their friends. Each person applying for admission must not be under nine, or over thirty years of age; and no pupil is received for a less term than two years. The whole annual charge to each pupil, for board, washing, fuel, instruction, stationary, &c., is 200 dollars.

The asylum is under the management of ten directors, chosen annually, together with the directors for life. A president, and eight vicepresidents, who are also, ex officiis, directors, are chosen annually. The payment of 100 dollars constitutes a person a director for life, and of 200 dollars, a vice-president for life. The annual meeting of the society is held at Hartford on the first Saturday after the second Thursday in May. A house situated about half a mile west of the city has been recently purchased for the accommodation of the institution.

HARTFORD, EAST, a post-town of Hartford county, on the east side of the Connecticut, opposite Hartford, with which it is connected by an elegant bridge. Population 3240. A small river which flows through this town, into Connecticut, affords many fine mill seats. Here are five paper mills, several saw mills and fulling mills, two large establishments for the manufacture of powder, one manufactory of snuff, one cotton manufactory, two glass houses, and three houses of public worship; two for Congregationalists, and one for Methodists.

HARTFORD, a post-town of Washington county, New York, fifty-four miles N. N. E. of Albany. Population 2389. It is a wealthy town, and contains three houses of public worship; two for Baptists, and one for Congregationalists.

HARTLEPOOL, a sea-port town in Durbam, seated on a promontory, and almost encompassed by the sea. It is an ancient corporation, governed by a mayor and aldermen, with other subordinate officers. In the reign of Edward III. it furnished five ships to the navy. It depends chiefly on the fishing trade; and its harbour is much frequented by colliers passing to and from Newcastle. It is twelve miles north of Stockton, and 258 west of London.

HARTLEY (David), an English physician, and metaphysical writer, was the son of a clergyman of Armley, near Leeds in Yorkshire, where he was born in 1705. At fifteen he was sent to Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow; and was intended for the clerical profession, but, having doubts of the truth of the thirty-uine articles, he engaged in the study of medicine, and commenced practice as a physician at Newark in Nottinghamshire. Hence he removed to Bury in Suffolk, and subsequently to London. When Mrs. Stephens professed to have found out a specific for the stone, Dr. Hartley contributed greatly towards her obtaining the grant of £5000 from parliament for her discovery; and published Observations made on ten Persons, who have taken the Medicament of Mrs. Stephens, 8vo. He himself, after having taken as much of it as contained 200 lbs. weight of soap is said to have fallen a sacrifice to the disease for which it was recommended. Dr. Hartley spent the latter part of his life at Bath, and died there August 28th, 1757. His reputation as a philosopher depends on his work entitled Observations

on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations, in two parts, 1749, 2 vols. 8vo. His doctrine of association has been published by Dr. Priestley in a detached form, under the title of the Theory of the Human Mind, 8vo.; and the second part of the Observations, relating to morals and religion, has been commented on by Pistorius, a German divine, whose remarks are included in the edition of Dr. Hartley's book published in 4to. 1791, and in 3 vols. 8vo.

HARTLEY (David), M. P., was a son of the foregoing. His opposition to the war with the American colonies led to his being appointed one of the plenipotentiaries to treat with Dr. Franklin for peace; and some of his letters on that occasion are published in the correspondence of that statesman. In the house of commons Hartley was one of the first promoters of the abolition of the slave trade. His scientific knowledge was also exhibited in many useful inventions, and particularly in a method of guarding buildings from fire. He died at Bath, December 19th, 1813, aged eighty-four.

HARTMANN (John Adolphus), a learned divine and historian, born at Munster in 1680. After being a Jesuit for several years, he became a Calvinist at Cassel, in 1715; and soon after was made professor of philosophy and poetry, and in 1722 professor of history and eloquence, at Marpurg, where he died in 1744. The most esteemed of his works are-1.. The State of the Sciences at Hesse; in German. 2. Historia Hassiaca, 3 vols. 3. Præcepta Eloquentiæ Rationalis, &c.

HARTSHORN, CALCINED, or coal of hartshorn, a very white earth, procured by calcining the horns of harts in a long continued and strong fire. This earth is employed in medicine as an absorbent; and, when levigated, is the basis of Sydenham's white decoction, which is commonly prescribed in dysenteries.

HARTSHORN JELLY is nutritive and strengthening, and is sometimes given in diarrhoeas; but a decoction of burnt hartshorn in water is more frequently used for this purpose, and is called hartshorn drink.

HARTSHORN PLANTAIN. See PLANTAGO. HARTSHORN, SALT and SPIRIT of. See ALKALI, and CHEMISTRY.

HÁRTSOEKER (Nicholas), a Dutch philosopher, born at Gouda, in 1656. He received a liberal education from his father, who was a minister among the Remonstrants, and became so eminent in natural philosophy and mathematics, that Peter the Great invited him to Moscow; but he declined the honor. He became professor of philosophy at Heidelburg, and mathematician to the elector palatine. He wrote a course of Natural Philosophy, in 4to., with some other works; and died in 1725.

HARTY, ISLE OF, a small island on the southeastern extremity of the Isle of Sheppy, from which it is divided by a narrow channel, almost filled up. It is separated from Kent by the Swale, and is entirely pasture land, maintaining about 4000 sheep.

HARTZ, or HARZ, a mountain tract in the interior of Germany and south of Hanover, extending from the territory of Goslar to larz

gerode, in Anhalt. It is about seventy miles in length, and twenty in breadth, and is a part of the region called Sylva Hercynia by the ancients. Forests, consisting of one-third of hard and twothirds of soft timber, cover its surface: but of late years, great ravages have been committed among the resinous trees, by a coleopterous insect, which multiplies with amazing rapidity.

The mines of the Hartz are still more valuable.

See HANOVER. Its green, blue, and white vitriol are found in veins generally imbedded in grey-wade or clay-slate, of which the greater number of the rocks are composed. The population of this district is about 50,000; differently characterised in their manners by a primitive simplicity, and early marriages. Their children are beautifully fair, and soon able to assist their parents. Particular spots are under corn culture; but pasture and very good hay are the chief agricultural produce. The inhabitants are chiefly employed as miners. Their favorite enjoyment is in music; and their itinerant bards and minstrels are numerous. The Hartz is exempt both from taxes and from military service; but a tenth of the produce of the mines belongs to government. Those of iron are the most productive, and yield a revenue of about £115,000 sterling, made good by Undertakers of the mines.' The workmen are divided into companies, and commonly wear a sort of uniform of black and red; part of their wages are paid in kind. Gold and silver are coined here.

The district abounds in natural curiosities, of which the most interesting are the Scharzfeld and Baumann caverns; the former remarkable for its fossile bones, the latter for its stalactites, its harmonic column emitting a pleasant sound when struck by the drops of water that fall from the roof, and its extent consisting of fourteen successive vaults. Here the Man of the Monntains is seen either morning or evening, when the spectator at the top of the mountain happens to be placed in a right line between the sun and a cloud hovering in the atmosphere at a small distance, and is merely the magnified image of the spectator reflected from the cloud as from a mirror.

Sax. pænere; Bel. herfst, contraction of ek erf-oogst, says Minsheu; ab erf hereditas

HARVEST, n. s. HARVEST-HOME, n. s. HARVEST-LORd, n.s. HARVESTER, n. s. HARVESTMAN, n. s. et oogst, Augusti mensis. Mr. Thomson thinks from Sax. gear, a year, and vest, vegetable food. The season of reaping and gathering corn; the song which the reapers sing at the feast made at the gathering in of the harvest. Harvest-lord, the head reaper. Harvester and harvestman, one who works at the harvest. Harvest is used figuratively for the opportunity of gathering treasure; the product

of labor.

Grant harvest-lord more by a penny or two, To call on his fellows the better to do. Tusser. As it ebbs, the seedsman

Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain, And shortly comes to harvest. Shakspeare. His wife I will use as the key of the cuckoldy rogue's coffer; and there's my harvest-home. Id. Merry Wives of Windsor.

HARVEST FLY, in zoology, a large four-winged fly of the cicada kind, very common in Italy, and erroneously supposed to be the grasshopper. See CICADA.

HARVESTING, in agriculture, the act of cutting down and securing different sorts of crops. There are various modes of effecting this kind of business: indeed peculiarities are found attached to almost every different county in the manner of executing it. But, in whatever mode the work of harvesting is managed, it is clear that, as bad weather must greatly affect the profits of the cultivator, especially where wheat-crops are concerned, it is proper that the farmer should be constantly on his guard to have a sufficient number of hands at work, in order that the most may be made of the fine season; for, without this, much loss must be sustained, and the title of atternoon farmer will be applied to him.

With regard to the cutting of crops, it is necessary to observe, that most sorts of grain, except that of barley, should be cut or reaped before they become over-ripe. But, where barley is cut in an unripe condition, it is apt to shrivel. It is, however, a practice with some farmers to leave the corn standing such a length of time, that it is ripe enough to cut and carry, as they term it, or until the sheaves are capable of being carted home, on being bound up. This method can, however, only be pursued where the crops are quite clean and free from weeds.

In the Report of East Lothian, in Scotland, it is stated, that the harvesting with winter-sown wheat is sometimes earlier than for other kinds of grain, only excepting Dutch oats. Springwheat is later, and, unless in favourable seasons, is cut with other grains. It is, however, suggested, that there seems to be some diversity of opinion among the farmers of this district, concerning the marks of ripeness in wheat, or the exact degrees of it that are requisite to constitute a perfect sample: some assert that cutting quick or early is the surest mode of having the grain

perfect; but others, on the contrary, are of opinion that it should be dead ripe; or, in other words, that the circulation in the straw, as well as the corn, should be over before it is cut down. It is probable that the truth is to be ound in the middle between these extremes.

It is advised that such wheat as is much infested with weeds should be cut three or even four days earlier than is usual, in order that the weeds may have time to wither before the corn becomes too ripe; for, if it should not be cut before the grains are fully ripe, it will be liable to sustain considerable injury by shedding, loss of color, and damage from rain, while it continues exposed for the purpose of the weeds being rendered dry. A single shower, or even a day's gentle rain, while it lies in swath, is, indeed, thought by some to be rather beneficial to the grain, by causing it to feel dry and slippery in the hand, and thresh out the better; but every possible care should at the same time be taken to guard against its being wetted too much in the field. When however, through any unavoidable accident, it is laid up in too moist a condition, though it may not take any great harm in the mow, it will sweat and adhere together after being laid in a heap, when threshed out, and have a perfectly white appearance from mouldiness, as if dredged over with flour. As corn, in this state, is not capable of being kept, it should constantly be sent to the market, and disposed of as soon as possible.

It is the practice in most parts of the kingdom to cut the rye and wheat crops with the sickle or reaping-hook, a tool which would appear to have been employed for the purpose from the most early periods of the art of husbandry. But, in some cases, this tool is employed in a toothed state, while in others it has simply a cutting edge. The work is commonly done equally well which ever is made use of for the purpose. The business of reaping is performed differently, in respect to height and other circumstances, according as the custom of the district may prevail. It is usual in some of the midland counties, and in inany of those on the south-east coast, to cut the wheat crops at the height of twelve or fifteen, and sometimes eighteen inches from the ground; the handfuls, as they are reaped, being laid on bands formed from some of the reeds of the crop twisted or knotted together near to the ear part. These different parcels, being bound up into what are termed sheaves, are either suffered to lie upon the stubble for a few days previously to their being carried, or they are set up on their bottoms in double rows, the head of the one sheaf inclining against that of the other opposite to it, so as to form a sort of irregular triangle if the base be included. But in some other cases the sheaves are set up into a kind of stool without being hooded. In most of these cases, as soon as the crop is carted off the land, the stubble is mown by means of a scythe, and, after being raked into large heaps, is conveyed away to the farm-yard, where it is used, either for thatching buildings, and corn and hay ricks, or as litter for the stock.

In almost the whole of the southern parts of the country, the crops of both oats and barley,

as well as of peas and beans, are mown by means of a stiff sort of scythe, and either repeatedly turned over in the swaths, or formed into small cocks, in which states they continue until they are ready for being conveyed to the barns or stackyards. As soon as they are in this condition, the carts or waggons are set to work, and the whole of the hands that can be spared employed in raking the ground after them. In short, the business is managed pretty nearly in the same manner as that in which hay-making as performed The mowing and harvesting grain in swath or in cocks, if practices that can in any climate or situation be admitted as beneficial, can only, it is imagined, be considered so where the harvests are early, and where the climate is extremely mild, favorable, and steady. This being the case, it is not probable that such methods can ever become generally established in this country. For it is believed, that the benefits derived from harvesting the above different sorts of crops in the sheaf are extremely numerous, in comparison to those of the practices that have been just noticed.

It has been suggested, by an old writer, that it is material in hilly districts not to bind the grips of wheat into sheaves, at too early a period in th course of the day, as in such situations they have taken such a damp by having lain upon the surface of the ground, that though the straw and chaffy ears may appear dry as soon as the dew is first dissipated, and the sun has shone a few hours upon them, there will still remain an inward dampness in the straw and grain, which will be injurious in the stack or mow. The afternoon should of course be chosen for the purpose of gripping and binding the grain into sheaves in such places, the work being finished before the approach of night. It is best, however, to lay the bands in the morning, as they will then twist better and be less brittle than after the sun has shone some time on the corn. They should always be made strong and well twisted together, in order that they may contain the corn without giving way. But though the modes advised above may be practised with propriety in some instances, and for some kinds of corn, they should not be much employed for wheat crops, as it is found that the less they are exposed to wet and heat the better. On this principle, the practice of covering the shocks of wheat, with cloths and mats, is in use in some places in the county of Kent, as between Sandwich and Dover. The mats are found the best, and are the most commonly employed. By this means it is supposed that the sample of the grain is so much improved, that the bakers at Dover give a decided preference to such as is treated in this manner. The expense of mats for this use is about sevenpence each, which, if properly taken care of, will last many years.

In places where the harvests are late and rainy, the preservation of grain crops is mostly arduous and difficult. Consequently, other methods besides those commonly employed, and which have been already detailed, are had recourse to occasionally, such as what are termed gaiting and hutting. These modes are, however, only practised in such cases as where, from the precarious state of the weather, the crops would be in great

danger of being spoiled, without some unusual exertion. These methods are made use of in several of the more northern counties of England, as well as in some parts more towards the north in Scotland, and do not appear bad methods of harvesting grain crops in late unfavorable seasons. The work is executed in this manner: the sheaf, instead of being bound tight towards the butt-end, as is commonly the case, is tied slackly, and the band moved up until it reach some of the ears. The binder then sets the sheaf in a rather forcible manner on its bottom, so as to give it a sort of base to stand upon. And, where the corn is gaited by those who are experienced in the business, the bands are constantly pushed down the middle of the sheaves, after they have been set on end, and the bottoms spread out, the middles being left hollow, and care taken to form small openings towards the south, by which contrivance the air as well as the sun have the greatest possible influence in preserving the crops, and rendering them fit for being carried and stacked up. In cases where grain crops are cut in a wet state, as not unfrequently happens towards the end of a late harvest, this is in all probability the best plan that can possibly be devised for preventing the threatening mischief. The mode of hutting in the field, in order to save grain in bad harvest seasons, is also a practice often had recourse to with success, in the north-western parts of Scotland, especially when put up in a tolerable state of dryness. The huts are made upon the field immediately after the crops are reaped, and bound up into sheaves. They are, in general, only formed of such a size, that a man is capable of building them in standing upon the ground; and consist in common of from twelve to twenty stooks, in proportion as the straw is more or less bulky. If these huts be properly formed, and a sheaf or two carefully spread over their tops, somewhat in the umbrella method, scarcely any weather, however bad, or of whatever continuance, will affect the grain in any material degree. Upon taking one of these huts down, after it had stood five or six weeks, or probably longer, under the most severe rains that had happened during any harvest for a great length of time, it was found that, except a few of the top-sheaves, the whole was in a surprising state of preservation. And this was the more remarkable, as the crops in some of the adjacent fields where this precaution had been neglected, though carefully stooked and hooded, were grown and matted together in such a way that every stook formed a united mass, not only of vegetable, but vegetating matters. In places where the harvests occur at a late period, where the weather is unfavorable, and where the approach of winter is apprehended, the practice of hutting grain in the field may be safely advised as a beneficial plan: and where the weather continues long rainy, and there is reason to apprehend the springing of the grain in the ear, or that heavy falls of snow may take place, as occasionally happen, the most proper method is to reap and gait as expeditiously as possible.

With regard to the business of carrying the crops from the fields, notwithstanding there is much diversity in the size, shape, and construc

tion of the carts and waggons that are employed for the purpose, as well as in the strength of the teams by which they are drawn, there is but little variation in the general mode of conducting the work. The grain crops, in whatever mode they may be harvested, are put upon the carriages by persons stationed in the fields expressly for the purpose, and on being drawn to the rick-yard are forked by the carters to the stacks.

It has been lately suggested, that, where the number of teams is sufficient, in carting the wheat crops, three waggons should be employed somewhat in this manner, one of them loading in the field, one unloading, and one upon the road going in different directions. For this, five or six horses are quite sufficient, with two men to pitch, the same number to load, one to drive, and two to manage the business of unloading; in the whole seven, which make great despatch. But the use of single horse carts is far superior, whatever the number of horses employed in the work may be. Let each of these be in a well formed cart, and a great deal more ground will be cleared than can be effected by the waggons.

In instances where the grain crops are harvested from the swaths, a number of persons are employed in the business of stacking, an operation which is conducted in the same way as for hay; but, where the grain is bound up into sheaves, one person only is necessary in forming the stack, unless where it is of more than ordinary dimensions; in which case the assistance of a boy is commonly required, who receives the sheaves from the carter, and hands them to the man who is employed in building the stack.

HARVEY (William), M. D., an eminent English physician of the seventeenth century, took his degree of M. D. at Cambridge; was afterwards admitted into the college of physicians in London, and was appointed lecturer of anatomy and chirurgery in that college. In these lectures he opened his discovery relating to the circulation of the blood; which, after a variety of experiments, he communicated to the world in his Exercitatio Anatomica de motu Cordis et Sanguinis. He was physician to king James I. and to king Charles I., and adhered to the royal cause. In 1651 he published his Exercitationes de generatione Animalium, a very curious work. His papers were destroyed during the civil wars. In 1654 he was chosen president of the college of physicians in his absence; but, as he could not discharge the duties of that office, he desired them to choose Dr. Pringle. As he had no children, he settled his paternal estate upon the college. In 1653 he built a library and a museum; and in 1656 he brought the deeds of his estate and presented them to the college. He was then present at the first feast, instituted by himself, together with a commemoration speech in Latin, to be spoken on the 18th of October, annually, in honor of the benefactors to the college : and he appointed a handsome stipend for the orator, and also for the keeper of the library and museum, which are still called by his name. He died in 1657. This great physician had the happiness, in his life-time, to find the clamors of ignorance, envy, and prejudice against his doc

trine totally silenced, and to see it universally established.

HARVEY (Gideon), M. D., an English physician, born in Surrey. He studied at Leyden, and was admitted fellow of Exeter College, in 1655. He was physician to Charles II. during his exile, and to the English army in Flanders. After the Restoration he was made physician of the Tower. He wrote several works on medicine; but of no importance. He died about

1700.

HARVEY'S ISLE, a low island of the Pacific, or rather three or four small islands, united together by rocks and often covered by the sea; the whole being about twenty miles in circumference, and discovered by captain Cook in 1773, Long. 158° 54′ W., lat. 19° 18' S.

HARVIE (Alexander), a native of Scotland, who merits to be commemorated in a Dictionary of Arts, for having, at the imminent risk of his life, first introduced the inkle manufacture into Great Britain. He went over to Holland about 1732, and in spite of the care which the Dutch took to conceal their methods of manufacturing, brought over from Harlem two of their inkle looms, and one of their workmen; by whose assistance he established the first inkle manufactory at Glasgow, which was afterwards copied at Manchester, &c. HARUSA ISLAND, the third in size of five large islands between Bergen and Drontheim, on the coast of Norway, to the northward of Broad Sound. It has a high hill in the middle.

HARUSPICES, or ARUSPICES. See ARUS

PICES.

HARUSPICY, the art of foretelling future events by attending to various appearances of the victims offered for the purpose. 1. It was an ill omen if the victim needed to be dragged to the altar, if it broke its rope, fled away, avoided the stroke, struggled much after it, made a great bellowing, was long a-dying, or bled but little. 2. Presages were drawn from inspecting the noble parts, as the heart, lungs, spleen, and especially the liver. If all these were sound, if the top of the liver was large and well made, and if its fibres were strong, it presaged well. 3. They were also drawn from the manner in which the fire consumed the victim. If the flame brightened immediately, was pure and clear, rose out till the victim was consumed, these were happy signs. 4. The smoke also was considered, whether it whirled about in curls, or spread itself to the right or the left, or gave a smell different from the common one of broiled meat. 5. It was a lucky omen if the incense they burned melted all at once, and gave a most agreeable smell. See DIVINATION,

HARUTSH, an eastern range of mountains in Fezzan, North Africa, bordering on the Libyan Desert. Horneman was told that it extended seven days' journey from north to south, and five from east to west. It appears to be composed of basalt and limestone. The former predominates in the Black Harutsh, the most easterly part of the chain, and appears to have been the Mons Ater of the ancients. Horneman passed range after range, through narrow valleys, or rather ravines, often steep, and obstructed by loose stones; but " was where of great altitude.

On the western side occurs the White Harutsh, consisting of that species of limestone which is distinguished by the multitude of its shells and marine petrifactions. The district consists of a vast plain, interspersed with mounds, or isolated hills. The stones covering the surface, and even the rocks which rise above it, have the appearance of being glazed. Mr. Horneman was informed of black mountains on the road leading southwards to Bornou, whence the people of Fezzan got their iron.

HARWICH, Sax. harewic, a haven, an ancient sea-port, borough, and market town, of Essex, eleven miles and a half east from Manningtree, and seventy-two E. N. E. from London; where the rivers Stour and Orwell (both navigable twelve miles above the town) unite and form a large bay, falling afterwards into the German Ocean, by a strait nearly three miles wide, at high water. The east side of the bay is defended by Landguard-fort in Essex, standing on a point of land which, at high water, has the appearance of an island. The fortifications were here first erected by James I. Harwich was also fortified on the land side; but the works were destroyed in the reign of Charles I. and a battery erected, instead of them, by the water. The harbour, which is independent of the bay, is safe, convenient, and of great extent, being capable of receiving the largest ships of war.

The church, which is a neat building, was formerly a chapel of ease to that of Dover-court, two miles distant. The town, in general, is well built, and consists of three good principal streets, where are a town-hall, a gaol, a free-school, and a custom-house. The town is walled in, and the streets paved with a kind of clay from the neighbourhood, which soon becomes hard as stone. Here is a good dock-yard, furnished with storehouses and other conveniences, in which third rate, and other large ships are built, and two hot and two cold salt-water baths, of elegant structure, with commodious dressing rooms. The buildings stand in a large reservoir, containing many hundred tons of water, renewed every tide; from this the baths are continually supplied with pure running sea-water, in a manner exactly resembling a natural spring. Here are also vapor baths, and a machine to throw the sea-water, either hot or cold, on any part of the body. The town was made a free borough in the reign of Edward II. The corporation consists of a mayor, eight aldermen, twenty-four burgesses, a recorder, &c. It sends two members to parliament, the mayor being the returning officer, who has also the power to hold admiralty courts. It has a neat, clean, commodious, and enclosed market place, well supplied with all kinds of provisions, and particularly with fish. Several fish machines run from Harwich, in a very expeditious manner, to supply the London market. High water, at the full and change of the moon, at half past eleven o'clock. Fairs, 1st of May and 18th of October, for three days each. The post-office packets sail hence, and return twice a week to and from Holland and Germany. Upwards of 3000 tons of shipping are employed in the North-Sea fishery, besides other vessels engaged in the London and coasting trade. Two light-houses