinus is good, though not free, of course, from the blemishes natural to his time. We have also a fragment, de Metris, by this same writer. He composed also a work on accents, and another on geometry, but these last two have not reached us. The best edition of Censorinus is that of Havercamp, Lugd. Bat., 1743, 8vo, reprinted in 1767. (Bahr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 661.) The latest edition is that of Gruber, Nuremb., 1805, 8vo.

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CENTAURI, a Thessalian race fabled to have been half men, half horses.-The Centaurs and Lapithæ are two mythic tribes, which are always mentioned together. The former are spoken of twice in the Iliad, under the appellation of wild-creatures (Þīpeç), and once under their proper name. (I., 1, 268.—Ib., 2, 742. -Ib., 11, 832.) We also find the name Centaurs in the Odyssey (21, 303.) They seem to have been a rude mountain-tribe, dwelling on and about Mount Pelion. It is very doubtful whether Homer and Hesiod conceived them to be of a mingled form, as they were subsequently represented. In the fight of the Centaurs and Lapitha on the shield of Hercules, the latter appear in panoply fighting with spears, while the former wield pine-clubs. (Hesiod, Scut. Herc., 178, seqq.) Pindar is the earliest poet extant who expressly describes them as semi-ferine. According to him (Pyth., 2, 78, seqq.), the offspring of Ixion and the cloud (vid. Ixion) was a son named Centaurus, who. when grown up, wandered about the foot of Mount Pelion, where he united with the Magnesian mares, who brought forth the Centaurs, a race partaking of the form of both parents, their lower parts resembling their dams, their upper their sire. The common account makes the Centaurs to have been the immediate offspring of Ixion and the cloud. By his wife Dia, Ixion had a son named Pirithous, who married Hippodamia, daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos. The chiefs of his own tribe, the Lapithæ, were all invited to the wed ding, as were also the Centaurs, who dwelt in the neighbourhood of Pelion. Theseus, Nestor, and other strangers were likewise present. At the feast, Eurytion, one of the Centaurs, becoming intoxicated with the wine, attempted to offer violence to the bride; the other Centaurs followed his example, and a dreadful conflict arose, in which several of them were slain. The Centaurs were finally driven from Pelion, and obliged to retire to other regions. (Ovid, Met., 12, 210, seqq. Diod. Sic., 4, 70.)-- According to the earliest version of this legend, Eurytion, the Centaur, being invited to the mansion of Pirithous, got intoxicated, and behaved so ill, that the heroes rose, and, dragging him to the door, cut off his ears and nose, which was the occasion of "strife between the Centaurs and men." (Od., 21, 295, seqq.) When Hercules was on his way to hunt the Erymanthian boar, he was entertained by the Centaur Pholus; and this gave rise to a conflict between him and the other Centaurs, which terminated in the total discomfiture of the latter. The most celebrated of the Centaurs was Chiron, the son of Saturn by the nymph Philyra (Vid. Chiron.)-It is the opinion of Buttmann (Mythologus, vol. 2, p. 22), that the Centaurs and Lapithæ are two purely poetic names, used to distinguish two opposite races of men; the former, the rude horseriding tribes, which tradition records to have been

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CEN

spread over the north of Greece; the latter, the more civilized race, which founded towns, and gradually drove their wild neighbours back into the mountains. He therefore thinks the exposition of Centaurs as Airpiercers (from Kevreiv Tv avpav) not an improbable one, for that very idea is suggested by the figure of a Cossack, leaning forward with his protruded lance as he gallops along. He regards, however, the idea of κένταυρος having been in its origin simply κέντωρ as much more probable. Lapitha may, he thinks, have signified Stone-persuaders (from haas meilei), a poetic appellation for the builders of towns. He supposes Hippodamia, as her name seems to intimate, to have been a Centauress, married to the prince of the Lapithe, and thus accounts for the Centaurs having been at the wedding. (Mythologus, l. c.—Keightley's Mythology, p. 316, seqq.)-Knight takes a very different view of the legend. The horse, as he observes, was sacred to Neptune and the Rivers, and was employed The Centaurs apas a general symbol of the waters. pear to him to have been the same symbol partly humanized. According to this explanation, the legend respecting the Centaurs and Lapithæ will have refer111, ence to the draining of some parts of Thessaly by that (Knight's Enquiry, &c., old Pelasgic race. seqq.-Class. Journ., vol. 25, p. 34, seqq ) CENTRITIS, a river of Armenia Major, flowing under the ramparts of Tigranocerta, and falling into the Eu phrates. The Greeks gave it the name of Nicephorius, "that brings victory," probably on account of some battle gained in its vicinity during the time of the Syrian kings. It separated Armenia from the country of the Carduchi, and is now the Bitlis-Soo. (Xen., Anab., 4, 3.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 5, p. 236.)

CENTRONES, a people of Gaul, among the Alpes Graie, who, along with the Graioceli and Caturiges, were defeated by Cæsar in several engagements. Their chief city was Forum Claudii Centronum, now Centron. (Lemaire, Index Geogr. ad Cæs., p. 231.) CENTUM CELLE, a seaport town of Etruria, northeast of Cære. It is better known under the name of Trajani Portus, that emperor having caused a magnificent harbour to be constructed there, which Pliny the younger has described in one of his epistles (6, 31). Two wo immense piers formed the port, which was semicircular, while an island, constructed artificially of immense masses of rock, brought there by vessels and sunk in the sea, served as a breakwater in front and supported a pharos. The coast being very destitute of shelter for vessels of burden, this work of Trajan Previous to Trajan's was of great national benefit. improvements the place was very thinly inhabited, and Centum received its name from the mean and scanty abodes scattered here and there along the shore. Cellæ having been destroyed by the Saracens, the inhabitants built another town at some distance inland, but afterward they reoccupied the site of the old city, which, from that circumstance, obtained its present name of Civita Vecchia. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 201, seqq.—Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, p. 373.) CENTUMVIRI, the members of a court of justice at There were originally chosen three from each of the 35 tribes of the people, and, though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were after ward increased to the number of 180, but still kept their original name. They seem to have been first instituted soon after the creation of the prætor peregrinus. The causes that came before them in the time of the They judged republic are enumerated by Cicero. then chiefly concerning testaments and inheritances. (Cic., Or., 1, 38.-Val. Max., 7, 7.—Quintil., 4, 1, 7.) After the time of Augustus, however, they formed the council of the prætor, and judged in the most imWhen the number of the Centumviri portant causes. reached 180, they were divided into four councils, sometimes only into two, and sometimes, in important

Rome.

A cause before
causes, they judged all together.
them could not be adjourned. (Plin., Ep., 1, 18.—
Id., 4, 24.) Ten men were appointed, five senators
and five equites, to assemble these councils, and pre-
side in them in the absence of the prætor. (Sueton.,
Aug., 36.) Trials before the centumviri were held
usually in the Basilica Julia, sometimes in the forum.
(Consult Heineccius, Antiq. Rom., ed. Haubold, 4, 6,
9, p. 664.)

After

CENTURIPA (τὰ Κεντόριπα.—Ριοι.. Κεντούρι παι.-Sil. Ital., CENTURIPE), an ancient city of the Siculi, on the eastern shore of Sicily, near Catana. the Roman conquest of the island it became an important place in the corn-trade to Italy. The modern - Ovid, Met., Centorbi appears to mark the ancient site. (ManCEOS (also called CEA, Plin., 4, 12.nert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 416.) 7, 368, &c.), an island of the Egean, one of the Cyclades, opposite the promontory of Sunium in Attica. It was famed for its fertility and rich pastures. Pliny (4, 12) writes, that it had been torn from Euboea, and was once 500 stadia in length, but nearly four parts were carried away by the sea on the side of Boeotia. pled from Africa, and furnished a few ships both at Herodotus states, that it was an Ionian colony peoArtemisium and Salamis (8, 1). From this island, as Varro reports, a greater degree of elegance was introduced in female dress. (Plin., l. c.) It once possessed four towns, named Iulis, Carthæa, Coressia, Iulis was the birthplace of Siand Pœessa, but in Strabo's time only the two former remained, the population of the others having been transferred to them. Zea, which gives its name to the island. It is said monides, and is probably represented by the modern that the laws of this town decreed, that every man, on reaching his sixtieth year, should destroy himself by This ordinance is said to have been propoison, in order to leave to others a sufficient main(Strabo, 486. — Ælian, V. H., 3, 37.- Cramulgated when the town was besieged by the Athenians. CEPHALLENIA, an island in the Ionian sea, southmer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 401, seqq.) Strabo (456) asserts, that west of Ithaca, from which it is separated by a strait of six miles. It is now Cefalonia, and forms one of the seven Ionian islands.

tenance.

it was about three hundred stadia in circuit, or thir-
ty-eight miles; Pliny (4, 12), forty-four miles; but
both are very far short of the real measurement, which
is little less than one hundred and twenty miles. The
more ancient name of this large island was Samos, as
we learn from Homer. (Od., 4, 671.) But the poet
elsewhere speaks of the Cephallenians as the subjects
ty agree in deriving the name of Cephallenia from
of Ulysses. (Il., 2, 631.) All the writers of antiqui-
Cephalus, who settled here after his expedition against
(Strabo, l. c.) The Cephallenians did not share
the Teleboæ, in which he accompanied Amphitry-
(Herodot., 9,
on.
in the glory of the victory of Salamis, but one of their
28.) Prior to the Peloponnesian war, the whole isl-
cities sent a few soldiers to Platæa.
But its subjugation does not appear to
and was conquered by an Athenian fleet commanded
by Tolmides.
have been permanent, since Thucydides mentions,
that, towards the commencement of the war, it was
brought under the dominion of Athens, without a
Besides these well-known
struggle, by a fleet of one hundred triremes (2, 30).
There were four cities in the island, Palle or Pale,
Cranii, Same, and Proni.
cities, Stephanus Byzantinus assigns to Cephallenia a
town called Taphos, of which some remains are said
to exist near the modern village of Taphios, on the
western coast of the island. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 1,
p. 75.) Strabo reports, that, towards the close of the
Roman republic, Č. Antonius, the colleague of Cicero
in his consulship, resided in Cephallenia during his
exile, and acquired such an influence over the inhabi-

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