ing the Strymonic Gulf; and it commands the only | poets, the epithet Amphrysius becomes equivalent to easy communication from the coast of that gulf into Apollineus. (Lucan, 6, 367.-Virg., En., 6, 398.) the great Macedonian plains, which extend for sixty miles from beyond Meleniko to Philippi. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 292, seqq.)

AMPHIS, a Greek comic poet of Athens, contemporary with Plato. His works are lost, though some of the titles of his pieces have reached us. (Consult Schweigh. ad Athen., vol. 9, Index Auct., s. v.)

AMPSAGAS, a river of Africa, forming the boundary between Mauritania Cæsariensis and Numidia, and falling into the sea to the east of Igilgilis, or Jigel. On a branch of it stood Cirta, the capital of Numidia. The modern name is Wad-ul-Kibir, i. e., the Great River. (Ptol.-Mela, 1, 6.-Plin., 5, 3.)

ro (de Div., 1) and Pliny (H. N., 2, 93). The latter writer mentions a temple consecrated to the goddess Mephitis, on the banks of this sulphureous lake, of which a good description is given by Romanelli, taken from a work of Leonardo di Capoa. (Romanelli, vol. 2, p. 351.) The lake is now called Mufiti, and is close to the little town of Fricento. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 251.)

AMSANCTUS, OF AMSANCTI VALLIS ET LACUS, a cel AMPHISSA, I. a daughter of Macareus, fabled to ebrated valley and lake of Italy, in Samnium, to the have given her name to the city of Amphissa.-II. southwest of Trivicum. Virgil (En., 7, 563) has. The chief city of the Locri Ozola. We find, from left us a fine description of the place. The waters of Strabo, that it stood at the head of the Crissæan Gulf, the lake were remarkable for their sulphureous properand Eschines (in Ctes., p. 71) informs us that its dis- ties and exhalations. Some antiquaries have confoundtance from Delphi was sixty stadia: Pausanias reck-ed this spot with the lake of Cutiliæ, near Reate; but ons one hundred and twenty. Amphissa was said to Servius, in his commentary on the passage of Virgil just have derived its name from the circumstance of its referred to, distinctly tells us that it was situate in the being surrounded on every side by mountains. (Aris-country of the Hirpini, which is also confirmed by Cicetot. ap. Harpocrat., Lex.Steph. Byz., s. v. "Apoioca.) Amphissa was destroyed by order of the Amphictyons, for having dared to restore the walls of Crissa, and to cultivate the ground, which was held to be sacred; and lastly, on account of the manner in which they molested travellers who had occasion to pass through their territory. (Strabo, 419. Eschin. in Ctes., p. 71, seqq.) At a later period, however, it appears to have somewhat recovered from this ruined state when under AMULIUS, son of Procas, king of Aiba, and younger the dominion of the Etolians. In the war carried on brother of Numitor. The crown belonged of right to by the Romans against this people, they besieged Am- the latter, but Amulius dispossessed him of it, put to phissa, when the inhabitants abandoned the town and death his son Lausus, and fearing lest he might be retired into the citadel, which was deemed impregna- dethroned by a nephew, compelled Rhea Sylvia, the bie. (Lat., 37, 5.) It is generally agreed, that the daughter of Numitor, to become a vestal, which priestmodern town of Salona represents the ancient Amphis-hood bound her to perpetual virginity. NotwithstandSir William Gell (Itinerary, p. 196) observes, ing, however, all these precautions, Rhea became the that the real distance between Delphi and Amphissa is mother of Romulus and Remus by the god Mars. seven miles. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 111.) Amulius thereupon ordered her to be buried alive for AMPHITHEATRUM, an edifice of an elliptical form, having violated her vow as a priestess of Vesta, and used for exhibiting combats of gladiators, wild beasts, the two children to be thrown into the Tiber. They and other spectacles. The word is derived from duoi were providentially saved, however, by some shepand earpov, from the spectators being so ranged as herds, or, as others say, by a she-wolf; and when they to see equally well from every side. The first dura- attained to manhood, they put to death the usurper ble amphitheatre of stone was built by Statilius Taurus, Amulius, and restored the crown to their grandfather at the desire of Augustus. The largest one was begun Numitor. (Ovid, Fast., 3, 67. — Lav., 1, 3, seqq. — by Vespasian, and completed by Titus, now called Plut., Vit. Rom., &c.) Coliseum, from the Colossus, or large statue of Nero, which Vespasian transported to the square in front of it. It is said to have contained 87,000 spectators, to have been 5 years in building, and to have cost a sum equal to 10 millions of crowns. 12,000 Jews were employed upon it, who were made slaves at the conquest of Jerusalem. Its magnificent ruins still remain. -There are amphitheatres still standing in various degrees of perfection, at several other places besides Rome-at Pola in Istria, at Nismes, at Arles, Bourdeaux, and particularly at Verona.-The place where the gladiators fought was called the arena, because it was covered with sand or sawdust to prevent the glad iators from sliding, and to absorb the blood.

sa.

AMPHITRĪTE, a daughter of Nereus and Doris, and the spouse of Neptune. She for a long time shunned the addresses of this deity; but her place of concealment was discovered to Neptune by a dolphin, and the god, out of gratitude, placed this fish among the stars Amphitrite had, by Neptune, Triton, one of the sea-deities. (Ovid, Metamorph., 1, 14.-Hesiod, Theog.)

AMPHITRYON, a Theban prince, son of Alcæus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had married Electryon, king of Mycenae, whose sons were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. (Vid Alemena.)

AMPHITRYONIADES, a surname of Hercules, as the supposed son of Amphitryon. (Virg, En., 8, 103) AMPHRYSUS, a river of Thessaly, flowing into the Sinus Pagasæus, above Phthiotic Thebes Near this stream, Apollo, when banished from heaven, fed the flocks of King Admetus. Hence, among the Latin

AMYCI PORTUs, a harbour on the Thracian Bos porus, north of Nicopolis, and south of the temple of Jupiter Urius. Here Amycus, an ancient king of the Bebryces, was slain in combat with Pollux. His tomb was covered, according to some, with a laurel, and hence they maintain that the harbour was also called Daphnes Portus. Arrian, however, speaks of a harbour of the insane Daphne near this, which no doubt has given rise to the mistake. (Arrian, Peripl. Eux., p. 25.-Plin., 5, 43.)

AMYCLE, I. a city of Italy, in Latium, in the vicinity of Fundi and the Cæcubus Ager. It was said to have been of Greek origin, being colonized from the town of Amycle in Laconia. Concerning the destruction of Amyciæ, in Italy, strange tales were related. According to some accounts, it was infested and finally rendered desolate by serpents. (Plin., 3, 5, who also quotes Varro to the same effect.-Isigon. ap. Sot., de Mir. Font., &c.) Another tradition represented the fall of Amycle as having been the result of the silence enjoined by law on its inhabitants. in order to put a stop to the false rumours of hostile attacks which had been so frequently circulated. The enemy at last, however, really appeared; and, finding the town in a defenceless state, it was destroyed This account is in general acceptation with the poets. (Virg., En., 10, 563.-Sil. Ital., 8, 528-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 123.)-II. One of the most ancient cities of Laconia, a short distance to the southwest of Sparta. It was founded long before the arrival of the Dorians and Heraclide, who conquered and reduced it to the condition of a small town.

It

he had Archelaus, Aridæus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years. (Justin, 7, 4 et 9.)—IV. Grandson of Amyntas III. He was yet an infant, when Perdiccas his father and his uncle Alexander were slain by the orders of Eurydice their mother. He was, of course, the lawful heir to the crown; but Philip, having in his favour the wishes of the nation, ascended the throne in preference to him. He afterward served in the armies of both Philip and Alexander. Having conspired against the latter, he was put to death. (Justin, 7, 4, seqq.-Id., 12, 7.)-V. One of the deputies sent by Philip of Macedon to the Thebans, B.Ĉ. 339, to induce them to remain faithful to his interests. to Macedonia to make new levies. (Quint. Curt., 4, 6.—Id., 5, 1.)-VII. Another officer of Alexander's, who went over to Darius, and was slain in attempting to seize upon Egypt. (Quint. Curt., 3, 9.) — VIII. Son of Arrhabeus, commanded a squadron of cavalry in Alexander's army. He was implicated in the conspiracy of Philotas, but acquitted. (Quint. Curt., 4, 15, &c.)-IX. A king of Galatia, who succeeded Deiotarus. He was the last ruler of this country, which was added to the Roman empire, after his death, by Augustus.-X. A geographical writer, author of a work entitled Era0uoi, or the Encampments of Alexander in his conquest of Asia. (Athen., 10, 422, b., &c.) It has not come down to us.

was, however, conspicuous, even in Pausanias's time, | Alexander the Great) by his first wife; and by the other for the number of its temples and other edifices, many of which were richly adorned with sculptures and other works of art. Its most celebrated structure was the temple of the Amyclean Apollo. (Polyb., 4, 9, 3.) Amycle is mentioned by Homer (I., 2, 584) and Pindar (Pyth., 1, 122. Isthm., 7, 18). Polybius states that Amycle was only twenty stadia from Sparta (Polyb., 5, 18); but Dodwell observes, that SclavoChorio, which occupies its ancient site, is nearly double that distance. (Classical Tour, vol. 2, p. 413. Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 213.) Polybius describes the country around Amycle as most beautifully wooded and of great fertility; which account is corroborated by Dodwell, who says, "it-VI. A general of Alexander's, B.C. 331, sent back luxuriates in fertility, and abounds in mulberries, olives, and all the fruit-trees which grow in Greece." AMYCLAS, I. son of Lacedæmon and Sparta, built the city of Amyclæ. (Pausan., 3, 1.)-II. The name which Lucan gives to the master of the small twelveoared vessel in which Cæsar had embarked in disguise, for the purpose of sailing to Brundisium, and bringing from that place over into Greece the remainder of his forces. A violent wind producing a rough sea, the pilot despaired of making good his passage, and ordered the mariners to turn back. Cæsar, perceiving this, rose up, and showing himself to the pilot according to Plutarch, but, according to Lucan, to Amyclas the master of the vessel, exclaimed, "Go forward, my friend, and fear nothing; thou carriest Cæsar and Cæsar's fortunes in thy vessel." The effect of this speech was instantaneous; the mariners forgot the storm and made new efforts; but they were at length permitted to turn about by Cæsar himself. (Plut., Vit. Cas.) The noble simplicity of Cæsar's reply, as given above by Plutarch, has been amplified by Lucan into tumid declamation. (Pharsal., 5, 578, seqq.)

AMYNTOR, king of Ormenium, a city of the Dolopians. He put out the eyes of his son Phoenix on a false charge of having corrupted one of the royal concubines. He was slain by Hercules on attempting to oppose the passage of that hero through his territories. (Apollod., 2, 7. — Id., 3, 13.- Compare Homer, Il., 9, 448.)

AMYRICUS CAMPUS, a plain of Thessaly, in the district of Magnesia, near the town and river of Amyrus. It was famed for its wines. (Polyb., 5, 99.)

AMYCUS, son of Neptune by Melia, was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in boxing with the cestus or gauntlets, and challenged all strangers to AMYRTEUS, an Egyptian leader during the revolu a trial of strength. After destroying many persons in tion under Inarus. He succeeded the latter. (Herod., this way, he was himself slain in a contest with Pol- 2, 140, and 3, 15.—Thucyd., 1, 110.-Diod. Sic., 11, lux, whom he had defied to the combat, when the Ar-74.) Ctesias, however, makes him to have been a gonauts, in their expedition, had stopped for a season on his coasts. (Apoil. Rhod., 2, 1, seqq.-Virg., En., 5, 373.)

AMYMONE, I. One of the Danaides, and mother of Nauplius by Neptune. The god produced a fountain, by striking the ground with his trident, on the spot where he had first seen her. Vid. Amymone II. (Propert., 2, 26, 46.-Hygin., Fab., 169.)—ÏÏ. A fountain of Argolis, called after Amymone the daughter of Danaus. It was the most famous among the streams which contributed to form the Lernean Lake. (Eurip., Phan., 195.-Pausan., 2, 37.)

king of Egypt in the time of Cambyses, whereas the other account places him in the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus. As regards this discrepance, consult Bahr, ad Ctes., p. 121.

AMYRUS, I. a river of Thessaly, in the upper part of the district of Magnesia, and near the town of Meliboa. (Apoll. Rhod., 1, 595.)-II. A city of Thessaly, near the river of the same name. (Schol. in Apoll. Rhod., l. c.)

AMYSTIS, a river of India falling into the Ganges. Mannert makes it to be the same with the Patterea, near the modern city of Hurdwar. (Geogr., vol. 5, p. 93.)

AMYNTAS, I. was king of Macedonia, and succeeded his father Alcetas, B.C. 547. His son Alexander mur- AMYTHON, a son of Cretheus, king of Iolcos, by dered the ambassadors of Megabyzus for their improp- Tyro. He married Idomene, by whom he had Bias er behaviour to the ladies of his father's court. Bu- and Melampus. After his father's death, he estabbares, a Persian general, was sent with an army to re-lished himself in Messenia. He is said to have given venge the death of the ambassadors; but he was gain- a more regular form to the Olympic games. (Apoled over by rich presents, and by receiving in marriage lod., 1, 9.—Heyne, ad loc.)-Melampus is called Amythe hand of a daughter of Amyntas, to whom he had thaonius, from his father Amythaon. (Virg., G., 3, been previously attached. (Herod., 5, 19. — Justin, 550.) 7, 3.)-II. Successor to Archelaus, B.C. 399. He reigned only one year, and performed nothing remarkable.-III. The third of the name, ascended the throne of Macedonia B.C. 397, after having dispossessed Pausanias of the regal dignity. He was expelled by the Illyrians, but restored by the Thessalians and Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians and Olyn-Kɛia). thians, with the assistance of the Lacedæmonians, and lived to a great age. His wife Eurydice conspired against his life; but her snares were seasonably discovered by one of his daughters by a former wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip (father of

AMỸTIS, I. a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus married. (Ctesias, p. 91.-Consult Bahr, ad loc.)— II. A daughter of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus. and disgraced herself by her licentious conduct. ANACES or ANACTES, a name given to Castor and Pollux. Their festivals were called Anaceia ('Ava

The Athenians applied the term Anaces (Avakɛç) in a general sense to all those deities who were believed to watch over the interests, as well public as private, of the city of Athens: in a special sense, however, the appellation was given to the Dioscuri, on account of the peculiar advantages which the capital

of Attica had derived from them. (Compare Tzetz., ad Il., p. 69.) Spanheim (ad Callim., Hymn. in Jov., 79) and Schelling (Samothr. Gottheit., p. 95) derive the form "AvUKEÇ from the Hebrew Enakim. (Deuteron., 1, 28.) The Greek grammarians, on the other hand, have sought for an etymology in their own language, and make the term in question come from avo, "above," as expressive of the idea of superiority and dominion. They attach to this name the triple sense οι θεός, βασιλεύς, and οικοδεσπότης. Hence also the adverb ȧvakis (Herodot., 1, 24. —- Thucyd., 8, 102), which the scholiasts explain by povoŋtikwę kaì øvλακτικῶς. (Compare Eustath., ad Od., 1, 397. Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 305, in notis.)

The

mitted that he was born at Teos, a city of Ionia, in the early part of the sixth century before the Christian era, and that he flourished in the sixtieth Olympiad. From Abdera, to which city his parents had fled from the dominion of Croesus, the young Anacreon betook himself to the court of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. Here he was received with great distinction, but subsequently retired to Athens, where he remained in great favour with Hipparchus, who then possessed the power which Pisistratus had usurped. The death of his patron caused him to return to his native city, whence he retired to Abdera on the breaking out of the disturbances under Histiæus. He attained the age of eighty-five years. The time and manner of his death are uncertain, and variously reported: the ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, who flourish- most popular opinion is, that he died from suffocation, ed nearly six centuries before the Christian cra. He in consequence of swallowing a grape-stone while in was the son of a Scythian prince, who had married a the act of drinking. The bacchanalian turn of his native of Greece. Early instructed by his mother in poetry is, however, and not without some appearance the Greek language, he became desirous of acquiring of reason, supposed by many to be the sole foundation a portion of Greek wisdom, and obtained from the for this tradition. In the poetry generally attributed king of Scythia an embassy to Athens, where he ar- to him, a great difference, as to quality, is easily dis rived in the year 592 B.C., and was introduced to So- cernible, a circumstance which has contributed not a lon by his countryman Toxaris. On sending in word little to strengthen the supposition that the whole is that a Scythian was at the door, and requested his not genuine. Indeed, some critics have not hesitated friendship, Solon replied that friends were best made to affirm, that very few of the compositions which go at home. "Then let Solon, who is at home, make under his name are to be ascribed to Anacreon. me his friend," was the smart retort of Anacharsis; fragments collected by Ursinus, with a few others, and, struck by its readiness, Solon not only admitted seem, according to them, to be his most genuine prohim, but, finding him worthy of his confidence, favour- ductions. To decide from the internal evidence coned him with his advice and friendship. He accord- tained in his writings, as well as from the general tenour ingly resided some years at Athens, and was the first of the meager accounts handed down to us, he was stranger whom the Athenians admitted to the honours himself an amusing voluptuary and an elegant profliof citizenship. He then travelled into other countries, gate. Few Grecian poets have obtained greater popand finally returned to Scythia, with a view to com- ularity in modern times, for which in England he is municate to his countrymen the information he had re- indebted to some excellent translations, in part by ceived, and to introduce among them the laws and re- Cowley, and altogether by Fawkes, not to mention the ligion of Greece. The attempt was, however, unsuc- point and elegance of the more paraphrastic version of cessful; for the Scythians were not only indisposed to Moore.-Of the editions in the original Greek, the receive them, but it is said that Anacharsis was killed most celebrated is the quarto, printed at Rome in by an arrow, from the king, his brother's, own hand, 1781, by Spaletti: the most learned and useful is that who detected him performing certain rites in a wood, of Fischer, Lips., 1754 (reprinted in 1776 and 1793 before an image of Cybele. Great respect, however, with additions), in 8vo. Other editions worthy of nowas paid to him after death, which is not unusual. tice are, that of Brunck, Argent., 1778, 16mo (reAnacharsis was famous for a manly and nervous kind printed in 1786, in 32mo and 16mo); that of Gail, of language, which was called, from his country, Scy- Paris, 1799, 4to, with a French version, dissertations, thian eloquence. The apophthegms attributed to him music, &c.; that of Mobius, Halle, 1810, 8vo, and are shrewd, and better worth quoting than many of the that of Mehlhorn, Glogav., 1825, 8vo. ancient saws, which are often indebted for their celebrity much more to their antiquity than to their wisdom. His repartee to an Athenian, who reproached him with the barbarism of his country, is well known: "My country is a disgrace to me, but you are a disgrace to your country.". Strabo tells us, from an old historian, that Anacharsis invented the bellows, the anchor, and 'he potter's wheel: but this account is very doubtful, is Pliny, Seneca (Epist., 90), Diogenes Laertius, and Suidas, who likewise speak of the inventions ascribed to that philosopher, mention only the last two while Strabo, moreover, remarks that the potter's wheel is noticed in Homer. (Beckman's History of Inventions, vol. 1, p. 104 - Compare Ritter's Vorhalle, p. 237 and 262.) The epistles which bear the name of Anacharsis, and which were published in Greek and Latin, at Paris, 1552, are unequivocally spurious. They are supposed to have been produced at a later period, in the school of the sophists. (Gorton's Biogr. Dict., vol. 1, p. 72. — Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 116, seqq.)

ANACIUM ('Avakɛiov), a temple at Athens, sacred to Castor and Pollux, and standing at the foot of the Acropolis. It was a building of great antiquity, and contained paintings of Polygnotus and Micon. (Pausan., 1, 18.-Harpocr., s. v. 'Avakɛiov.)

ANACREON, a celebrated Greek poet, of whose life little is actually known. It is, however, generally ad

ANACTORIUM, the first town on the northern coast of Acarnania, situate on a low neck of land opposite Nicopolis, of which it was the emporium. (Strabo, 450.) The site is now called Punta, which many antiquaries, however, have identified with Actium: but this is evidently an error. Thucydides reports (1, 55), that Anactorium had been colonized jointly by the Corcyreans and Corinthians. These were subsequently ejected by the Acarnanians, who occupied the place in conjunction with the Athenians. (Thucyd., 4, 49, and 7, 31.-Compare Scymnus, Ch., v. 459.) Anactorium ceased to exist as a town when Augustus transferred its inhabitants to Nicopolis. (Pausan., 7, 23.)

ANADYOMENE ('Avadvoμérn scil. 'Aopodíτn), a celebrated picture of Venus, painted by Apelles, which originally adorned the temple of Esculapius at Cos. It represented the goddess rising out of the sea (dvadvouévm) and wringing her hair. Augustus transferred it to the temple of Julius Cæsar, and remitted to the inhabitants of Cos a tribute of one hundred talents in return. The lower part of the figure having been injured, no Roman painter could be found to supply it. (Plin., 35, 10.)

ANAGNIA, the principal town of the Hernici, situate about thirty-six miles to the east of Rome. It is now Anagni. The fertility of the surrounding country is much commended by Silius Italicus (8, 3921

take a second wife, retaining also the first By his the infancy of knowledge, to do what is at this day besecond spouse he became the father of Cleomenes, yond the reach of philosophy, is incredible. He lived while the first one, hitherto steril, bore to him, after 64 years. (Diog. Laert., 2, 1.- Cic., Acad. Quæst., this, Dorieus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus. (Pausan., 4, 37.) The general doctrine of Anaximander con3, 3.)-II. A comic writer, born at Camirus in Rhodes. cerning nature and the origin of things, was, that infinHe was the author of sixty-five comedies. Endowed ity, TO TELрov, is the first principle in all things; that by nature with a handsome person and fine talents, Anaxandrides, though studiously elegant and effeminate in dress and manner, was yet the slave of passion. It is said (Athenæus, 9, 16) that he used to tear his unsuccessful dramas into pieces, or send them as waste paper to the perfumers' shops. He introduced upon the stage scenes of gross intrigue and debauchery; and not only ridiculed Plato and the Academy, but proceeded to lampoon the magistracy of Athens. For this attack he is reported by some to have been tried and condemned to die by starvation. (Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 183.)