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critical editions" which "sufficed for a century." But neither the number-fourof these editions, nor their careless printing, shows that Shakespeare's works were "little known or prized;" for half that number of editions sufficed for every other dramatist of that century; and all, except those of careful Ben Jonson, were vilely printed.

Thus it will be seen that we do not, as the Reviewer asserts, by a gross petitio principii "take for granted the two chief points at issue, namely, that the first folio, * * * does contain the text of Shakespeare, and that the corrections of the MS. Annotator are mere guesswork." We have the direct and explicit testimony of Shakespeare's friends, fellow actors and principal partners in the theatre, that the first folio was printed from the text of Shakespeare, and, errors excepted, does contain that text: we have proved that the corrector did indulge in mere guesswork," and therefore, as against the authorized edition, we must consider all his labors as merely conjectural, and only to be received when they consistently correct the palpable, accidental errors of that edition. But were this not so, we should reject nine tenths of those peculiar to him upon their own merits. They seem to be modelled upon the conjectural effort of the man who, not being able to understand the strong figure, "strain at a gnat and swallow a camel," amended his New Testament to read, "strain at a gate and swallow a saw-mill."

But after all, it is not improbable that Richard Perkins did make some of these corrections. We admitted, for the argument's sake, that he did make them; but now having shown that his making them gives them no semblance of authority, we acknowledge that it is even more than probable that he had a hand in them. It seems that this Richard Perkins was not only an actor but "also in some measure a poet, as he wrote a copy of verses prefixed to Heywood's Apology for Actors." The murder's out! He was "something of a poet!"

This accounts for his turning speech after speech of blank verse into rhyme, for his making Hamlet bring up

with a jingle after first correcting the line to which he tacked his rhyme, for his submitting other plays to similar treatment, and for the insertion of entire lines in several cases, which, although two or three of them are not unlike what Shakespeare might have written in those particular passages, are not at all beyond the reach of any man who is "something of a poet" and has read the context.

It seems as if Master Perkins was about to bring out an edition of Shakespeare's works as he thought they should have been written and should be acted. He modernized the language, struck out whatever he thought uninteresting, added rhymes where he thought they were needed, added stage directions to conform to the custom of the day, which was to be very particular in that respect,* attended minutely to the punctuation, corrected even the turned letters, as Mr. Collier assures us, (not at all necessary for a stage copy). changed the old prefix of Beggar in the Induction to the Taming of the Shrew, to Sly (equally unnecessary for the stage), underscored the old rhymes and quotations (also entirely needless in a stage copy), and thought that he would have a very fine edition; and it would have been quite as good and of the same kind as Pope's and Warburton's. But the publishers of the next edition, in 1664, did not believe in Shakespeare according to Perkins,' and reprinted the old folios, adding even all the plays that had borne Shakespeare's name in his lifetime.

Now Perkins may have acted in Shakespeare's plays while the dramatist was living, he was doubtless "something of a poet," and he may have had some actors' parts which were "copies of copies of a part of a mutilated copy; " but in spite of all this, when there is any question between what Heminge and Condell and our own souls tell us is Master Shakespeare's, and that which probability and our own souls tell us is Master Perkins's, we shall decide in favor of Master Shakespeare. For though the one was something of a poet, we believe that the other was a good deal more of a poet. And all the people say Amen!

It is only necessary to look at the first editions of Shirley's, Shadwell's, and Southerne's plays, the dates of which are from 1630 to 1690, to see how the custom of adding minute stage directions to the printed copies arose toward the middle of the century. Those printed about that time and thereafter have every movement indicated with the greatest particularity. The fact that the first folio has few stage directions sustains the evidence that most of it was printed from the author's manuscript and not from the stage copy or actors' parts, in which those directions would necessarily be numerous; and this is again confirmed by the fact that the quartos, evidently printed from actors' parts, have many more stage directions than the folio.

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We do not mean to say, that the prejudices of the Pole and the exile are not apparent in this work, or that we are ready to accede to all its principles; but what we do mean, is, that the book is written in the most intelligent and earnest spirit, by a strong-minded thinker, profoundly acquainted with the past, observant of the present, and hopeful of the future.

The leading thought of Count Gurowski, in his development of the history and condition of Russia, is, what will be found elsewhere expressed, in this number, that Czarism, or autocracy, has been only a transitional necessity, while the nation at large is in the process of working out its own emancipation, as well as a higher destiny for Western Europe. Russia, at present, by her compactness and force, powerfully sustains the conservative or retrograde interests of the continent, but she contains within herself an abundance of fermenting elements, whose ebullition is becoming daily more intense and menacing. A social commotion is imminent for her, and for all the Sclavic races; and when it shall have once broken out, and accomplished its ends, as 'it surely will, the hour has sounded for the liberties of all the rest of Europe. It is a peculiarity in the structure of Russian society, that the whole controversy there is between the Despotism and the People, trained by their communal organization to some degree of self-government; and when the latter shall begin the revolutionary movement, they will not be obliged, as in the rest of Europe, to meet the opposing combinations of royalty, nobility, and burghership, but will simply apply themselves at once to the only enemy, Czarism. When that is toppled down, the People are all in all, for the aristocracy is only nominally existent, while the peasants and the middle class are not separated.

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the Reign of Charles II. and James II., and the final fall of the royal race of Stuart.

Guizot has so long occupied a position among the first historians of the day, that it is needless now to remark upon his general qualities as a writer. We may observe, however, that they are not of a kind to fit him, in any eminent respect, to be the biographer of the greatest of the English monarchs. He is too much of a doctrinaire, too much controlled by traditions and authorities, to enter completely into the character of that remarkable man, or of the unprecedented times in which he acted. Cromwell was so wholly sui generis, and the controversies amid which he rose to power, so unlike any that had before prevailed, both in their religious and political elements, that they cannot be judged by the usual formulas of philosophy or politics. Any interpretation of either, which confounds the one with common tyrants and usurpers, or the other with common revolutions, must soon be involved in hopeless perplexity and trouble. On the other hand, any interpretation which requires an enthusiastic admiration of all that Cromwell did, or an approval of all the movements of the Puritans, is likely to lead into similar difficulties. Guizot is aware of this, and by a cautious balancing of authorities and statements, endeavors to steer a middle course; yet we cannot add, with complete success. In his very effort to be impartial and just, he gets too cool, and, arrived at the end of his volumes, the reader finds, after all, that he has no clearer views of the Protector and his times. satisfactory life of Cromwell has yet to be written. Carlyle's collection of documents, with the commentaries, is the best memoir pour servir that we have, but can hardly be called a biography.

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"Being informed that Harrington was about to publish his republican Utopy, the Oceana, Cromwell ordered the manuscript to be seized at the printer's, and brought to Whitehall. After vain endeavors to obtain its restoration, Harrington, in despair, resolved to apply to the Protector's favorite daughter, Lady Claypole, who was known to be a friend to literary men, and always ready to intercede for the unfortunate. While he was waiting for her in an ante-room, some of Lady Claypole's women passed through the room, followed by her daughter, a little girl three years of age. Harrington stopped the child, and entertained her so amusingly, that she remained listening to him until her mother entered. 'Madam,' said the philosopher, setting down the child, whom he had taken in his arms, 'tis well you are come at this nick of time, or I had certainly stolen this pretty little lady.' 'Stolen her!' replied the mother; 'pray, what to do with her?' 'Madam,' said he, "though her charms assure her a more considerable conquest, yet I must confess it is not love, but revenge, that prompted me to commit this theft.' 'Lord!' answered the lady again, 'what injury have I done you, that you should steal my child?' 'None at all,' replied he, but that you might be induced to prevail with your father to do me justice, by restoring my child that he has stolen;" and he explained to Lady Claypole the cause of his complaint. She immediately promised to procure his book for him, if it contained nothing prejudicial to her father's government. He assured her it was only a kind of political romance, and so far from any treason against her father, that he hoped to be permitted to dedicate it to him; and he promised to present her ladyship with one of the earliest copies. Lady Claypole kept her word, and obtained the restitution of the manuscript, and Harrington dedicated his work to the Protector. The gentleman,' said Cromwell, after having read it, 'would like to trepan me out of my power; but what I got by the sword, I will not quit for a little paper shot. I approve the government of a single person as little as any, but I was forced to take upon me the office of a high-constable, to preserve the peace among the several parties in the nation, since I saw that, being left to themselves, they would never agree to any certain form of government, and would only spend their whole power in defeating the designs or destroying the persons of one another.""

In the appendix to the volumes are several highly interesting documents, taken from the Spanish archives of Simancas, and from the archives of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and various public libraries in Paris, relating mainly to the foreign relations of the Protectorate, which now appear for the first time. Among the rest, are two letters from Louis XIV. to Cromwell and Fairfax, interceding for the life of Charles, and also many State papers relating to the intrigues of Spain and France to secure the alliance and favor of the new king, as he was

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gy that has yet been printed, not excepting the voluminous essays of Prichard; and, as the conclusions at which it arrives are not at all in accordance with the orthodox standards, we may look forward to considerable controversy in regard to it. The principal contents may be described as follows: 1. A memoir of Dr. Samuel G. Morton, the distinguished naturalist, written by Dr. Henry S. Patterson, and giving an extended account of the original and important researches of Morton in the various provinces of ethnology and natural history. 2. A paper by Agassiz, on the natural provinces of the animal world, and their relation to the different types of man, in which the eminent writer developes at great length, and with masterly ability, his views as to the coincident distribution of certain fauna, or groups of animals, with certain permanent human species. 3. Essays by Dr. Nott, combatting the commonly received ideas of the unity of the human races, and going to show, by a vast variety of illustrations, that men were created in groups or nations, in different parts of the globe, and have not been propagated from a single pair, placed in a single centre of creation. 4. Excerpta from the unpublished manuscript of Morton, setting forth the same views. 5. A contribution from Dr. William Usher on palæontology and geology, in connection with the origin of man. And 6. A variety of dissertations by Gliddon, on archæology, Biblical ethnography, and chronology. Thus, it will be seen that the work covers a vast and prolific field of scientific investigation.

The general results at which the authors arrive, may be summed up. for the sake of brevity and clearness, under the following heads:

1. That the surface of our globe is naturally divided into several zoological provinces, each of which is a distinct centre of creation, possessing a peculiar fauna and flora; and that every species of animal and plant was originally assigned to its appropriate place.

2. That the human family offers no exception to this general law, but fully conforms to it; mankind being divided into several groups of races, each of which constitutes a primitive element in the fauna of its peculiar province.

3. That history affords no evidence of the transformation of one type into another, nor of the origination of a new and permanent type.

4. That certain types have been permanent through all recorded time, and

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