Latin version, which is very old and very badly done. We perceive, from the letters of Julian that have come down to us, that Alypius was also a poet and that he had commanded, mareover, in Britain, where his mildness and firmness combined had gained him great praise. It was Alypius whom Julian charged with the execution of his order for rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem; a work that was broken off, in so remarkable a manner, by globes of fire bursting forth from the ground, and wounding and putting to flight the workmen. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 1, p. 657.-Concuit Salverte, des Sciences Occultes, vol. 2, p. 224.) ALYPUS, a statuary of Sicyon, pupil of Naucydes, the Argive. He cast in brass the statues of certain, Lacedæmonians who fought with Lysander in the battie of gos Potamos. (Pausan., 10, 9.) ters. ALYZIA ('Aλvía), a town of Acarnania, about fifteen stadia from the sea, and, as Cicero informs us in one of his letters (ad Fam., 16, 2), one hundred and twenty stadia from Leucas. It appears to have been a place of some note, as it is noticed by several wriThe earliest of these are Scylax (Peripl., p. 13) and Thucydides (7, 31). A naval action was fought in its vicinity, between the Athenians under Timotheus, and the Lacedæmonians, not long before the battle of Leuctra. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 4, 65.) Belonging to Alyzia was a port consecrated to Hercules, with a grove, where was at one time a celebrated group, the work of Lysippus, representing the labours of Hercules; but a Roman general caused it to be removed to Rome, as more worthy to possess such a chefd'œuvre. (Strabo, 459.) This port appears to answer to the modern Porto Candili. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 18, seqq.) AMAGETOBRIA. Vid. Magetobria. Iers, and teeming productions of earth, and to have given it to a nymph, Adrastea, who had charge, with others, of his earlier years.-A change had also been made in another part of the primitive legend. The goat Amalthæa, though so kind to the infant deity, and though all white and beautiful of form, was said, nevertheless, to have had a look so fearful and terror-inspiring, that the Titans, unable to endure it, entreated the earth to hide the animal from view. (Eratosthenes, Cataster, 13, p. 10, seqq., ed. Schaub.--Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 13.) We have here a clew to the origin of the whole fable. The ancient navigators had observed that the constellations of the She-Goet and the Kids (Capella and Hada) brought stormy and rainy weather, and they were therefore regarded as inauspicious for mariners and dangerous for ships. (Arat. Phan., 156, seqq.Schol. ad Arat., p. 46, ed. Buhle. Voss., ad arg., Georg., 1,205.) Hence probably the name ait was applied to the constellation of the She-Goat, in its primiitive meaning of a tempest, a primitive meaning which afterward disappeared from use, while the secondary one of a she-goat usurped its place. (Buttmann, ad Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 309.) With this earlier meaning of ais is connected that of alyiç, “a sterm” or “tempest," subsequently indicative of the Egis of Jupiter, which he was believed to wield amid the warfare of the elements. From all this arose the early legend. The bright stars in the constellation of Capella become the fair, white she-goat Amalthea. The storms and clouds which the constellation brings with it, become the fear-inspiring look on the part of the animal, and, by the rude simplicity of early times, the she-goat is made the foster-parent of Jove. (Compare Höck, Creta, vol. 1, p. 177, seqq.- · Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 424, seqq.)—II. A daughter of Melisseus, king of Crete. She and her sister Melissa had charge of the infant Jupiter, and fed him with goat's milk and honey. This is merely a later version of the early fable mentioned under Amalthea I. The she-goat and bees are now two females. (Diod. Sic., 5, 70.-Compare Lottiger, Amalthæa, vol. 1, p. 24.)-III. A sibyl of Cumæ, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin, king of Rome. (Vid. Sibyllæ.) AMALTHEUM, a gymnasium, or, rather, gymnasium and study combined, which Atticus had arranged in his villa in Epirus. It was replete with all that could amuse or instruct, and here, too, were placed the statues of all the illustrious men by whom the glory of the Roman state had been advanced to its proud elevation, just as Jupiter had been nurtured by the goat Amalthea. Hence its name Amaltheum ('Aμarbɛiov). (Cic., Ep. ad Att., 1, 16.- Compare Ernesti, Clav. Cic., Ind. Græco-Lat.)--Cicero appears to have had something of the kind in his villa at Arpinum, and which he calls his Amalthæa, in the singular (fem.) (Ep. ad Att., 2, 1.) AMALTHEA, I. the name of the goat that suckled Jupiter. The monarch of Olympus, as a reward for this act of kindness, translated her to the skies, along with her two young ones, whom she had put aside in order to accommodate the infant deity, and he made them stars in the northern hemisphere, on the arm of Auriga. The whole legend appears to be of a mixed character, and from a simple origin, adapted to the rude ideas of an early race, to have gradually assumed an astronomical character. Thus, according to the legend, the infant Jove was nurtured by the milk of the goat, while the wild-bees deposited their honey on his lips. We have here the milk and the honey that play so conspicuous a part in Oriental imagery, as typifying the highest degree of human felicity and abundance, and, therefore, well worthy to be the food of an infant deity appearing in human form. From the milk and honey, moreover, of early fable, come the ambrosia and nectar of a later age, since nectar was regarded as a quintessence of honey, and ambrosia as an extract from the purest milk. (Böttiger, Amalthæa, vol. 1, p. 22.) The early legend goes on to state, that the infant Jove, when playing with his four-footed foster parent, acci- AMANUS, I. a continuation of the chain of Mount dentally broke off one of her horns. This was made Taurus, stretching to the north as far as Melitene and at first to serve as a drinking cup, and thus recalls the the Euphrates. It is situate at the eastern extremity custom of a primitive age, when the horns of animals of the Mediterranean, near the Gulf of Issus, and sepwere generally employed for this purpose; the horn-arates Cilicia from Syria. The defile or pass in these cup appearing as well in the earliest symposia and the mountains was called Portus Amanicus, or Pyle SyrBacchanalian orgies of the Greeks, as in the legends iæ. Its valleys and recesses were inhabited by wild of the Scandinavian Edda and in the halls of Odin. and fierce tribes, who lived chiefly by plundering their With the progress of ideas, a new feature was added neighbours, though they boasted of their freedom unto the fable. The horn of Amalthea is no longer a der the sonorous name of Eleuthero-Cilices, or Free mere cup. This use has ended, and Jupiter now or- Cilicians. The modern name of the chain is, accorddains, that it shall be ever full to overflowing with what- ing to Mannert, Almadag; but, according to D'Anever its possessor shall wish. (Apostolius, Cent., 2, ville, Al-Lukan. (Strab., 521.-Lucan, 8, 224.---Cic., 36, p. 30.-Compare Fischer, ad Palephat., 46, p. Ep. ad Att., 5, 20.-Plin., 5, 27.)-II. A deity wor179.) Hence arose the beautiful fiction of the horn shipped in Pontus and Cappadocia, and also called of plenty, the Cornu Copia, one of the happiest and Omanus and Anandatus. (Compare Tschucke, ad inost prolific allegories of the plastic art. Jove was Strab., 11, p. 512. ed. Casaub.-vol. 4, p. 478.) Bosaid, in this later version of the fable, to have broken chart identifies him with the sun (Geogr. Sacr., p off the horn, filled it with all the richest fruits, and flow- 277), and others with the Persian Hom, a type of the AMA same luminary. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 164.) Mount Amanus thus becomes the mountain of the sun, even as Lebanon appears in the Phoenician Cosmogony of Sanchoniathon AMARACUS, a son of Cynaras, king of Cyprus, who, having fallen and broken a vase of perfumes which he was carrying, pined away, being either overpowered by the strong fragrance, or struck with grief at the loss The gods, out of compassion, he had sustained. changed him into the amaracus, or sweet-marjoram. Servius (ad Virg., En., 1, 692) gives a somewhat different account, and makes Amaracus, not a son, but an attendant, of the king's. As regards the plant amaracus itself, and its identity with the ouvxov of the Greeks, consult Fée, Flore de Virgile, p. clxxxv. AMARDI, a nation of Asia. Ptolemy (5, 13) places them in the greater Armenia, on the borders of Media; Nearchus, Pliny (6, 17), and Strabo, in the mountains of Elymais, in Persia. Others assign Margiana as the country in which they lived. It is possible that there were several tribes of this same name spread over different countries, or perhaps several colonies of this people. Vossius thinks that all robbers and fugitives inhabiting the mountains were called Amardi by the Persians. (Voss., ad Pomp. Mel., b. Compare Pomp. Mel., French transl., vol. 1, p. 6. Under his reign Egypt enjoyed dence and energy. for many years uninterrupted prosperity. To prevent those offences which an idle and overflowing population might commit, he ordained that every one of his subjects should yearly give an account, to the ruler of the nome or district in which he resided, of the means of subsistence which he enjoyed, and the manner in which he lived. He showed also an enlightened spirit in the permission which he granted to strangers, and particularly to the Greeks, to visit Egypt; he gave them settlements along his coasts, and permitted them to erect temples there for the performance of their na tional worship. Solon was one of those who visited Egypt during the reign of this prince. Amasis espoused a Grecian female, a native of Cyrene: he displayed his attachment to the Greeks in various ways, and contributed liberally, not only to the rebuilding of the temple at Delphi, but to the improvement and embellishment of many cities and temples of Greece. In his own country he constructed numerous magnificent works, in the massy and gigantic style so peculiar to The prosperity of Egypt. He subjected also the isle of Cyprus, and made it tributary to his crown. Amasis, however, was disturbed, at last, by the preparations which Cambyses, king of Persia, made to attack his kingdom. The Persian monarch had demanded the daughter of Amasis in marriage; but the father, knowing that Cambyses meant to make her, not his wife, but his concubine, endeavoured to deceive him by sending in her stead the daughter of Apries. The female herself disclosed the imposition to Cambyses, and the latter, in great wrath, resolved to march against Egypt. The defection of Phanes, moreover, an officer among the Greek auxiliaries, who fled to Cambyses on account of some dissatisfaction with Amasis, proved a serious injury to the Egyptian prince. The Greek informed Cambyses how he might pass the intervening deserts, and gave him also very important information respecting the kingdom he was about to invade. Amasis escaped by death the perils which He died B.C. 525, after z AMASTA OF AMASEA ('Aμúoela, by the later Greeks threatened his country. 'Auaría), a city of Pontus, on the river Iris, the ori- reign of 44 years, and the whole fury of the storm fell gin of which is not ascertained. It was the birthplace upon his son Psammeticus. Cambyses, however, deof Mithradates the Great and of Strabo the geogra-termined not to be disappointed of his revenge, caused pher. At a later period, when under the Roman sway, it became the capital of Pontus Galaticus (Hierocles, p. 701), and bore upon its coins the title of Metropolis. Strabo (560) gives us a particular description of his native city. The modern Amasyah or Amassia is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Amasea. (Mannert, 6, pt. 2, p, 461, seqq.) 202.) AMARYLLIS, the name of a female in Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious appellation, (Conbut this supposition is a very improbable one. sult Heyne, ad Virg., Eclog., 1, 28, towards the conclusion of the note.) AMARYNTHUS, a town of Euboea, seven stadia from Eretria, celebrated for the temple and worship of Diana Amarynthia. (Strab., 448.-Liv., 35, 38.-Pausan, 1, 31.) AMASĒNUS, a small river of Latium, crossing the Pontine Marshes, and falling into the Tyrrhenian Sea, now La Toppia. (Virg., Æn., 7, 685.) AMASIS, I. a king of Egypt, of one of the earlier dynasties. He rendered himself odious to his subjects by his violent and tyrannical conduct, and, on the invasion of Egypt by Actisanes, king of Ethiopia, the greater part of the inhabitants went over to the latter. Such is the account given by Diodorus Siculus (1, 60), where many think we should read Amōsis for Amasis. (Consult Steph. and Wesseling, ad Diod., 1. c.) Justin Martyr (Parancs., p. 10) makes him to have been the first Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. Eusebius (Chron.) asserts that he was the same king during whose reign Jacob died. Olearius (ad Philostr., Vit. Apoll., 42) maintains that he was monarch of Egypt in the time of the Exodus. All is uncertainty respecting him.-II. An Egyptian, who, from having been a common soldier, became king of Egypt. He succeeded in gaining the favour of king Apries, and was despatched by that monarch to quell a sedition which had broken out. As he was endeavouring to dissuade those who had revolted from the step they had taken, one of them came behind him and put a helmet on his head, saying that he put it on him to make him a king. Amasis was thereupon proclaimed king by the insurgents, and immediately marched against and defeated his former master, B.Č. 569. He governed with pru the body of the deceased monarch to be taken from AMASTRIS, I. a daughter of the brother of Darius 119 chus for the unnatural deed.-II. A city on the coast of Paphlagonia, near the mouth of the Parthenius. It was founded by Amastris, the niece of Darius Codomannus, and wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea, who gave her name to the new settlement. The earlier town of Sesamus, mentioned by Homer (Il., 2, 853), served for its citadel. It is praised as a beautiful city by both the younger Pliny (Ep., 10, 99) and the later ecclesiastical writers. (Compare Niceta Paph. Or, in S. Hyacint., 17.) Amastris, like Sinope, was built on a small peninsula, and had, in consequence, a double harbour. (Strabo, 544.) The modern name is Amastra. (Mannert, 6, pt. 3, p. 25.) AMATA, the wife of King Latinus, and mother of Lavinia. She hung herself in despair, on finding that she could not prevent the marriage of her daughter with Eneas. (Virg., Æn., 12, 603.) AMATHUS (gen. untis), a city on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, and of great antiquity. Adonis was worshipped here as well as Venus. Scylax affirms that the Amathusians were autochthonous (Peripl., p. 41); and it appears from Hesychius that they had a peculiar dialect (s. v. 'Er02aí, Kvbúbda, MúIka). Amathus was celebrated as a favourite residence of Venus. (Æn., 10, 51.—Catull., Ep., 36.) The goddess, as an author who wrote a history of Amathus, and is quoted by Hesychius (s. v. 'AopódiTOC), reported, was represented with a beard. Amathus was the see of a Christian bishop under the Byzantine emperors. (Hierocl., p. 706.) Its ruins are to be seen near the little town of Limmeson or Limmesol, somewhat to the north of Cape Gatto. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 377, seqq.) AMAZONES, a name given by the ancient writers to certain female warriors, and derived, according to the popular opinion, from a, priv., and μūšos, "a female breast," because it was believed that they burned off the right breast in order to handle the bow more conveniently. The men among them were held in an inferior, and, as it were, servile condition, attending to all the employments which occupy the time and care of females in other nations, while the Amazons themselves took charge of all things relating to government and warfare. (Diod. Sic., 2, 45.-Id., 3, 52.) The Greek writers speak of African and Asiatic Amazons. Diod. Sic., l. c.) The Amazons of Africa were the more ancient, and were also the more remarkable for the number and splendour of their warlike achievements. They dwelt in the western regions of Africa, Occupying an island in a lake called Tritonis, and which was near the main ocean. Diodorus describes this island as beautiful and productive, and names it Hesperia. Under the guidance of a warlike queen, whom he calls Myrina, they conquered the people of Atlantis, their neighbours, traversed a large portion of Africa, established friendly relations with Horus, son of Isis, then on the throne of Egypt, subdued Arabia, Syria, various parts of Asia Minor, and penetrated even into Thrace. After this long career of conquest they returned to Africa, and were annihilated by Hercules. At this same time, too, the Lake Tritonis disappeared as such, and became part of the ocean, the intervening land having been swallowed up. (Diod. Sic., 3, 54.)-The Amazons of Asia are described by the same writer (2, 45) as having dwelt originally on the banks of the Thermodon in Pontus, and with this statement the ancient poets all agree. Herodotus also (9, 27) places the Amazons on this same river, and he affirms that it was from thence they advanced into Greece and invaded Attica. He likewise speaks of an expedition undertaken by the Greeks against these warlike females, in which the latter were defeated near the Thermodon and led away captive. A part of them, however, escaped to Scythia, and became the mothers of the Sauromatæ (4, 110). The same historian adds, that the Scythian term, which answered to the Greek word 'Auμúšov, was Ororp ta, or "manslayer." We have here what are sometimes called the Scythian Amazons, making, in fact, a third class.-Diodorus gives an account of the victories of the Asiatic Amazons, as he had done in the case of the African. He makes them to have conquered a large portion of Asia, extending their victorious arms from the regions beyond the Tanais (or Don) as far as Syria (2, 46). Other accounts tell of their invasion of Attica, in order to recover their queen Antiope, who had been carried off by Theseus (Plut., Vit. Thes., c. 26, seqq.); of their previous wars with Hercules; and still more anciently of their contest with Bacchus. (Pausan., 1, 15.-Id., 7, 2.-Plut., Quæst. Gr., p. 541.-Justin, 2, 4.) They are also mentioned by Homer, who speaks of their wars with the kings of Phrygia (II., 3, 184), and of their defeat by Bellerophon (I., 6, 186). They are said also to have been among the allies of the Trojans in the war with the Greeks, and their queen Penthesilea was slain by Achilles. (Hygin., Fab., 112.– Dict. Crit., 4, 2, 3. Tzetz. ad Lycophron, 999. Diod. Sic., 2, 46.) They make their appearance again, in a later age, in the history of Alexander's expedition into Asia, and their queen Thalestris is said to have paid a visit to the victorious monarch, having come for that purpose from the vicinity of Hyrcania; but Quintus Curtius, who gives us this information, deals, as usual, in the marvellous, and with his wonted ignorance of geography, places the plains of Themiscyra, and the river Thermodon which waters them, contiguous to the country of the Hyrcanians. (Q. Curt., 6, 5, 25.-Compare Freinshem, ad loc.)-The Amazons are described as armed with bow and arrows, and as having also battle-axes and crescent shields (“ peltæ lunatœ." -Virg., En., 1, 490). Some writers, differing from Diodorus, as cited above, make the Amazons to have had no males among them, but to have merely visited, at stated times, the neighbouring communities, for the purpose of a temporary union and the obtaining of offspring. They farther state, that the female children thus born to them were carefully reared, after having the right breast seared with a red-hot iron, but that all the male ones were destroyed immediately after birth. Diodorus, however, informs us, in speaking of the Asiatic Amazons, that they merely mutilated (inpovv) the legs and arms of the male children, in order to render them unfit for war. About the treatment of the male offspring among the African Amazons he is altogether silent. Thus much for the Amazons, as they have been described or referred to by the ancient writers. Various explanations, as may well be supposed, have been given of this curious legend Some see in it an old tradition, founded, in a measure, on historical truth, of a community of women, who actually formed themselves into a regular state, after getting rid of, or subjugating their husbands. This is too improbable to need any serious refutation. R. P. Knight thinks that "the fable" of the Amazons (for so he terms it)" arose from some symbolical composition of an androgynous character, and which sought to express the blending of the two sexes into one shape; the full, prominent form of the female breast beinggiven on one side, and the flat form of the male on the other." (Inquiry into the Symbol. Lang., &c., ◊ 50.-Class. Journ., vol. 23, p. 238.) Creuzer agrees with Knight in making the legend a religious one, but he sees in the story of the Amazons evident traces of some accounts that must have reached the early Greeks, respecting a female priesthood of a warlike character, connected with the worship of the great powers of nature, and on whom, as a part of that worship, either a periodical or perpetual continence was enjoined. The change of vestments and of characters, so common in this same class of Asiatic religions, was indicated, according to this same writer, by the removal of one of the breasts. The Amazons, therefore, according AMAZONES. tem of belief.-Before we conclude, it may not be to this explanation, will be a band of warlike priestesses or Hierodulæ, who, in renouncing maternity, and in giving themselves up to martial exercises, sought to imitate the periodical sterility of the great powers of light, the sun and moon, and the combats in which these were from time to time engaged, against the gloomy energies of night and winter. (Creuzer, SymThat the bolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 90, seqq ) legend of the Amazons rests on a religious basis, we readily admit, but that any Amazons ever existed, even as warlike priestesses, we do not at all believe. The first source of error respecting them is the etyTo derive mology commonly assigned to the name. this from the negative a and uos, and to make it indicate the loss of one of the breasts, is, we think, If a Greek derivation is to be altogether erroneous. assigned to the term Amazon, it is far more correct to deduce the word from the intensive a, and pulos, and to regard it as denoting, not the absence of one breast, The name 'Auúsov but the presence of many. (Amazon) then becomes equivalent to the Greek Пlokuuúoros (Polymastus) and the Latin Multimammia, both of which epithets are applied by the ancient mythologists to the Ephesian Diana, with her numerous breasts, as typifying the great mother and nurse of all created beings. It is curious to connect with this the well-known tradition, that the Amazons founded the city of Ephesus, and at a remote period sacriAMBARRI, a people of Gallia Celtica, situate beficed to the goddess there. (Callim., H. in Dian., But how does the tween the Edui and Allobroges, along either bank of Following D'Anville's authority, 238. Dionys. Perieg., 828.) view which we have just taken of the erroneous nature the Arar or Saône. we would place them in the present Department de of the common etymology, in the case of the name Amazon, harmonize with the remains of ancient sculp-l'Ain. Livy enumerates them among the Gallic tribes that crossed the Alps in the time of Tarquinius Priscus. (Liv., 5, 34.-Cæs., B. G., 1, 11, et 14.) - No monuture! In the most satisfactory manner. ment of antiquity represents the Amazons with a mutilated bosom, but, wherever their figures are given, they have both breasts fully and plainly developed. Thus, for example, the Amazons on the Phigaleian frieze have both breasts entire, one being generally exposed, while the other is concealed by drapery, but still in the latter the roundness of form is very perceptible. Both breasts appear also in the fine figure of the Amazon belonging to the Lansdowne collection; and so again in the basso-relievo described by Winckelmann in his Monumenti Inediti. The authorities, indeel, on this head are altogether incontrovertible. (Winckelmann, Gesch. der Kunst des Alterthums, vol. 2, p. 131. Id., Mon. Ined., pt. 2, c. 18, p. 184. Elgin and Müller, Archäologie der Kunst, p. 530. Phigaleian Marbles, vol. 2, p. 179.-Heyne, ad Apollod., 2, 5, 9.) The first Greek writer that made mention of females who removed their right breast was Hippocrates (IIɛpì déρwv, K. т. 2., § 43). His remarks, however, were meant to apply merely to the females of the Sauromatæ, a Scythian tribe; but subsequent writers made them extend to the fabled race of the Amazons. It appears to us, then, from a careful examination of the subject, that the term Amazon originally indicated neither a warlike female, nor a race of such females, but was merely an epithet applied to the Ephesian Diana, the great parent and source of nurture, and was intended to express the most striking of her attributes. The victories and conquests of the Amazonian race are nothing more, then, than a figurative allusion to the spread of her worship over a large portion of the globe, and the contests with Bacchus, Hercules, and Theseus refer in reality to the struggles of this worship with other rival systems of faith, for Bacchus, Hercules, and Theseus are nothing more than mythic types of three different forms of belief. Hence we see why the conflict of the Amazons with Theseus, who was nothing more than the symbol of the establishment of the Ionic worship, became a most appropriate ornament for the frieze of the Parthenon, the temple of the great national goddess Minerva. It was, in fact, a delineation of the downfall of a rival sys AMAZONIUS, a surname of Apollo at Pyrrhicus, in Laconia, from the protection he is said to have afforded to the inhabitants when attacked by the Amazons. (Pausan., 3, 25.) AMBARVALIA, sacred rites in honour of Ceres, previous to the commencement of reaping, which were called sacra ambarvala, because the victim was carried around the fields (arva ambiebat.-Vid. Arvales). AMBIANI, a people of Gallia Belgica, whose capital Their territory corresponds to was Samarobriva, afterward called Ambiani or Ambianum, now Amiens. what is now the Department de la Somme. (Cæs., B. G., 2, 4.--Id. ib., 7, 75.) AMBIATĪNUS VICUS, a village of Germany, where the Emperor Caligula was born. It was situate between Confluentes and Baudobriga, and is supposed by some to be now Capelle, on the Rhine, by others, Königstuhl. Mannert, without fixing the modern site, thinks it lay on the Moselle. (Geogr., 2, p. 210.Sueton., Vit. Calig., 8.) AMBIGĀTUS, a king of the Celta, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus. According to the account given by Livy (5, 34), he sent his two nephews, Sigovesus and Bellovesus, in quest of new settlements, with the view of diminishing the overflowing numbers at home. The two ch'eftains drew lots respecting their course, and Sigovesus obtained the route that led towards the Hercynian forest, Bellovesus the road to Italy. What is here stated, however, appears to be a mere fable, owing its origin to the simultaneous emigrations of two hordes of Gallic warriors. (Compare Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. 1, p. 39.) AMBIŎRIX, a king of one half of the Eburones in Gaul, Cativolcus being king of the other half. He was an inveterate foe to the Romans, and after inflicting several serious losses upon, narrowly escaped the pursuit of, Cæsar's men, on being defeated by that commander. (Cæs., B. G., 5, 24, et 26.—Id., 6, 20.) AMBIVARETI and AMBIVARĒTI (for we have, in the Greek Paraphrase of Cæsar, b. 7, c. 75, 'Aμbibapérov, and at c. 90, 'AubibapηTwv), a Gallic tribe, ranked among the clients of the Edui, whence Glareanus Almost all the MSS. of Casar call them and Ciacconius suspect them to be the same with 121 the Ambarri. Ambluareti. The ancient geographical writers are silent respecting them. diately to mind the Ambrosia of Olympus. (Compare Hom., Od., 1, 359, where ambrosia and nectar appear to be used as synonymous terms.-Heyne, Excurs. 9, ad Il., 1, and consult the remarks of Buttmann in his Lexilogus, s v. 'Aμbpóσioç, &c.) AMBIVARĪTI, a tribe of Gallia Belgica, a short distance beyond the Mosa or Meuse. (Cæs., B. G., 4, 9.) AMBRACIA, a celebrated city of Epirus, the capital of the country, and the royal residence of Pyrrhus AMBROSIUS, bishop of Milan in the fourth century, and his descendants. It was situate on the banks of and one of the latest and most distinguished of what the Aracthus or Arethon, a short distance from the are denominated the Fathers of the Christian Church. waters of the Ambracian Gulf. The founders of the He was born at Arelate (Arles), then the metropolis place were said to have been a colony of Corinthians, of Gallia Narbonensis, according to some authorities, headed by Tolgus or Torgus, 650 B.C., who was A.D. 333, according to others, 340. His father was either the brother or the son of Cypselus, chief of the emperor's lieutenant in that district, and, after his Corinth. (Strabo, 325. — Scymn., Ch., v. 452.) It death, Ambrose, who was the youngest of three chil carly acquired some maritime celebrity, by reason of dren, returned with the widow and family to Rome. its advantageous position, and was a powerful and in- Here, under the instructions of his mother and his dependent city towards the commencement of the Pe- sister Marcellina, who had vowed virginity, he received loponnesian war, in which it espoused the cause of Co- a highly religious education, and that bias in favour of rinth and Sparta. At a later period we find its in- Catholic orthodoxy by which he was subsequently so dependence threatened by Philip, who seems to have much distinguished. Having studied law, he pleaded entertained the project of annexing it to the dominions causes in the court of the prætorian prefect, and was of his brother-in-law, Alexander, king of the Molos- in due time appointed proconsul of Liguria. He sians. (Demosth., Phil., 3, 85.) Whether it actually thereupon took up his residence at Milan, where a fell into the possession of that monarch is uncertain, circumstance occurred which produced a sudden change but there can be no doubt of its having been in the in his fortunes, and transformed him from a civil govoccupation of Philip, since Diodorus Siculus (17, 3) ernor into a bishop. Auxentius, bishop of Milan, the asserts that the Ambraciots, on the accession of Alex- Arian leader in the west, died, and left that see vaander the Great to the throne, ejected the Macedonian cant, when a warm contest for the succession ensued garrison stationed in their city. Ambracia, however, between the Arians and Catholics. In the midst of a did not long enjoy the freedom which it thus regained, tumultuous dispute, Ambrose appeared in the midst for, having fallen into the hands of Pyrrhus, we are of the assembly, and exhorted them to conduct the told that it was selected by that prince as his usual election peaceably. At the conclusion of his address, place of residence. (Strabo, 325. Lav., 38, 9.) a child in the crowd exclaimed, “Ambrose is bishop!" Ovid (Ibis, v. 306) seems to imply that he was inter- and, whether accidentally or by management, the rered there. Many years after, being under the domin-sult throws a curious light upon the nature of the ion of the Etolians, who were at that time involved times; for the superstitious multitude, regarding the in hostilities with the Romans, this city sustained a exclamation as a providential and miraculous suggessiege against the latter almost unequalled in the an- tion, by general acclamation declared Ambrose to be nals of ancient warfare for the gallantry and perseve-elected. After various attempts to decline the episrance displayed in defence of the place. (Polyb., Frag., copal office, Ambrose at length entered upon the dis22, 13.) Ambracia, at last, opened its gates to the charge of its duties, and rendered himself conspicuous foe, on a truce being concluded, and was stripped by by his decided and unremitting opposition to the tenets the Roman consul, M. Fulvius Nobilior, of all the of Arianism. To his zealous endeavours also was statues and pictures with which it had been so richly owing the failure of the attempt made by the remains adorned by Pyrrhus. From this time Ambracia began of a pagan party to re-establish the worship of paganto sink into a state of insignificance, and Augustus, ism. The strength and ability of Ambrose were such, by transferring its inhabitants to Nicopolis, completed that, although opposed to him on ecclesiastical points, its desolation. (Strabo, 325.-Pausan., 5, 23.) In Valentinian and his mother respected his talents, and regard to the topography of this ancient city, most in moments of political exigency, required his assisttravellers and antiquaries are of opinion, that it must ance. The most conspicuous act on the part of Amhave stood near the town of Arta, which now gives brose was his treatment of Theodosius for the masits name to the gulf. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. sacre at Thessalonica. The emperor was consigned 1, p. 145, seqq.) to a retirement of eight months, and not absolved even then until he had signed an edict, which ordained that an interval of thirty days should pass before any sentence of death, or even of confiscation, should be executed. After having paid the funeral honours to Theodosius, who died soon after obtaining peaceable possession of the entire Roman empire, the bishop departed from this world with a composure worthy of his firm character, in the year 397. It is evident that Ambrose was one of those men of great energy of mind and temperament, who, in the adoption of a theory or a party, hold no middle course, but act with determination towards the fulfilment of their purposes. Regarded within their own circles, there is generally something in such characters to admire; and, beyond that, as certainly much to condemn. It must be conceded, however, that men resembling Ambrose effected much to advance the Roman Catholic Church to the power to which it afterward attained, and, by necessary sequence, to the abuse of it which produced the Ref ormation. The writings of this father are numerous, and the great object of almost all of them was to maintain the faith and discipline of the Catholic Church, while some of them are written to recommend celibacy as the summit of Christian perfection. His AMBRACIUS SINUS, a gulf of the Ionian Sea between Epirus and Acarnania. Scylax (Peripl., p. 13) calls it the Bay of Anactorium, and observes that the distance from its mouth to the farthest extremity was one hundred and twenty stadia, while the entrance was scarcely four stadia broad. Strabo (325) makes the whole circuit three hundred stadia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 153.) 66 AMBRONES, à Gallic horde, who invaded the Roman territories along with the Teutones and Cimbri, and were defeated with great slaughter by Marius. The name is thought to mean, dwellers on the Rhone" (Amb-rones). So Ambidravii, "dwellers on the Draave;" Sigambri, "dwellers on the Sieg," &c. Compare Pfister, Gesch. der Teutschen, vol. 1, p. 35.) AMBROSIA, the celestial food on which the gods were supposed to subsist, and to which, along with nectar, they were believed to owe their immortality. The name is derived from аubpoтoç, "immortal." (Compare Heyne, Excurs. 9, ad II., 1.-Id., Obs. ad Hom., I., 1, 190.) There is a striking resemblance between the Grecian and Hindoo mythology in this respect. The Amrita, or water of life, recalls imme |