banks of this river are adorned on both sides with woods, orchards, and elegant villas. In March 1787, and in the night beween the 11th, and 12th of January 1797, a temporary subsiding or obstruction of the waters of this river took place, which occasioned no small speculation respecting the cause; some ascribing it to a subterraneous passage, by which the waters had run off. The phenomenon, however, was found to have been occasioned solely by the sudden freezing of a considerable part of the water, at the Shallows, between Bonniton Lynn, and the Haughs opposite to the lands of Carstairs, where the river forms a vast extent of still-running water which is apt to be frozen when a very sudden and severe frost sets in, and to remain in that obstructed state for some hours, till the water above the shallows rise to such a height as to break through, and carry down these temporary dams of ice. CLYDESDALE, a wild district of Scotland, in the south of Lanarkshire, famous for its lead mines, which lie mostly north and east, and afford also a considerable quantity of silver. CLYMENE, in fabulous history, the daughter of Oceanus: and the mother of Phaeton, Lampetia, Egle, and Phoebe, by Apollo. See PHAE TON. CLYPEOLA, treacle-mustard : a genus of the siliculosa order, and tetradynamia class of plants; natural order thirty-ninth, siliquosæ. The silicula is emarginated, orbiculated, compressed, plane, and deciduous. Species, one only, a native of France, Italy, and the warm parts of Europe, but hardy enough to bear the winters in this country. CLYPEUS, in antiquity, a species of shield, of a round shape, usually formed of ox-hides, and smaller than the scutum. See BUCKLER, and the article ARMOUR. CLYSSUS, in ancient pharmacy, an extract prepared from several bodies mixed. Among the moderns the term is applied to several extracts prepared from the same body, and then mixed together. CLYSTER, n. s. xλus, an injection into the anus. I have found, saith he [Hercules de Saxonia], by experience, that many hypocondriacall melancholy men have been cured by the sole use of clusters. Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. If nature relieves by a diarrhoea, without sinking the strength of the patient, it is not to be stopt but promoted gently by emollient clysters. Arbuthnot. CLYSTERS, injections into the anus, usually administered by the bladder of a hog, sheep, or 01, perforated at each end, and having, at one of the apertures, an ivory pipe fastened with packthread. But the French sometimes use a pewter syringe, by which the liquor may be drawn in with more ease and expedition than in the bladder, and likewise more forcibly expelled into the large intestines. This remedy should never be administered either too hot or too cold, but tepid; for either of the former will be injurious to the bowels. Clysters are sometimes used to nourish and support a patient who can swallow little or no aliment, by reason of some impediment in the organs of deglutition, A kind of clyster, made of the smoke of tobacco, appears to be of considerable efficacy when other clysters prove ineffectual, and particularly in the iliac passion, in the hernia incarcerata, and for the recovery of drowned persons. See ENEMA. CLYTEMNESTRA, in ancient history, the daughter of Jupiter and Leda. She married Agamemnon king of Argos, who, when he went to the Trojan war, left his cousin Ægysthus to to take care of his wife, his family, and domestic affairs. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and so completely succeeded that they lived publicly together. The infidelity of Clytemnestra reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy and he determined to take full revenge on the adulterers on his return. The execution of his schemes, however, were frustrated; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him on his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, as others say, as he sat down to a feast to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of his life if his sister, Electra, had not removed him from the reach of his mother. Having thus freed themselves of Agamemnon, they were publicly married, and Ægysthus ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years, returned to Mycenæ, determined to avenge the murder of his father. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and low circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Egysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the gods for the death of the only surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes who, with his faithful friend Pylades, had concealed himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulterers, and killed them with his own hands. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. According to Eschylus, Orestes introduced himself with his friend Pylades at the court of Mycena, pretending to bring the news of the death of Orestes, and, when Agysthus enquired of the particu lars, he murdered him, and soon after Clytem nestra. CLYTIA, or CLYTE, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole intrigue to her rival's father. She at length pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly called a sun-flower, which still turns its head towards the sun in its course, in token of her love. CNEORUM, in botany. See CONVOLVULUS and Daphne. CNESTIS, in botany, a genus of the decandria class, and pentagynia order: CAL. five-parted; petals five: CAPS. five, and bivalved: SEED Single. Species four, natives of Sierra Leone and the west of Africa. CNICUS, blessed thistle: a genus of the polygamia æqualis order, and syngenesia class o plants; natural order forty-ninth, composite: CAL. ovate, imbricated with spinous branched scales, and enriched with bracteæ: FLORETS, equal. Species fifty-four, of which the only remarkable one is that used in medicine under the name of carduus benedictus. This is an annual plant, cultivated in gardens. It flowers in June and July, and perfects its seed in autumn. For medical purposes it should be gathered when in flower, dried in the shade, and kept in a very dry airy place, to prevent its rotting or growing mouldy, which it is very apt to do. The leaves have a penetrating bitter taste, not very strong or durable, accompanied with an ungrateful flavor, from which they are in a great meausure freed by keeping. Water extracts in a little time, even without heat, the lighter and more grateful parts of this plant; if the digestion be continued for some hours the disagreeable parts are taken up; a strong decoction is very nauseous and offensive to the stomach. Rectified spirit extracts a very pleasant bitter taste, which remains uninjured by time. The virtues of this plant are little known in the present practice. The nauseous decoction is sometimes used to provoke vomiting; and a strong infusion to promote the operation of other emetics. A stronger infusion, made in cold or warm water, if drank freely, and the patient kept warm, occasions a plentiful perspiration and promotes the secretions. The seeds of the plant are also considerably bitter, and have sometimes been used with the same intention as the leaves. CNIDIA VENUS, a principal divinity of the Cnidians. Her statue was executed by Praxitelles; and was esteemed one of the finest productions of his genius. CNIDUS, in ancient geography, a Greek town of Caria; situated on a promontory of a peninsula. It had in front à double port, and an island lying before it in form of a theatre, which, being joined to the continent by moles, made , Cnidus a diopolis or double town. Eudoxus, the astronomer, had an observatory in Cnidus. from a chariot, which is but half a coach. Stagecoaches are vehicles of a similar construction, for the use of the public, having their fixed periods of travelling, specific roads and distances, and certain fares agreed upon by the proprietors and their employers. Hackney coaches are vehicles let out for hire, whose sphere of operation is the metropolis and places within the bills of mortality; they are subject to strict and salutary regulations; it is imperative upon them to accept every fare that offers, and in case of dispute to yield to the first applicant. CNOSSUS, or CNOSUS, anciently called Cæratos, a city of Crete, twenty-three miles east of Gortina. Here stood the sepulchre of Jupiter, the famous labyrinth, and the palace of king Minos: its port, Heracleum, lay on the east side of the island. COACH, or COUCH, is also a sort of chamber in a large ship of war near the stern. The floor of it is formed by the aftmost part of the quarter-deck, and the roof by the poop: it is generally the habitation of the captain. Spenser. Suddein upriseth from her stately place way Drawne of faire peacocks, that excell in pride, Id. Her chariot is an empty hazel-nut, Thy nags, the leanest things alive, Then give humility a coach and six. Id. Prior. Pope. The needy poet sticks to all he meets, Id. My expences in coach-hire make no small article. COACE'RVATE, v. a. Lat. coacervo To COERCERVATION, n. s. heap together. The act of heaping, or state of being heaped, together. Her father had two coachmen, when one was in The collocation of the spirits in bodies, whether the the coach-box, if the coach swung but the least to one spirits be coacervate or diffused. side, she used to shriek. Bacon's Natural History. The fixing of it is the equal spreading of the tangible parts, and the close coacervation of them. Id. COACH, n. s. & v. a. Fr. coche; Ital. cocCOACH-BOX, N. s. chio, kotozy; among COACH-HIRE, n. s. the Hungarians, a COACH-HOUSE, n. s. large covered carriage. COACH-MAKER, n. s. The French coche sigCOACH-MAN, 7. s. nifies also a passageboat on a river. Bel. koetze, is a coach as well as a carriage. Kaotche is said to signify with the Huns a high waggon. With us coach is a carriage of pleasure or state, distinguished Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. A new one too!-the stage is a stage-coach- And snug apprentice gulp their weekly air: Byron. Childe Harolde. A coach has been defined, a convenient carriage suspended on springs, and moving on four wheels intended originally for the conveyance of per sons in the upper circles of society, but now be come very common among other classes, in almost all civilised countries. In London, upwards of a 1000 hackney coaches are daily employed for the conveyance of its citizens and residents from one place to another; and in Bristol, Liverpool, and Birmingham, coaches of the same kind are used. The fashion with regard to the form and ornament of coaches and other carriages for pleasure, is perpetually changing; the chief kinds now in use, are the close coach, the landau, which can lower its roof, and part of its sides, like the head of a phaeton; the barouche, or open summer carriage, made on the lightest construction; the chariot, which is intended only for two or three persons; the landaulet, or chariot, whose head unfolds back; the phaeton and caravan, which have only a head and no windows, with a leather apron, arising from the foot-board to the waist. These all run upon four wheels. Of the two-wheeled vehicles, there is the curricle drawn by two horses, each bearing, on a narrow saddle, the end of a sliding bar or yoke that upholds a central pole; the gig, chaise, or wiskey that have each only one horse, which moves between a pair of shafts, borne nearly horizontally, by means of a leathern sling passing over the saddle tree. When a gig, &c. has two horses, one preceding the other in harness, the machine and its horses taken together are denominated a tandem, a latin word signifying, at length. This is always a very questionable sort of vehicle for safety, especially in crowded streets or ways; but the management of it is not to be compared, certainly with another effort of noble daring which the great and scientific supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica records. have seen a vehicle, says a writer in that work, called a suicide, from the extreme danger of driving it; and there are some aspiring youths, who have far eclipsed all their competitors, by driving through the most crowded streets in very high carriages, drawn by two horses, the one before the other, supported on one narrow wheel!' 'We COACHES, MAIL, are stage coaches of a particular construction, carrying his Majesty's mails, which are protected by a guard, and subject to the regulations of the post-office. Until the year 1784, letters were conveyed from the metropolis to distant parts of the kingdom, and vice versa, by carts with a single horse to each, or by boys on horseback; in consequence of which many robberies were committed, delays occasioned, and losses sustained. At this period John Palmer, esq. afterwards comptroller general of the postoffice, devised a new plan, which he recommended to government, as calculated to increase the revenue, accommodate the public, and be highly advantageous to all parties. It was to provide a certain number of coaches of light construction; each to be adapted to carry the various bags or packets of letters, which were destined for a particular part of the country, or line of road. All the coaches, drawn by four horses, were to leave London precisely at eight o'clock in the evening, to travel at the rate of eight miles an hour, including the time allowed for change of horses, &c. and to arrive at and leave certain post-towns at specific times. Each coach is provided with a coachman, a guard with fire-arms, an excellent time-piece set by the Post-office clock, and allowed to carry four passengers inside and two outside. The systematic regularity, punctuality, superior safety, and expedition of the mailcoaches of England render them superior to any other public conveyance in Europe. Every coach on its arrival in town is sent to the contractor's yard for inspection, as to its condition, so that no one returns to its business liable to those accidents through want of examination that frequently occur to other coaches. The property and profits of the post, or the conveyance of letters, are vested in government, which contracts with the proprietors of coaches for the carriage of the mail; but these proprietors derive their chief profit from the fare of passengers, and carriage of small packets. The mail coaches are said to run above 13,000 miles daily. There is a similar establishment in Ireland. By 50 Geo. III. c. 48; if the coachman, or any other person having the care of the mail coach or any other carriage, shall permit any other person, without the consent of a proprietor, or against the consent of the passengers, to drive the same, or quit the box without reasonable occasion, or for a longer space of time than such occasion may require (though the reins be left for the time in the hands of the passenger on the box); or, if the coachman, or person having the care of the coach, shall by furious driving, or any negligence or misconduct, overturn the carriage, or in any manner endanger the persons or property of the passengers, or the property of the owners or proprietors of such carriage (unavoidable accidents excepted) every such coachman or person so offending, shall for every such offence forfeit not exceeding £10, nor less than £5. If the guard of a mail coach or other carriage shall fire off his arms, except for self-defence, he shall forfeit £5. COACHES, STAGE, in Great Britain, as undertaking the conveyance of persons and parcels from one place to another, have been made the subject of various legal injunctions and provisons. Under the Commissioners of Stamps they are subject to certain mileage duties, 55 Geo. III. c. 185. As carriers, stage-coachmen (but not Hackney coachmen of Loudon), come under the general law of all persons carrying goods for hire;' and are chargeable in a limited way, with all the faults and mis-carriages of their servants. But, 1. A price must be paid, or contracted to be paid. In an action against a master of a stagecoach, the plaintiff set forth, that he took a place in the coach for such a town, and that in the journey the defendant, by negligence, lost the plaintiff's trunk; upon not-guilty pleading, the evidence was, that the plaintiff gave the trunk to the man who drove the coach, who promised to take care of it, but lost it; and the question was, whether the master was chargeable; and adjudged that he was not, unless the master takes a price for the carriage of the goods as well as for the carriage of the person, and then he is within the custom as a carrier; that a master is not chargeable for the acts of his servants, but when they are done in execution of the authority given by the master, then the act of the servant is the act of the master, 1 Salk. 282. And 2. By the custom and usage of stages, every passenger pays for the carriage of goods above a certain weight; and there the coachman shall be charged for the loss of goods beyond such weight. 1 Com. Rep. 25. 3. In order to charge a stage-coach proprietor or carrier with the loss of goods, regard must be had to any special notice or understanding between the parties. A person delivered to a carrier's book-keeper two bags of money sealed up, to be carried from London to Exeter, and told him that it was £200, and took his receipt for the same, with promise of delivery for 10s. per cent. carriage and risk: though it be proved that there was £400 in the bags, if the carrier be robbed he shall answer only for £200, because there was a particular undertaking for the carriage of that sum and no more, and his reward, which makes him answerable, extends no farther. Carth. 486. Or, A sends goods to B who says, he will warrant they shall go safe; he is liable for any damage sustained by them, notwithstanding A sends one of his own servants in B's cart to look after them. 2 B. and P. 416. And where the owner of a stage-coach puts out an advertisement 'that he would not be answerable for money, plate, or jewels above the value of £5, unless he had notice, and was paid accordingly,' all goods received by that coach are under that special acceptance; and if money or plate be sent by it without notice, and being paid for it, if lost, the coach owner is not liable; Gibbon v. Paynton, 4 Burr. 2298. Izett v. Mountain, 4 East, 371. Nicholson v. Willan, 5 East, 507. Not even to the extent of the £5, or the sum paid for booking, Clay v. Willan, H. Black, Rep. 298.-In these cases a personal communication is not necessary to constitute a special acceptance.-Advertisements, notices in the warehouse, and hand-bills, which it is probable the plaintiff saw, or which he might have seen, are sufficient. For the protection of persons travelling by stage-coaches, the salutary provisions of 50 Geo. III. c. 48, are, That a carriage with four or more wheels, and drawn by four or more horses, shall be allowed to carry ten outside passengers and no more, exclusive of the coachman, but including the guard; and one passenger only shall be allowed to sit upon the box with the coachman, three on the front of the roof, and the remaining six behind, on any part, except on the luggage, or that part of the roof allotted for the same. Carriages drawn by two or three horses shall be allowed no more than five outside passengers, exclusive of the coachman; and all stage coaches, called long coaches, or double-bodied coaches, shall carry no more than eight outside passengers, exclusive of the coachman, but including the guard, if there be any, under such fines and penalties as are imposed by the act; provided that no child in the lap, or under seven years, shall be accounted one of this number, unless there be more than one; and if more, two such children shall be accounted equal to one grown person, and so on in the same proportion; and that no person paying as an outside passenger shall be permitted to sit as an inside passenger, unless with the consent of one at least of the inside passengers, next to whom he shall be placed; provided also, that when the construction is peculiarly wide or commodious, and being so found shall be duly licensed for that purpose, four outside passengers shall be allowed to sit on the front of such carriage; but outside passengers shall never exceed ten in all. No proprietor or driver of any such carriage, travelling for hire, shall permit any luggage to be carried on the roof, or any person to go as outside passenger on or about the outside of any such carriage, the top of which shall be more than eight feet nine inches from the ground, or the bearing of which on the ground shall be less than four feet six inches from the centre of the track of the right or off wheel, to that of the track of the left or near wheel, under the penalty of £5 for each offence. No luggage whatever, exceeding two feet in height, shall be conveyed on the roof of any carriage, if drawn by four or more horses; and, when drawn by two or three horses, such luggage shall not exceed eighteen inches above the roof, under the penalty of forfeiting £5 for every inch above two feet or eighteen inches respectively; if the driver so offending shall be the owner, he shall forfeit £10 for every inch above the measure above assigned, and, in default of payment, the person or persons so offending shall be committed to the common gaol or house of correction of the county, &c. where the offence was committed, for two months, unless such penalties be sooner paid; provided always, that all packages be so placed on the roof, that no passenger shall sit on them, under the penalty of 50s. for each offence, to be paid by each such passenger; and the division or space on the top allotted for luggage, shall be distinctly separated from the other part of the top, by some railing or otherwise. However, luggage may be carried of a greater height than two feet, if not more than ten feet nine inches from the ground. The number of passengers permitted to be carried, shall be specified in the licence, and painted on the doors of the coach in legible characters; and commissioners for granting licences may order a cross plate on the side of each coach, with the owner's name, &c. instead of the above inscription; the penalty for defacing, &c. such inscription is a forfeiture of £5, and every person offending against the provisions of this act, by not having a licence, by omitting the inscription, or carrying more outside passengers than are specified in the licence and in the inscription, as above, shall for every offence forfeit £10 for each outside passenger beyond the number allowed, and double that sum if the driver or coachman be owner or partOwner. The owners of stage-coaches shall be liable to penalties if drivers cannot be found, provided that the owners cannot prove to the satisfaction of the magistrates before whom the information is laid, by sufficient evidence independent of his own testimony, that the offence was committed by the driver without his knowledge, and without any profit accruing to himself; and the driver, when found, shall pay the penalty, or be committed to the common gaol or VOL. VI. house of correction, for not less than three, and not more than six months. The penalty on a driver for using abusive or insulting language to any passenger, or exacting more than his fare, is a ferfeiture of not less than 5s. nor more than 40s., or a commitment for any time not exceeding one month, nor less than three days, at the discretion of the magistrate. Passengers are empowered to require toll-collectors to count the number of passengers, and to measure the height of the luggage; and the driver refusing to stop for this purpose, shall forfeit £5 for every such refusal, and if more passengers are carried than the act allows, or the luggage exceed the height assigned by it, he shall forfeit double the penalty imposed by this act for such offence, one-half to the collector for his trouble and the other half to the passenger; and if the toll-collector, upon being required by such passenger, shall refuse to make such examination, he shall forfeit £5 for every such offence; and if any person shall endeavour to evade such examination, by descending from such carriage previously to its reaching any turnpike gate, and re-ascending after it has passed such gate, he shall forfeit £10. But stage-coaches carrying no parcels or luggage inside, or in the boots, or under their beds, having obtained special licence, may carry two extra passengers. All prosecutions must be commenced in fourteen days; persons aggrieved may appeal to the sessions. This act is a public act. And quoted in the clause respecting mail and other coaches above. COACH-MAKING. Coach-making is an art which has, within the last fifty or sixty years, been carried to a very high degree of perfection. Coach and coach-harness makers, though of different professions, in some respects, are privileged by each other to follow either or both trades. The coach-maker is generally understood to be the principal in the business, being the person who makes the wood-work. There are, however, but very few professions in which a greater number of artisans are necessarily employed, such as wheelwrights, smiths, painters, carvers and gilders, curriers, lace-makers, woollen cloth manufacturers, and many others. We shall therefore follow this art through its various branches with some particularity of detail. It is a first and obvious rule, that carriages of every kind should be adapted, not only to the different uses, but also to the different places for which they are intended. The best possible carriage for the paved streets of London, and other large towns, is not the most proper for country use, and one that is adapted to the excellent roads of England, would be unsuitable for the traveller on the Continent. The construction of every carriage should be as light as the nature of the place it is destined for, and its necessary work will admit; superior strength can only be effected by addition in the weight of materials, which a regard to the horses will make a person very careful not unnecessarily to increase. The great art then consists in building as light as possible, yet so as sufficiently to secure the carriage from danger. What a light carriage may lose by wearing a shorter time than one much F |