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that wonderful subterraneous canal, or emissario, as the | together with some Tales after the manner of those Italians call it, which is to be seen at this very day, in denominated Milesian. An invincible attachment to remarkable preservation. below the town of Castel arms, however, caused him to embrace, at an early peGandolfo. This channel is said to be carried through riod, the military profession, in which he soon attained the rock for the space of a mile and a half, and the distinction. In the year 175 of the present era, and water which it discharges unites with the Tiber about the 15th of the reign of Marcus Aurelius, he prevented five miles below Rome. (Cic., de Div., 1, 44.-Liv., 5, the army, which he commanded in Bithynia, from join15.— Val. Max., 1, 6.—Plut., Vit. Camill.) Near this ing the rebel Avidius Cassius. For this, according to opening are to be seen considerable ruins and various some, he was rewarded with the consulship; though foundations of buildings, supposed by some to have his name does not appear at this epoch in the Fasti belonged to the palace of Domitian, to which Martial Consulares. Governor of Gaul under Commodus, he and Statius frequently allude. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, defeated the Frisii, and afterward had intrusted to him vol. 2, p. 40.)-III. A river of Albania, falling into the command of Britain. The death of Commodus the Caspian, to the north of the mouth of the Cyrus, brought forward Severus, Julian, and Pescennius Nior Kur. It is supposed by some to be the same with ger, as candidates for the vacant throne. The first of the Samure. Mannert, however, is in favour of the these competitors made overtures to Albinus, and of Bilbana. fered him the title of Cæsar, which the latter accepted, ALBICI, a people of Gaul, of warlike character, oc- and declared for his cause. But Severus had only cupying the mountains above Massilia, or Marseilles.contributed to the elevation of Albinus in order to diStrabo places them to the north of the Salyes, and minish the number of his own opponents. When he there Ptolemy also makes them to have resided, on the had conquered his other rivals, he resolved to rid himsoutheast side of the Druentia, or Durance. This self of Albinus by the aid of assassins. The latter, latter writer is blamed, without any reason, by those however, suspected his odious projects, and his suswho suppose that he here means the Helvii, and, con- picions were confirmed by the arrest and confession of sequently, places them too far to the east. Strabo calls Severus's emissaries. Albinus immediately took up the Albici, 'Abuɛiç and 'Aλbioikot, Ptolemy 'EXík@kot, arms to dispute the imperial power with his enemy. and Pliny Alebeci. Their capital, according to Pliny, He gained several successes in Gaul, but was at last was named Alebece, now Riez. (Cæs., Bell. Civ., 1, defeated in a decisive battle in the same country, near 57 and 34.-Strabo, 203.-Plin., 3, 4.-Compare Man- Lugdunum (Lyons), A.D. 198. Finding himself on nert, vol. 2, p. 105.) the point of falling into the hands of the foe, he put an ALBIGAUNUM. Vid. Albium Ingaunum. end to his own existence. His head was brought to ALBINOVANUS, I. Celsus, a young Roman, and ac- Severus, who ordered it to be cast into the Rhone. quaintance of Horace. He formed one of the retinue The details of this last-mentioned conflict are variously of Tiberius Claudius Nero, when the latter was march- given. The armies are said to have consisted each of ing to Armenia, under the orders of Augustus, in order 150,000 men; and the victory is reported to have been to replace Tigranes on the throne. Horace alludes to for a long time doubtful: at last the left wing of Alhim in Epist. 1, 3, 15, and addresses to him Epist. binus was totally defeated and his camp pillaged; 1, 8. He appears to have been of a literary turn, but while his right wing, on the other hand, proved so deaddicted to habits of plagiarism.-II. Pedo, a Roman cidedly superior to the foe, that Severus, according to poet, the friend of Ovid, who has inscribed to him one Herodian (3, 7, 7), was compelled to fly, after having of the Epistles from Pontus (10th of 4th book). He thrown aside the badges of his rank. Spartianus (c. distinguished himself in heroic versification, but only 11) adds, that Severus was wounded, and that his a few fragments of his labours in this department of army, believing him to have been slain, were on the poetry have reached our times. In epigram also he point of proclaiming a new emperor. Dio Cassius would appear to have done something. (Martial, 5, (75, 21) states, that he had his horse killed under him, 5.) As an elegiac poet, he composed, according to and that, having thrown himself, sword in hand, into Joseph Scaliger and many others, the three follow- the midst of his flying soldiers, he succeeded in bringing pieces which have descended to us: 1. "Conso-ing them back to the fight and gaining the day. Some latio ad Liviam Augustam de morte Drusi." (Fa-writers inform us that Albinus was slain by his own bric., Bibl. Lat., 1, 12, § 11, 8, p. 376, seqq.) 2. troops; others relate that he was dragged, mortally "De Obitu Mæcenatis." (Fabric., l. c., 1, 12, 11, wounded, into the presence of Severus, who beheld 7, p. 376. Burmann, Anthol. Lat., 2, ep. 119. him expire. The account of his death, which we have Lion, Macenatiana, Götting., 1824, c. 1.) 3. "De given above, is from Dio Cassius, and seems entitled Mæcenate moribundo.” (Burmann, l. c., 2, ep. 120.) to the most credit. According to Capitolinus (c. 10, Of these elegies, the first has been ascribed by many seqq.), Albinus was severe, gloomy, and unsocial, into Ovid, even on MS. authority, and printed in the temperate in wine, and remarkable for his voracious works of that poet. (Compare Fabric., l. c.-Passer- gluttony. This account, however, must be received at. in Præfat.. vol. 4, p. 220, ed. Burm. Amar, ad with caution. If we form an idea of Albinus from his Ov. Carm., ed. Lemaire, vol. 1, p. 399, seqq., and on life and actions, we must pronounce him a brave warthe opposite side, Jos. Scaliger, and Burmann, vol. 1, rior, a talented man, but deficient in stratagem and p. 796.) The grounds on which the claim of Pedo address. (Biographie Universelle, vol. 1, p. 431, seqq. rests are not by any means satisfactory: the piece in question, however, would seem to have been the production of the Augustan age. Still weaker are the arguments which seek to establish the claim of Pedo to the other two elegies, which, according to Wernsdorff (Poet. Lat. Min., vol. 3, p. 112, seqq.), are unworthy of him, and must be regarded as the productions of some late scholastic poet.-III. P. Tullius. (Vid. Supplement.)

ALBINTEMĒLIUM. Vid. Albium Intemelium. ALBĪNUS, I. Decimus Claudius, a Roman general, born at Adrumetum in Africa, and surnamed Albinus from the extreme whiteness of his skin when brought into the world. He made at first some progress in literary pursuits, and wrote a Treatise on Agriculture,

Compare Crevier, Hist. des Emp. Rom., vol. 5, p. 153, seqq.)—II. A Platonic philosopher, who resided at Smyrna, in the reign of Antoninus Pius, and was the preceptor of Galen. He is the author of an Introduction to the Dialogues of Plato, which Fabricius has inserted in the second volume of his Bibliotheca Græca. It is also given in Etwal's edition of three of the dialogues of Plato, Oxon., 1771, 8vo.-III. The name of Albinus was common to a great number of individuals belonging to the Gens Posthumia, for an account of whom, vid. Supplement.

ALBION, I. a giant, the son of Neptune, who, together with his brother Bergion, endeavoured to prevent Hercules from passing the Rhone. When the weapons of the latter failed him in this conflict, he prayed

to Jove for aid, and that deity destroyed the two brothers by a shower of stones. The battle-ground was called, from the appearance which it presented, the Campus Lapideus, or "Stony plain" (Mela, 2, 5), and lay between Massilia and the Rhone. Apollodorus (2, 5, 10) calls the brothers Alebion and Dercynus ('Aλɛbiwv te kaì ▲épкvvoç), and lays the scene in Liguria (Atyún). This, however, as Vossius (ad Mel, I. c.) remarks, should not have misled Salmasius (Saumaise,) since Liguria and the Ligures once extended even to the Rhone. (Compare Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.) To Albion is ascribed by some, if indeed so ridiculous an etymology be worth mentioning, one of the names of Britain.-II. The earlier name of the island of Great Britain, called by the Romans Britannia Major, from which they distinguished Britannia Minor, the modern French province of Bretagne. Agathemerus (11, 4), speaking of the British islands, uses the names Hibernia and Albion for the two largest; Ptolemy (2, 3) calls Albion a British island; and Pliny (4, 16) says, that the island of Britain was formerly called Albion, the name of Britain being common to all the islands around it. (“Britannia insula.......Albion ipsi nomen fuit, cum Britannica vocarenter omnes.") The etymology of the name is uncertain. Some writers derive it from the Greek 20óv (the neuter of dλøóç), "white," in reference to the chalky cliffs on the coasts; others have recourse to the Hebrew alben, "white;" and others again to the Phonieian alp or alpin, "high," and "high mountain;" from the height of the coast. Sprengel thinks it of Gallic origin, the same with Albin, the name of the Scotch highlands. It appears to him the plural of Alp or Ailp, which signifies "Rocky Mountains," and to have been given to the island, because the shore, which looks towards France, appears like a long row of rocks. The term evidently comes from the same source with the word Alpes, and conveys the associate ideas of a high and chalky, or whitish, coast. (Vid. Alpes, and compare Adelung, Mithradates, vol. 2, p. 42, seqq.) The ancient British poets call Britain Inis Wen, "the white island." (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 32, seqq)

used both for drinking and bathing. (Vitruv., 8, 3.— Plin., 31, 11.)

ALBUNEA, the largest of the springs or fountains which formed the Albulæ Aquæ. It proceeded, like the rest, from a small but deep lake, and flowed with them into the Anio. In the immediate vicinity of the fountain was a thick grove, in which were a temple and oracle of Faunus. (Virg., Æn., 7, 82, seqq. ~ Heyne, ad Virg., c.) Both the grove and fountain were sacred to the nymph or sibyl Albunea, who was worshipped at Tibur, and whose temple still remains on the summit of the cliff, and overhanging the cascade. "This beautiful temple," observes a recent traveller, "which stands on the very spot where the eye of taste would have placed it, and on which it ever reposes with delight, is one of the most attractive features of the scene, and perhaps gives to Tivoli its greatest charm." (Rome in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2, p. 398, Am. ed.) Varro, as cited by Lactantius (de Falsa Rel., 1, 6), gives a list of the ancient sibyls, and among them enumerates the one at Tibur, surnamed Albunea, as the tenth and last. Suidas also says, Aekútn ʼn Tibovpría, óvóμati 'A2bovvaïa. (Compare Hor., Od., 1, 7, 12, and Mitscherlich and Fea, ad loc.-Consult also Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 975, and vol. 4, p. 27.)

ALBURNUS, a ridge of mountains in Lucania, near the junction of the Silarus and Tanager, and between the latter river and the Calor. It is now called Monte di Postiglione, and sometimes Alburno. Near a part of the ridge, and on the shores of the Sinus Pæstanus, was a harbour of the same name (Alburnus Portus), where the Silarus emptied into the sea. (Virg., Georg, 3, 146.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 376.)

ALBUS, I. PORTUS, a harbour on the coast of Syria, supposed by Gail to be the harbour of Laodicea to which Appian alludes (καὶ ἐς τὸ πέλαγος ἔχουσα ὅρμον. Bell. Civ., 4, 60), and placed by him to the west of the promontory of Ziaret. (Gail, ad Anon. Stadiasm. Maris Mag. Geogr. Gr. Min., vol. 2, p. 538.) — II. Vicus ( Aɛvкn) Kúμŋ), a harbour in Arabia, from which Gallus set out on his expedition into the interior. (Strab.. 781.) It is supposed by Mannert to be the same with the modern harbour of Iambo. (Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 50. - Compare Peripl. Mar. Erythr., p. 11-Geogr. Gr. Min., ed. Hudson, vol. 1.)

ALBIS, a river of Germany, now the Elbe. It is called Albios by Dio Cassius (55, 1). This was the easternmost stream in Germany with which the Romans became acquainted in the course of their expeditions; and they knew it, moreover, only in the north- ALBUTIUS, I. a wealthy Roman, remarkable for hi ern part of its course. Tacitus learned that the Her- severity towards his slaves. According to an ancien munduri dwelt near its sources. (Germ., 41.) Ptol- scholiast, he even punished them sometimes before emy also was acquainted with the quarter where it they had committed any offence, "lest," said he, “I rose, on the east side of his Sudetes, near the confines should have no time to punish them when they do of of the modern Moravia. The only Roman who passed fend." (Horat., Serm., 2, 2, 67.—Schol. ad Horat., l. this stream with an army was L. Domitius Ahenobar- c.) Porphyrion (ad Hor., l. c.) styles him, “et avarus, bus, A.U.C. 744; and though he made no farther prog- et elegans conviviorum apparator." The epithet avaress, the passage of the Albis was deemed worthy of a rus, however, must evidently be thrown out, as contriumph. (Plin., 4, 14.-Vell. Pat., 2, 106.-Tacit., tradicting what follows.-II. T., a Roman of the EpiAnn., 1, 59.-Id. ib., 13, sub fin.-Flav. Vop. Prob., 13.) curean school. He was educated at Athens, and renALBIUM, I. Ingaunum, a city of Liguria, on the dered himself ridiculous, on his return home, by his coast, some distance to the southwest of Genua. It excessive attachment to the manners and language of was the capital of the Ingauni, and answers to the Greece. About A.U.C. 648, he was sent as prætor modern Albenga. (Strab., 202.- Plin., 3, 5.)—II. to Sardinia. For some unimportant services renIntemelium, a city of Liguria, on the coast, to the dered here, he believed himself entitled to a triumph. southwest of the preceding. It was the capital of the The senate, however, rejected his application, and he Intemelii, and corresponds to the modern Vintimiglia. was accused, on his return, by the augur Mucius (Strabo, 202.-Plin., 3, 5.) From Tacitus (Hist., 2, Scævola, of extortion in his government. Being con13), we learn that it was a municipium. demned, he went into exile at Athens, where he consoled himself, amid his disgrace, by philosophical investigations, and by composing satires in the style of Lucilius. (Cic., Brut., 35.-Id., de Fin., 1, 3.-Id., Orat., 44.-Id., in Pis., 38. - Id., Brut., 2, 6. — Id., Tusc. Quæst., 5, 37.)-III. C. Silus, a rhetorician in the age of Augustus. He was a native of Novaria in Cisalpine Gaul, where he exercised for a time the functions of ædile. Being grossly insulted, however, by some individuals against whom he was pronouncing a decision, and being dragged by the feet from his tri

ALBULA, the more ancient name of the Tiber. Mannert considers Albula the Latin, and Tiberis the Etrurian, name for the stream; which last became in the course of time the prevailing one. (Vid. Tiberis.Geogr., vol. 9, p. 607.)

ALBULE AQUÆ, a name given to some cold mephitic springs, about sixteen miles from Rome, which issued from a small but deep lake, and flowed into the neighbouring river Anio. They were highly esteemed by the Romans for their medicinal properties, and were

bunal, he left his native city and came to Rome, where | 1, p. 421, &c., Camb., 1826, reprinted in Gaisforas he soon attained to distinction as a pleader. A sin- Poetæ Græci Minores. Additional fragments have gular adventure induced him to leave the bar. Intend- been printed in the Rhenish Museum for 1829, 1833, ing, on one occasion, merely to employ a rhetorical and 1835; in Jahn's Jahrbuch. für Philolog. for 1830; figure, he said to the opposite party, who was accused and in Cramer's Anecdota Græca, Oxon., 1835. of impiety towards his parents, "Swear by the ashes (Schöll, Hist. Latt. Gr., vol. 1, p. 204.-Bode, Gesch. of thy father and mother" (and thou shalt gain thy der Lyrischen Dichtkunst der Hellenen, 2, p. 378, seqq., cause.) The defendant immediately accepted the con--II. An epigrammatic poet. (Vid. Supplement.) dition, and, though Albutius protested that he merely employed a figure of rhetoric, the judges admitted the oath, and the defendant was acquitted. In his old age Albutius returned to Novaria, where he assembled his fellow-citizens, and represented to them that his age and the maladies under which he was labouring rendered life insupportable. When he had finished his harangue he retired to his dwelling, and starved himself.-IV. (Vid. Supplement.)

:

III. A comic poet of Athens, contemporary with Aris-
tophanes. Some of his contemporaries are cited by
Athenæus (3, p. 107.-vol. 1, p. 418, ed. Schweigh.),
and others. (Compare Casaubon, ad Athen., I. c.—
Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. 1, p. 101) — IV. An
Athenian tragic poet, whom some, according to Sui-
das, made to have been the first writer in tragedy
(Compare Casaubon, ad Athen., 3, p. 107, and the 1,
marks of Schweighauser, vol. 9, p. 14.)-V. A son o
Perseus, and father of Amphitryon, from whom Her-
cules has been called Alcides. (Apollod., 2, 4, 12.—
Compare Heyne, ad loc.)

ALCAMENES, 1. ninth king of Sparta, and one of the Agidæ (vid. Agida), succeeded his father A.M. 3235, B.C. 769, and reigned thirty-seven years, in which time there was a rebellion of the Helots. Plutarch cites some of his apophthegms. (Plut., Apoph. Lacon., 32.-Pausan., 3, 2.-Meursius, de Reg. Lacon., 9)-II. A statuary and sculptor of Athens, who flourished about 448 B.C. He was the pupil of Phidias, and adorned his country with numerous specimens of his superior skill, a skill which almost equalled that of his master. (Quintil., 12, 10.- Dionys. Hal., de De

ALCÆUS, I. a celebrated poet of Mytilene, in Lesbos, and the contemporary of Sappho, Pittacus, and Stesichorus. (Clinton's Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 5, 2d ed.) He was famed as well for his resistance to tyranny and his unsettled life, as for his lyric productions. Having aided Pittacus to deliver his country from the tyrants which oppressed it, he quarrelled with this friend, when the people of Mytilene had placed uncontrolled power in the hands of the latter, and some injurious verses, which he composed against Pittacus, caused himself and his adherents to be driven into exile. An endeavour to return by force of arms proved unsuccessful, and Alcæus fell into the power of his former friend, who, forgetting all that had passed, generously granted him both life and freedom. In his odes Almosth. Acum., pt. 6, p. 1108, ed. Reiske.) The most cæus treated of various topics. At one time he in- celebrated of his productions was his statue of Venus, weighed against tyrants; at another he deplored the commonly styled ἡ ̓Αφροδίτη ἐν τοῖς κήποις, and misfortunes which had attended him, and the pains of sometimes simply Kо. It is said to have receive exile while, on other occasions, he celebrated the its last polish from the hand of Phidias himself, and is praises of Bacchus and the goddess of love. He wrote spoken of in high terms by Lucian and others. (Luc., in the Eolic dialect. Dionysius of Halicarnassus Imag., 4 et 6.) Whether this was the statue of Venus, speaks in high commendation of the lofty character of by which Alcamenes obtained his victory over Agorahis compositions, the conciseness of his style, and the critus (vid. Agoracritus), cannot be determined with clearness of his images. His productions, indeed, certainty from the words of Pliny. If we suppose it breathed the same spirit with his life. A strong, to have, been the same, we have this difficulty, that all manly enthusiasm for freedom and justice pervaded ancient writers pronounce the Venus ¿v кýñoιç of Alcaeven those in which he sang the pleasures of love and menes, one of the highest productions of the art, while wine. But the sublimity of his nature shone brightest Pliny asserts, that the artist was indebted for his sucwhen he praised valour, chastised tyrants, described cess, in the contest just mentioned, not to the superithe blessings of liberty, and the misery and hardships ority of his performance, but to the spirit of party which of exile. His lyric muse was versed in all the forms influenced the umpires. Another highly celebrated and subjects of poetry, and antiquity attributes to him work of his was the rear pediment of the temple of hymns, odes, and songs. A few fragments only are Jupiter at Olympia, of which Pausanias has left us a left of all of them, and a distant echo of his poetry description (5, 10). On it was represented the conflict reaches us in some of the odes of Horace. Alcæus between the Centaurs and Lapithe. Cicero (N. D., was the inventor of the metre that bears his name, one 1, 30) speaks of a statue of Vulcan by this artist, and of the most beautiful and melodious of all the lyric Valerius Maximus (8, 11, 3) informs us, that although measures. Horace has employed it in many of his the god was exhibited as lame, yet the lameness was odes. As regards the personal character of the poet, in a great measure concealed by the drapery and posiit may be remarked, that the charge of cowardice tion. The distinguished merit of Alcamenes obtained which some have endeavoured to fasten upon him, for for him the honour of being placed in a bas-relief on his misfortune in having lost his shield during a con- the temple at Eleusis. (Plin., 34, 8.-Id. ibid., 36, flict between the Mytileneans and Athenians for the 5-Pausan., 1, 19.)-III. An artist whose name ocpossession of Sigæum, would seem to be anything but curs on some Roman embossed work, described by just. Equally unjust is the same charge, as brought Zoega. (Bass. Ant., &c., tav. 23.--Consult Sillig, against Horace for his conduct at Philippi. (Consult Dict. Art., s. v.) He is called a duumvir, and it has the work of Van Ommeren, Horaz als Mensch und been conjectured that, besides being raised to civil Burger von Rom., &c., Aus dem Holland., von L. honours in the municipal state to which he belonged, Walch.) The fragments that remain to us of the po- he also obtained his livelihood by exercising the art of etry of Alcæus, are to be found in the collections of modelling. (Sillig, ubi supra.) H. Stephens and Fulvius Ursinus. Jani, one of the ALCANDER, a Lacedæmonian youth, of hasty temeditors of Horace, published, from 1780 to 1782, three per, but not otherwise ill-disposed, who, during a popProlusiones, containing those fragments of Alcæus ular tumult, struck out one of the eyes of Lycurgus. which the Latin poet had imitated. In 1812, Stange The people were so moved with shame and sorrow at united these opuscula in a volume which appeared at the outrage, that they surrendered Alcander into his Halle, under the title of "Alcai poetæ lyrici fragmen-hands, to do with him as he pleased. Lycurgus took tu." The most complete and accurate collection, how-him to his own home, and so won upon him by mild ever, is that by Matthiæ, Lips., 1827. A collection treatment, that Alcander became one of his warmest was also made by Blomfield in the Museum Criticum, friends and an excellent citizen. (Plut., Vit. Lyc., 11.)

ALCATHOUS, I. a son of Pelops, who, being suspect- | insinuating and graceful demeanour, he made himself ed of murdering his brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion, which had destroyed the king's son. The monarch had promised the hand of his daughter, and the succession to the throne, unto him who should succeed in destroying the wild beast. Alcathous, therefore, gained both of these prizes, and succeeded in the course of time to the kingdom of Megara. In commemoration of him, festivals, called Alcathoia, were instituted at Megara. (Pausan., 1, 41, &c.)-II One of the two citadels of Megara, so called from its founder Alcathous. (Pausan., 1, 40 and 42.) ALCE, a town of the Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarraconensis, called also Alcaratium. It answers to the modern Alcaraz, in New Castile, on the river Guardamena. (Liv., 40, 47, seqq.)

ALCENOR, an Argive, who, along with Chronius, survived on his side, the battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedæmonians. (Vid. Othryades.-Herodot., 1, 82.)

still more conspicuous for his extravagant expenditures, his contempt of order, and his dissolute mode of life. The lessons and the example of Socrates, who numbered him for some time among his disciples, operated but feebly in checking the vicious propensities of the young Athenian, or in restraining his bold and ambitious designs. He took Pericles as his model in public life, and resolved to tread in the footsteps of that illustrious statesman, and succeed, if possible, to the authority which he had enjoyed. The Athenians, in the time of Pericles, had entertained a strong desire of becoming masters of Sicily, and Alcibiades, after the death of his uncle, succeeded in prevailing upon them to send an armament for that purpose. This was during the Peloponnesian war. The expedition was directed against Syracuse, and Alcibiades, with Nicias and Lamachus, received the command. A short time, however, before the departure of the fleet, the Herma or images of Mercury, placed throughout Athens, were all mutilated in the course of one night, and suspicion fell upon Alcibiades, who was supposed to have been guilty of this act of profanation during a drunken cabeen allowed to sail with the expedition, he was soon sent for, and summoned to stand trial for this and other alleged acts of impiety. Avoiding, however, a return to Athens, he took refuge, first in Argos, and afterward at Sparta, at which latter place he excited very friendly feelings towards himself by the important advice he gave respecting the future movements of the war, and became an object of wonder by the ease with which he adopted the plain and austere manners of the Spartans, so directly at variance with his previous mode of life. Distrusting, however, at last, the sincerity of the Lacedæmonians, he betook himself to Tissaphernes, satrap of the King of Persia, and soon attained to great favour. Not long after this, he was restored, by a strange turn of fortune, to the good-will of his countrymen; the sentence of banishment that had been passed against him was revoked, he was appointed to a command, and, after a career of brilliant success, returned in triumph to Athens. His popularity, however, was of short continuance. Lysander, the Spartan admiral, defeated the Athenian fleet, and slew Antiochus, to whom Alcibiades had left it in charge, when departing for Cairo, in order to raise money for the war; and Alcibiades soon found himself compelled to solicit once more the protection of the Persians. Pharnabazus, the satrap, allowed him for a while a safe residence in Phrygia, but finally, through the solicitations of Lysander, he caused Alcibiades to be slain, by an armed party, at his place of abode, in a small village. This remarkable man died in his 46th year, B.C. 404. If the Athenians had only known how to retain among them an individual of so rare merit ALCETAS, I. a king of Epirus, descended from Pyr- both as a civilian and a soldier, they might easily have rhus, the son of Achilles, and an ancestor of Pyrrhus, given the law to all Greece. And yet impartial hisking of Epirus. He was driven by his subjects from tory, while it awards him the highest praise for his talthe throne, but regained his power by the aid of Dio-ents as a statesman, and his skill and intrepidity as a nysius the elder, of Syracuse.-II. King of Epirus, son of Arymbas, and grandson of the preceding. His subjects strangled him, together with his two sons, B.C. 312.-III. The eighth king of Macedonia, son of Eropus, and father of Amyntas I. He reigned 29 years, from 576 to 547 B.C.-IV. A general of Alexander the Great, and brother of Perdiccas. He slew himself after a defeat by Antigonus, during the contests that ensued after Alexander's decease.-V. An historian who wrote an account of the offerings at Delphi, πepì twv ¿v Aɛhpoiç úvalnμúrwv. (Athenæus, 13, p. 591, c.)

ALCESTIS, daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetus. Her father had offered to give her in marriage to this prince, on condition of his previously yoking lions and boars to a chariot, and Admetus successfully accom-rousal with some of his young friends. After having plished this through the aid of Apollo. This same deity, who was then serving with Admetus, in accordance with the sentence that had been passed against him (vid. Esculapius, Amphrysus, and Cyclopes), obtained from the fates, that when Admetus should be about to end his existence, his life would be spared and prolonged, provided another willingly died in his stead. When the day came, Alcestis heroically devoted herself for her husband, but was rescued from the lower world and restored to the regions of day by Hercules. According to another version of the legend, she was sent back again to life by Proserpina. Euripides has founded upon this story of Alcestis one of his most beautiful tragedies. (Apollod., 1, 9, 14.) This same legend is also given in a different and more historical form, as follows: when Medea had prevailed upon the daughters of Pelias to cut their father in pieces, in expectation of seeing him restored to youth, and they were pursued by their brother Acastus, Alcestis fled for protection to her cousin Admetus. This prince | refusing to deliver her up, Acastus marched against him, took him prisoner, and threatened to put him to death, when Alcestis heroically surrendered herself into her brother's hands, and saved the life of Admetus. It happened, however, that, just at this time, Hercules came that way with the horses of Diomede, and was hospitably entertained by Admetus. On learning from him what had taken place, the hero was fired with indignation, attacked Acastus, destroyed his army, and rescued Alcestis, whom he restored in safety to his royal host. (Eudocia, Ion. ap. Villoison., Anecd. Græc., vol. 1, 21, seqq.)

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commander, cannot but condemn, in the most unequivocal manner, the licentiousness of his private life, the versatility and chameleon-like character of his principles of action, and his traitorous conduct, on more than one occasion, to the best interests of his country. (Plut., Vit. Alcib.-Corn. Nep., Vit. Alcib.)

ALCIDAMAS, a Greek rhetorician. (Vid. Supplement.)

ALCIDAS, a naval commander of Sparta in the time of the Peloponnesian war, B.C. 428. He, on one oc、 casion, lost, in consequence of his habitual caution, the opportunity of following up a victory gained by him over the Athenians and Corcyreans.

ALCIBIADES, a celebrated Athenian commander, son of Clinias, nephew to Pericles, and lineally descended, ALCIDES, I. a name of Hercules, either from his as was said, from the Telamonian Ajax. He was strength, dλký, or from his grandfather Alcæus.-II. born B.C. 450. Conspicuous for beauty, and for an | A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. (Liv., 42, 51.)

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ALCIS, a surname of Minerva, and the name of a deity among the Naharvali. (Vid. Supplement.) ALCITHOE, a Theban female, who, together with her sisters, contemned and ridiculed the orgies of Bac

For Alcidem in the passage of Livy here quoted, we should no doubt read, according to Turnebus (Advers., 30, 57), Alcidemum, the people's strength." ALCIMACHUS, a painter. (Vid. Supplement.) ALCIMEDON, I. an Arcadian hero. (Vid. Supple-chus, and, while these rites were getting celebrated ment.)-II. An embosser or chaser spoken of by Virgil (Eclog., 3, 37, 44), who mentions some goblets of his workmanship. Sillig thinks he was a contemporary of the poet's.

ALCIMENES. Vid. Supplement.
ALCIMUS. Vid. Supplement.

ALCINOUS, I. a son of Nausithous, king of Phæacia, praised for his love of agriculture. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast. The gardens of Alcinous are beautifully described by Homer, and have afforded, also, a favourite theme for succeeding poets. The island of the Phracians is called by Homer Scheria. Its more ancient name was Drepane. After the days of Homer it was called Corcyra. Now Corfu. (Vid. Corcyra.-Homer, Od., 7.-Orph., in Argon.-Virg., G., 2, 87.-Stat., 1.Sylv., 3, 81.)-II. A Platonic philosopher. (Vid. Supplement.)-III. A son of Hippothoon, who, in conjunction with his father and eleven brothers, expelled Icarion and Tyndareus from Lacedæmon, but was afterward killed, with his father and brothers, by Hercules. (Apollod., 3, 10, 5.)

without, employed themselves at home with the distaff, and beguiled the time by recounting poetic legends. They were changed into bats, and the spindles and yarn, with which they worked, into vines and ivy. (Ov., Met., 4, 1, seqq.-Id. ib., 389, seqq ) As regards the terms Minycias and Minycia proles, which Ovid applies to the sisters, consult Gierig, ad loc.

an island at the mouth of the Achelous, formed by the alluvial deposites of that stream. (Vid. Echinades.) Here he married Callirhoë, the daughter of the rivergod, after repudiating his former wife Arsinoë. But he did not long enjoy repose. At the request of his wife, he attempted to recover from his former father

ALCMEON, I. a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, and a native of Argos. When his father went to the Theban war, where he knew he was to perish, Alcmæon was directed by him, when he should hear of his death, to kill Eriphyle who had betrayed him. (Vid. Eriphyle.) The son obeyed the father's injunctions, and was pursued, in consequence, by the furies, the avengers of parricide. According to another account, being chosen chief of the seven Epigoni, he took and destroyed Thebes, and, after this event, put his mother to death, in obedience to an oracle of Apollo (Apollod., 3, 7, 5.) While in the state of phrensy which was sent upon him as a punishment for this deed, he came first to Arcadia, to Oicleus, and, from the residence of this his paternal grand father, went subsequentALCIPHRON, the most distinguished of the Greek ly to the city of Psophis, to Phegeus, its king. Being epistolary writers. Nothing is known of his life, and purified of the murder by Phegeus, he married Arsinoe, even his era is uncertain. Some critics place him be- the daughter of the latter, and gave to her, as a bridal tween Lucian, whom he has imitated, and Aristæne- present, the fatal collar and robe (Tóv Tε ÕpμOV KAÌ TÌV tus, to whom he served as model; in other words, TÉTOV) which his mother Eriphyle had received to bebetween the years 170 and 350 of the present era. tray his father. The country, however, becoming barOthers, however, are inclined to transfer him to the ren, in consequence of his residing in it (d' avrov), he fifth century. Neither side have attended to the cir- was directed by an oracle, as the only means of escumstance of there being among the letters of Aris-caping the vengeance of the furies, to find, and dwell tænetus a kind of correspondence between Lucian in, a land which was not in existence when he slew his and Alciphron. This correspondence, it is true, is parent. (Pausan., 8, 24.--Compare Heyne, ad Apolfictitious; yet it indicates, at the same time, that Aris-lod., I. c.) He at last found rest, for a short time, on tænetus regarded those two writers as contemporaries, and we have no good reason to accuse him of any error in this respect. Though a contemporary, Alciphron might still have imitated Lucian: it is much more probable, however, that the passages which appear to us to be imitations are borrowed by these two writers from some ancient comic poets. The letters of Al-in-law the collar and robe which he had presented to ciphron are 116 in number, forming three books. They his daughter, and, as a pretext for obtaining them, are distinguished for purity, clearness, and simplicity, stated that he had been directed by an oracle, as the and are important as giving us a representation of only means of freeing himself from the furies, to conAthenian manners, drawn from dramatic poets whose secrate the articles in question to Apollo at Delphi. writings are now lost. The best portion of the work Phegeus gave them up, but the imposition being made is the 2d book, containing the letters of the heteræ, or known to him by an attendant, he ordered his sons to courtesans; and, among these, that of Menander to waylay and destroy Alcmeon, which was accordingly Glycerion, and that of Glycerion to Menander. The done. Alcmeon's death was avenged by the two sons principal editions are, that of Bergler, Lips., 1715, 8vo, whom he had by Callirhoë. Their mother entreated with an excellent commentary; that of Wagner, Lips., of Jupiter that they might speedily attain to manhood, 1778, 2 vols. 8vo, containing a corrected text, a Latin and retaliate on their father's murderers. The prayer version, the commentary of Bergler, and the editor's was heard; they became on a sudden men in the prime own notes; and that of Boissonade, Paris, 1822, 8vo. of life, and slew not only the two sons of Phegeus, but Wagner had been furnished by Bast with the readings the monarch himself and his wife. The sons of Alcof two Vienna MSS., but, according to the Critical meon by Callirhoë were Amphoterus and Acarnan, Epistle of the last-mentioned scholar, did not make all and are said to have settled subsequently in Acarnathe use of these collated readings which he might have nia, the latter giving name to the country. (Apollod., done. Among the papers of Bast, after his decease, l. c.) Pausanias calls Arsinoë by the name of Alphewere found various readings of the Letters of Alciph-siboa (vid. Alphesiboa), and, in other parts of his narron, derived from four Paris MSS., two of the Vat-rative also, differs from Apollodorus. On these and ican, and one of Heidelberg. Many of these were other variations, consult Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.— preferable to the received readings. Along with them II. The founder of an illustrious family at Athens, callwere found various unedited fragments, and even en-ed after him Alcmæonidæ. He was the son of Sillus, Fire letters, which had never yet been printed. These and great grandson of Nestor; and, being driven from papers are now in England, and were used by Bois- Messenia, with the rest of Nestor's family, by the Heracsonade in his edition. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. lidæ, settled at Athens. (Pausan., 2, 18-Compare 4, p. 313, seqq. -Wachler, Handbuch der Gesch. der the note of Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 299, 2d ed., Lit., vol. 1, p. 241.) where he disproves the assertion of Larcher, ad Herod., ALCIPPE, Î. a daughter of the god Mars, by Agrau- 6, 125, who makes the Alcmæonidæ to have been delos. II. The daughter of Enomaus. scended from Melanthus.)-III. A son of Megacles.

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