duke of Venice is no more than the speaker of the house of commons; but the senate at Venice are not so much as our parliament men, nor have they that power over the people, who yet exercise the greatest tyranny that is any. where. In plain truth, breach of privilege is only the actual taking away of a member of the house; the rest are offences against the house. For example, to take out process against a parliament man, or the like.

7. The parliament party, if the law be for them, they call 10 for law; if it be against them, they will go to a parliamentary way: if law be for them 1, then for law again: like him

1 If law be for them] if no law be for them, MSS.

does, the notion that their being judges of their privileges should qualify them to make new privileges, or that their judgment should create them such.' This he terms 'a doctrine never before now (i. e. before 1641) heard of.' Hist. vol. i. 618-620.

1. 9. if the law be for them &c.] This seems to refer to the proceedings at the trial of the Earl of Strafford. As Clarendon tells the story, his accusers began in due form of law, and when there were difficulties in the way of obtaining a conviction, they then resolved to proceed by attainder. Later, when the Bill of Attainder had been sent up to the Lords, and his accusers had promised 'to give their Lordships satisfaction in the matter of law,' Mr. Solicitor St. John, speaking on behalf of the Commons, urged inter alia, 'That, in that way of bill, private satisfaction to each man's conscience was sufficient, although no evidence had been given in at all, and as to pressing the law, he said, it was true we give law to hares and deer because they are beasts of chase, but it was never accounted either cruelty or foul play to knock foxes and wolves on the head as they can be found, because they are beasts of prey.' Clarendon, Hist. i. 337 ff.

St. John's speech, as Nalson relates it, points no less clearly to a 'Parliamentary way' of overriding the law: 'My Lords, in judgment of greatest moment, there are but two ways for satisfying those that are to give them, either the lex lata, the law already established, or else the use of the same power for making new laws, whereby the old at first received life. . . . The same law gives power to the Parliament to make new laws, that enables the inferior court to judge according to the old.... What hath been said is, because that this proceeding of the Commons by way of Bill implies the use of the meer legislative power, in respect new laws are for the most part passed by Bill.' Nalson, Collections, ii. 162.

that first called for sack to heat him; then small drink to cool his sack; then sack again to heat his small drink.

8. The parliament party do not play fair play, in sitting up till two of the clock in the morning, to vote something they have a mind to. 'Tis like a crafty gamester that makes the company drunk and then cheats them of their money. Young men and infirm men go away. Besides, a man is not there to persuade other men to be of his mind, but to speak his own heart; and if it be liked-so: if not, there's an end.

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XCVIII.

PARSON.

1. THOUGH We write [parson] differently, yet 'tis but person; that is the individual person set apart for the service of such a church, and 'tis in Latin persona, and personatus is a parsonage. Indeed with the canon lawyers, personatus is any dignity or preferment in the church.

1.3. in sitting up till two of the clock] This was done in the debate on the Remonstrance (1641). The Remonstrance was carried shortly after midnight by 159 to 148 votes. Then came a new debate whether the Remonstrance should be printed, and it was finally resolved that it was not to be printed without the particular order of the House. The attempt to introduce a further restriction that it was not to be 'printed or published' did not succeed, the adverse votes being 124 to 101. The House rose at two in the morning. See Cobbett's Parliamentary History, and Forster's Grand Remonstrance, §§ 17 and 18. The Commons Journals, ii. 322, record the debates and their result, but say nothing about the hour at which a division was taken or at which the House rose. Clarendon's account is exact as to the hours. Hist. i. 485. 1. 12. yet 'tis but person] 'Those words universae personae regni, I interpret all Abbots, Conventual Priors, and the like... which yet time and use with us hath long since confined only to the Rectors of Parishchurches.' Selden, Titles of Honour, ii. 5, sec. 20; Works, iii. 732.

1. 14. personatus is a parsonage] 'Personatus et dignitas vere supponunt pro eodem; licet in aliquibus locis rectores ecclesiarum

K

2. There never was a merry world since the fairies left dancing, and the parson left conjuring. The opinion of the latter kept thieves in awe, and did as much good in a country as a justice of peace.

XCIX.

PATIENCE.

PATIENCE is the chiefest fruit of study. A man by striving to make himself a different thing from other men by much reading, gains this chiefest good, that in all fortunes he hath something to entertain and comfort 10 himself withal.

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20

C.

PEACE.

1. KING James was pictured going gently down a pair of stairs, and upon every step was written peace, peace, peace; the wisest way for men in these times is to say nothing.

2. When a country-wench cannot get her butter to come, she says the witch is in her churn. We have been churning for peace a good while, and 'twill not come; surely the witch is in it.

3. Though we had peace, yet 'twill be a great while ere things be settled: though the wind lie, yet after a storm the sea will work a great while.

vocantur Personae et sic habent personatum non tamen dignitatem.' Ducange, Glossary, Personatus; and see Selden, iii. 732.

That parson and person were once used indifferently, appears from e. g. 'An Acte that no parson or psons shall susteyne any prejudice by means of the attaynder of the Lord Cardinall.' 21 Henry VIII, cap. 25. So, too, in 1 Edward VI, cap. 12, sec. 5.

CI.

PENANCE.

PENANCE is only the punishment inflicted, not penitence, which is the right word; a man comes not to do penance, because he repents him of his sin, but because he is compelled to it; he curses him, and could kill him that sends him thither. The old canons wisely enjoined three years' penance, sometimes more; because in that time a man got a habit of virtue, and so committed that sin no more, for which he did penance.

1. THERE is not anything in the world so much abused as this sentence, Salus populi suprema lex esto; for we apply it, as if we ought to forsake the known law when it may be most for the advantage of the people, when it means no such thing. For first, 'tis not salus populi suprema lex est, but esto, it being one of the laws of the twelve tables; and after divers laws made, some for punishment, some for reward, then follows this, salus populi suprema lex esto; that is, in all the laws you make, have a special eye to the good of the people; and then what 20 does this concern the way they now go?

1.2. penitence, which is the right word] This probably refers to the English version of Article 33, in which the original Latin' donec per poenitentiam publice reconciliatus fuerit,' is wrongly rendered by 'until he be openly reconciled by penance.' Penitence would clearly be 'the right word' here.

1. 16. it being one of the laws of the twelve tables] The words, as Selden states them, occur in Cicero de Leg. iii. 3, sec. 8; but, like the other laws in the treatise, they are said not to be quoted from the twelve tables; ii. 7, sec. 18.

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2. Objection. He that makes one, is greater than he that is made; the people make the king; ergo, &c.

Answer. This does not hold. For if I have £1000 per annum, and give it you, and leave myself ne'er a penny, I made you; but when you have my land, you are greater than I. The parish make the constable, and when the constable is made, he governs the parish. The answer to all these doubts is, Have you agreed so? If you have, then it must remain till you have altered it.

CIII.

PHILOSOPHY.

WHEN men comfort themselves with philosophy, 'tis not because they have got two or three sentences, but because they have digested those sentences, and made them their own. So, upon the matter, philosophy is nothing but discretion.

CIV.

PLEASURE.

1. PLEASURE is nothing else but the intermission of pain, the enjoying of something I am in great trouble for till I have it.

1. 14. upon the matter] i. e. in strict fact, really. See 'Subsidies,' sec. 1, and: 'It was upon the matter an appeal to the people, and to infuse jealousies into their minds.' Clarendon, Hist. i. 485. So that upon the matter, in a great wit, deformity is an advantage to rising.' Bacon, Essay 44, Of Deformity.

1. 17. Pleasure is nothing else &c.] This agrees with one of the accounts of pleasure which Aristotle criticises in the 7th Book of the