AONIE, an epithet applied to the Muses, from Mount Helicon in Boeotia, the earlier name of this country having been Aonia.

74.)—IX. Felix, a freedman of the Emperor Claudius, |otia. (Pausan., 9, 5.
appointed governor of Judæa. (Vid. Felix.) -X. | Virg., G., 3, 11.)
Musa, a celebrated physician in the time of Augustus.
(Vid. Musa.)-XI. Primus, a Roman commander
whose efforts were very influential in gaining the
crown for Vespasian. He was also an able public
speaker, and had a turn likewise for poetic composi-
tion, having written numerous epigrams. He was a
friend of the poet Martial. (Tac., Ann., 14, 40.-Id.,
Hist., 11, 86.)

ANTORĪDES, a painter, who flourished according to
Pliny (35, 10), about Olympiad 110. (Sillig, Dict.
Art., s. v.)

AORNOS, or AORNIS, a lofty rock in India, taken by Alexander. It was situate on the Suastus, or Suvat. The Macedonians gave it the name of Aornos (opvoc) on account of its great height, the appellation implying that it was so high that no bird could fly over it (a priv. et opviç. Curt., 8, 11.-. - Arrian, 4, 28.-Plut., Vit. Alex.)-II. Another in Bactriana, east of Zariaspa Bactria. It is now Telckan, situate on a high mountain called Nork-Koh, or the mountain of silver.

Aõus, or AEAS, a river of Illyria, now Voioussa, which flowed close to Apollonia. It was said by the ancients to rise in that part of the chain of Pindus to which the name of Mount Lacmon was given. (Herod., 9, 94. - Strab., 316.) According to Polybius and Livy, it was navigable from its mouth to Apolio

ANUBIS, an Egyptian deity, the offspring of Osiris, and of Nephthys the sister and spouse of Typhon. He inherited all the wisdom and goodness of his father, but possessed the nature of the dog, and had also the head of that animal. He accompanied Isis in her search after the remains of Osiris. Jablonski (Panth. Egypt., p. 19) derives the name from the Coptic Noub, "gold." In this he is opposed by Champollion (Précis, p. 101, seqq.), who denies also the proprietynia. (Polyb., 5, 109.-Liv., 24, 40.) of confounding Anubis with Hermes. Plutarch says APAMA, I. wife of Seleucus Nicator, and mother of (de Is. et 03, p. 368 et 380), that some of the Antiochus Soter. (Strab., 578.) — II. Sister of AnEgyptian writers understood by Anubis the horizontal tiochus Theos, married to Magas. After her huscircle which divides the invisible from the visible part band's death, she prevailed upon Antiochus to make of the world. Other writers tell us that Anubis pre-war against Ptolemy Philadelphus. — III. Wife_of sided at the two solstitial points, and that two dogs Prusias, king of Bithynia, and mother of Nicomedes. (or, rather, two jackals), living images of this god, (Strab., 563.) were supposed to guard the tropics along which the APAMEA, I. a city of Phrygia, built by Antiochus sun rises towards the north or descends towards the Soter on the site of the ancient Cibōtus, and called, south If this be correct, we must suppose two dei- after his mother, Apama. The name of the earlier ties, an Anubis, properly so called, the guardian of the place, Cibōtus, is thought to have been derived from lower hemisphere and of the darker portion of the year, Kibwróç, an ark or coffer, because it was the mart or and an Hermanubis, the guardian of the luminous por-common treasury of those who traded from Italy and tion and of the upper hemisphere. On the whole sub- Greece to Asia Minor. This name was afterward ject of Anubis, however, and particularly on his non-added, for a similar reason, to Apamea. It was situ identity with Thoth and Sirius, consult the learned annotations of Guigniaut to Creuzer's Symbolik (vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 851, seqq.).

ate above the junction of the Orgas and Meander, and, according to Mannert, is now called Aphiom KaraHisar, or the black castle of opium, which drug is colANXUR, the Volscian name of Terracina. (Vid. lected in its environs. (Mannert, vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 120. Terracina.) La Cerda and others contend for the seqq.) The more correct opinion, however, would Greek derivation of the name, which makes Ju- seem to be in favour of Dinglare or Deenare. (Popiter supos, or "the beardless,' to have been wor-cocke, Trav., vol. 3, p. 2, c. 15.—Arundell, Visit, &c., shipped here; and they maintain that, in conformity with this, the name of the place should be written Azur, as it is found on some old coins. Heyne, however, supposes the letter n to have been sometimes omitted, in consequence of its slight sound. (Heyne, ad Virg., En., 9, 799, in Var. Lect.)

ANYTA, a poetess of Tegea, who flourished about 300 B.C. She exercised the calling of Xpnouоroios, "maker of oracles," that is to say, she versified the oracles of Esculapius at Epidaurus. We have only a few remains of her productions, namely, twenty epigrams, remarkable for their great simplicity. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 70.)

p. 107, seqq. - Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 51, seqq.)-II. Another in Bithynia, near the coast of the Sinus Cianus. It was originally called Myrlea, and flourished under this name, as an independent city, for several years, until it was taken and destroyed by Philip, father of Perses, who ceded the territory to Prusias, sovereign of Bithynia, his ally. This prince rebuilt the town, and called it Apamea, after his queen. (Strab., 563.) The ruins of Apamea are near the site now called Modania, about six hours north of Broussa. (Wheeler, vol. 1, p. 209.-Pococke, vol. 3, b. 2, c. 25.)-III. Another in Syria, at the confluence of the Orontes and Marsyas, which form here a small ANYTUS, an Athenian demagogue, who, in conjunc- lake. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator, and called tion with Melitus and Lycon, preferred the charges after his wife. It is now Famich. Seleucus is said against Socrates which occasioned that philosopher's to have kept in the adjacent pastures 500 war-elecondemnation and death. After the sentence had phants. (Mannert, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 463.)-IV. Another been inflicted on Socrates, the fickle populace repent-in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris, in a district which lay ed of what had been done; Melitus was condemned to death, and Anytus, to escape a similar fate, went into exile. (Ælian, V. H., 2, 13.)

AON, a son of Neptune, who first collected together into cities, as is said, the scattered inhabitants of Euboa and Boeotia. Hence the name Aonians given to the earlier inhabitants of Boeotia. (Vid. Aones.)

AONES, the earlier inhabitants of Boeotia. They, jointly with the Hyantes, succeeded the Ectenes. On the arrival of Cadmus, the Hyantes took up arms to oppose him, but were routed, and left the country on the ensuing night. The Aones, however, submitted, and were incorporated with the Phoenicians. The Muses were called Aonia, from Mount Helicon in Bo

between the canal and the river, whence the epithet Messene applied to this city, because it was in the midst of that small territory which is now called Digei. (Mannert, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 271.)-V. Another on the confines of Media and Parthia, not far from Rage. It was surnamed Raphane. (Mannert, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 179.)- VI. Another at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates, now Koma. (Mannert, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 361.)

APATURIA, a festival at Athens, which received its name, according to the common, but erroneous account, from útúrn, deceit, because it was instituted (say the etymologists who favour this derivation) in memory of a stratagem by which Xanthus, king of Baotia, was

the latter to paint a likeness of Campaspe, one of his concubines, and distinguished for her beauty, the artist became enamoured of her, and, on the monarch's discovering this, received her as a present from his hands. This same Campaspe, according to Pliny, served as the prototype for the Venus Anadyomene.-II. An engraver on precious stones. (Bracci, tab. 27.—Silhig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

APELLICON, a peripatetic philosopher, born at Teos, in Asia Minor, and one of those to whom we owe the preservation of many of the works of Aristotle. The Stagirite, on his deathbed, confided his works to Theophrastus, his favourite pupil; and Theophrastus, by his will, left them to Neleus, who had them conveyed to Scepsis, in Troas, his native city. After the death of Neleus, his heirs, illiterate persons, fearing lest they might fall into the hands of the King of Pergamus, who was enriching, in every way, his newly-established library, concealed the writings of Aristotle in a cave, where they remained for more than 130 years, and suffered greatly from worms and dampness. At the end of this period Apellicon purchased them for a high price. His wish was to arrange them in proper order, and to fill up the lacunæ that were now of frequent occurrence in the manuscripts, in consequence of their neglected state. Being, however, but little versed in philosophy, and possessing still less judgment, he acquitted himself ill in this difficult task, and published the works of the Stagirite full of faults. Subsequently, the library of Apellicon fell, among the spoils of Athens, into the hands of Sylla, and was carried to Rome, where the grammarian Tyrannion had access to them. From him copies were obtained by Andronicus of Rhodes, which served for the basis of his arrangement of the works of Aristotle. Ritter thinks that too much has been built upon this story. On its authority it has even been pretended that the works of Aristotle have reached us in a more broken and ill-arranged shape than any other productions of antiquity. He thinks the story arose out of some laudatory commendations of the edition of Aristotle by Andronicus, and that it is probable, not to say certain, that there were other editions, of the respective merits of which it was possible to make a comparison. any rate, according to him, the acroamatic works of Aristotle have not reached us solely from the library of Neleus, and, consequently, it was not necessary to have recourse merely to the restoration by Apellicon, either to complete or retain the chasms resulting from the deterioration of the manuscripts. - To return to Apellicon, it is said that his large fortune, indeed, supplied him abundantly with the means of gratifying his passion for books; but that, when they could not be obtained in this way, he made no scruple of getting possession of them by what deserves in plainness the name of theft. Thus, he carried off from the archives of the Athenians the original decrees of the people, and was compelled to flee for the act. Apellicon is said to have written a work in defence of Aristotle. Probably some needy author wrote it, and Apellicon purchased the paternity of the work. (Ritter, Hist. Anc, Phil., vol. 3, p. 24, seqq.)

and best-balanced composition, nor the deepest pathos | homage to the talents of the artist. Having desired of expression; his great prerogative consisted more in the unison than in the extent of his powers; he knew better what he could do, what ought to be done, at what point he could arrive, and what lay beyond his reach, than any other artist. Grace of conception and refinement of taste were his elements, and went hand in hand with grace of execution and taste in finish; powerful and seldom possessed singly, irresistible when united that he built both on the firm basis of the former system, not on its subversion, his well-known contest of lines with Protogenes irrefragably proves. (Vid. Protogenes.) What those lines were, drawn with nearly miraculous subtlety in different colours, one upon the other, or, rather, within each other, it would be equally unavailing and useless to inquire; but the corollaries we may deduce from the contest are obviously these, that the schools of Greece recognised all one elemental principle; that acuteness and fidelity of eye, and obedience of hand, form precision; precision, proportion; proportion, beauty that it is the little more or less," imperceptible to vulgar eyes, which constitutes grace, and establishes the superiority of one artist over another; that the knowledge of the degrees of things or taste presupposes a perfect knowledge of the things themselves; that colour, grace, and taste are ornaments, not substitutes, of form, expression, and character, and, when they usurp that title, degenerate into splendid faults. Such were the principles on which Apelles formed his Venus, or, rather, the personification of Female Grace, the wonder of art, the despair of artists; whose outline baffled every attempt at emendation, while imitation shrunk from the purity, the force, the brilliancy, the evanescent gradations of her tints. (Fuseli's Lectures, 1, p. 62, segg.) Apelles, indeed, used to say of his contemporaries, that they possessed, as artists, all the requisite qualities except one, namely, grace, and that this was his alone. On one occasion, when contemplating a picture by Protogenes, a work of immense labour, and in which exactness of detail had been carried to excess, he remarked, "Protogenes equals or surpasses me in all things but one, the knowing when to remove his hand from a painting." Apelles was also, as is supposed, the inventor of what artists call glazing. Such, at least, is the opinion of Sir Joshua Reynolds and others. (Reynolds on Du Fresnoy, note 37, vol. 2.) The ingredients probably employed by him for this purpose are given by Jahn, in his Malerei der Allen, p. 150.-The modesty of Apelles, says Pliny, equalled his talents. He acknowledged the superiority of Melanthius in the art of grouping, and that of Asclepiodorus in adjusting on canvass the relative distances of objects. Apelles never allowed a day to pass, however much he might be occupied by other matters, without drawing one line at least in the exercise of his art; and from this circumstance arose the proverb, "nulla dies sine linea," or, as it is sometimes given, "nullam hodie lineam duxi," in Greek, rhuɛpov ovdeμíav ypaμμm nyayov. He was accustomed also, when he had completed any one of his pieces, to expose it to the view of passengers, and to hide himself behind it in order to hear the remarks of the spectators. On one of these occasions, a shoemaker censured the APENNINUS, a great chain of mountains, branching painter for having given one of the slippers of a fig-off from the Maritime Alps, in the neighbourhood of ure a less number of ties, by one, than it ought to have had. The next day the shoemaker, emboldened by the success of his previous criticism, began to find fault with a leg, when Apelles indignantly put forth his head, and desired him to confine his decisions to the slipper, "ne supra crepidam judicaret." Hence arose another common saying, "ne sutor ultra crepidam." (Erasmus, Chil., p. 196.) Apelles is said to have possessed great suavity of manners, and to have been, in consequence, a favourite of Alexander the Great; and the monarch, on one occasion, paid a remarkable

At

Genoa, running diagonally from the Ligurian Gulf to the Adriatic, in the vicinity of Ancona; from thence continuing nearly parallel with the latter gulf, as far as the promontory of Garganus, and again inclining to the Mare Inferum, till it finally terminates in the promontory of Leucopetra near Rhegium. (Polyb., 2, 16.— Strabo, 211.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 5.Compare also the following poetic authorities: Lucan, 2, 396.-Rutil., Itin., 2, 27.-Claudian., Paneg., 6.Id., Cons. Hon., 285.-Sil. Ital., 4, 742.-Virg., En., 12, 703.) The Apennines may be equal in length to

670 miles. They are divided by modern geographers into three parts; the Northern Apennines extend from the neighbourhood of Urbino to the Adriatic; the Central Apennines terminate near the banks of the Sangro; the Southern Apennines, situated at an equal distance from the two seas, form two branches ear Muro; the least important separates the territory of Barri from that of Otranto; the other, composed of softy mountains, traverses both Calabrias, and termiates near Aspromonte.-The etymology of the name given to these mountains must be traced to the Celtic, and appears to combine two terms of that language nearly synonymous, Alp or Ap," a high mountain," and Penn, "a summit." Some write the name Apaninus (i. e., Alpes Panina), as if derived from the circumstance of Hannibal's having led his army over them, Poenus meaning “Carthaginian." This etymology, however, is altogether erroneous; nor is it at all more tenable when applied to the Pennine Alps.

APHAS, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia. D'Anville calls it the Avas. It is now the Vuvo. (Plin., 4, 1.)

APHESAS, a mountain of Argolis, near Nemea, said to have been the one on which Perseus first sacrificed to Jupiter Apesantius. The more correct form of the name is Apesas. (Vid. Apesas.)

APHETÆ, a city of Thessaly, at the entrance of the Sinus Pelasgicus, or Gulf of Volo, from which the ship Argo is said to have taken her departure for Colchis. (Apoll. Rhod., 1, 591.) Herodotus informs us (7, 193 and 196) that the fleet of Xerxes was stationed here previous to the engagement off Artemisium. The same writer makes the distance between Aphetæ and Artemisium about eighty stadia. Aphetæ is supposed to correspond to the modern Fetio. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 411.)

APHIDNA, a borough of Attica, belonging to the tribe Leontis, where Theseus is said to have secreted Helen. (Herodot., 9, 73. Plut., Vit. Thes.) Demosthenes reports that Aphidna was more than 120 stadia from Athens. (De Cor., p. 238.)

APHRODISIA, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus.

APER, I. Marcus, a Roman orator, who flourished during the latter half of the first century of our era. He was a native of Gaul, but distinguished himself at Rome by his eloquence and general ability. Aper is one of the interlocutors in the dialogue on the causes of the decline of oratory, which some ascribe to Taci- APHRODISIAS, I. a city of Laconia, to the west of tus, others to Quintilian, and others again to Aper Nymbæum, the same as Boa. (Strabo, 251.--Pliny, himself. He died A.D. 85. (Schulze, Prolegg. c. 4, 5.- Polybius, 5, 19.)-II. A city in the Thracian 2, p. xxi., seqq.)—II. Flavius, supposed by some to Chersonese, between Heraclea to the east and Carhave been the son of the preceding. He was consul dia to the west. (Procopius, Edific., 4, 10.) - III. A.D. 130, under Hadrian. (Oberlin., ad Dial. de A city of Caria, lying south of the Meander and causs. corr. eloq., c. 2.)—III. Arrius, a prefect of the west of Cibyra. In the time of Hierocles it was Prætorian guards under Carus, and afterward under his the capital of the country (p. 688). Stephanus insuccessor Numerianus. Aspiring to the purple, he forms us that it was founded by the Pelasgi Leletook advantage of a violent thunder-storm that arose, ges, and was successively called, city of the Leleges, assassinated Carus, who was lying sick at the time, set Megalopolis, Ninoe, and Aphrodisias. In Strabo's fire to the royal tent, and ascribed the death of the time it appears to have belonged to Phrygia; Pliny, prince and the conflagration to lightning. The corpse however, assigns it to Caria, and styles it a free was so much burnt that no traces of the murder were city (5, 29. Compare Tacit., Ann., 3, 62, and Broperceptible. Numerianus, son of Carus, and son-in- tier, ad loc.). The site of the ancient city at Geyra, law of Aper, having succeeded to the empire, contin- about two hours from Antiochia on the Mæander, was ued the latter in the office of prefect; but the only re- discovered by Pococke. (Vol. 2, p. 2, c. 12. Craturn that Aper made was to poison the young monarch, mer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 210.)—IV. A city and after he had reigned about eight or nine months. promontory of Cilicia Trachea, east of Celenderis. Suspicion immediately fell upon Aper, and he was According to Livy, it was a place of some conseslain by Dioclesian, whom the army had elected em-quence in the reign of Antiochus the Great. (Liv., peror. (Aurel. Vict., c. 38.—Vopiscus, Car., c. 8.Id., Numer., c. 12, seq. Compare the remarks of Crevier, Hist. Emp. Rom., vol. 6, p. 140.)

APESAS, a mountain of Argolis, near Nemea, on which, according to Pausanias (2, 16), Perseus first sacrificed to Jupiter Apesantius. It is a remarkable mountain, with a flat summit, which can be seen, as we are assured by modern travellers, from Argos and Corinth. (Chandler, vol. 2, ch. 56.-Dodwell, Class. Tour, vol. 2, p. 210.)

APHACA, a town of Syria, between Heliopolis and Byblus, where Venus was worshipped. The temple is said to have been a school of wickedness, and was razed to the ground by Constantine the Great. (Euseb., Vit. Const. Mag., 3, 55.)

APHEA, a name of Diana, who had a temple in Ægina. (Pausan., 2, 30.-Consult Heyne, Excurs. ad Virg., Cir., 220.-Müller, Æginetica, p. 163, seqq.) APHAR, a city of Arabia, situate on the coast of the Red Sea, not far north from the Promontorium Aromatum. It was the capital of the Homeritæ, and is supposed to correspond to Al-Fara, between Mecca and Medina. The ancient name is more commonly given as Suphar. (Plin., 6, 23. — Ptol. — Arrian, Peripl. Mar. Erythr., p. 154, ed. Blancard.)

APHAREUS, I. a king of Messenia, who married Arene, daughter of Ebalus, by whom he had three sons. (Pausan., 3, 1.)-II. A step-son of Isocrates, who produced thirty-five or thirty-seven tragedies, and was four times victor. He began to exhibit B.C. 34). (Theatre of the Grecks, 2d ed., p. 158.)

1

33, 20. Compare Diod. Sic., 19, 61.) The ruins found by Capt. Beaufort, at the northeast corner of a bay west of Cape Cavaliere, appear to mark the site of the ancient city. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 329.)—V. Another name for the Isle of Erythea.— VI. An island sacred to Venus and Mercury, on the coast of Carmania. It is thought by some to have been identical with the Catea of Arrian. (Plin., 6, 25.)-VII. An island on the coast of Cyrenaica, in the vicinity of Apollonia. (Herodot., 4, 168.)

APHRODISIUM, I. a city on the eastern parts of Cy. prus, and in the narrowest part of the island, being only nine miles from Salamis. (Strabo, 682.) — II. One of the three minor harbours into which the Piræus was subdivided. It seems to have been the middle one of the three. (Cramer's Anc. Gr., vol. 2, p. 350.)

APHRODITE, the Grecian name of Venus, from dopóc, "foam," because Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean. This is the account given by Hesiod (Theog., 196). Homer, however, as well as the Cretan system (Apollod., 1, 3, 1, and Heyne, ad loc.), made her the daughter of Dione. (Vid. Venus, where some remarks will be offered on the origin of the Greek name.)

APHRODITOPOLIS, I. a city of Egypt, the capital of the 36th nome, now Alfich.-II. Another in the same country, the capital of the 42d nome, now Itfu.III. Another in the same country, belonging to the nome Hermonthites, now Asf-un. (Strab., 566. — Steph. Byz., s. v.)

APHTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Antioch, who lived