APPENDIX I.

OF THE COLOURS OF THE VESTMENTS OF THE CLERGY IN CHOIR AND AT THE MASS, AND OF THE

COVERINGS OF THE ALTAR

THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.

I.

N afcertaining the right Rules as to this matter, diftinctions are to be made between the Choral colours and thofe used at the Mass, and in each cafe between thofe worn by the "Executores officii," the officiating Minifters, and by those who are merely prefent as Clergy, or as forming part of the Choir.

According to the Sarum, Wells, Exeter, S. Paul's London, Aberdeen, and Norman ufages, as already detailed, whilft in Choir, all the Clerks fhould invariably wear Copes of a Black Colour throughout the whole year, except in those Feasts which in their nature have Proceffions belonging to them (Jee ante, p. 25). Thefe, in the 15th century, were the Days of Christmas, Epiphany, Purification, Eafter, Afcenfion, Pentecoft, Trinity, Corpus Chrifti, (at Hereford both Feafts of S. Thomas Confeffor, at York alfo of S. William), the Annunciation, Affumption, Nativity of the Virgin, of Relics, All Saints, the Dedication of the Church, and the Feast of the place. (To thefe it would feem that at Exeter the Feaft of Gabriel Archangel was added.) Those Double Feafts alfo are excepted which, if falling on Sundays, had their own Proceffion fuperfeding that of the Sunday, viz. S. Stephen, S. John, Holy Innocents, S. Thomas of Canterbury, Circumcifion, (S. George, Hereford), Nativity of S. John Baptift, Peter and Paul Apoftles, Invention and Exaltation of the Crofs, S. Michael, (S. Denis, Hereford), Conception of the Virgin. As to this latter clafs, the Ufes of York and Exeter do not feem to have differed from that of Sarum. (In other and leffer Double Feasts no

Proceffion fhould take place, whether they fall on Sunday or no.) In all thefe Doubles all the Clerks fhould wear Silk Copes in the Proceffion and the Mass, but not unless rubrically ordered in the other Offices. At Mattins and Lauds during the whole year this Black Colour should be invariable; fo in all Offices for the Dead, in Proceffions on account of weather or tribulation, in Rogations although a Double Feaft; on S. Mark's Day, on Vigils and Fafts and Ember Days whenever it is the Service of the Fast, and in the three days before Easter.

The Rulers of the Choir and Officiating Prieft fhould always wear Silk Copes in Choir, except in the three days before Eafter.

According to S. Ofmund's Rule, the Ministers of the Altar (i. e. Deacon and Subdeacon) fhould wear White Dalmatics and Tunicles during the whole of Eaftertide (from which it may, perhaps, be gathered that the Bishop and Priest had a latitude as to Colour at this Seafon). So the Rulers of the Choir fhould wear White Copes in the Annunciation and all the other Feasts of the Virgin throughout the Octaves and in the Octaves, and in Commemorations of her; in both Feafts of S. Michael and in every Feaft of any Virgin.

According to the Wells Confuetudinary, the Minifters of the Altar fhould wear Red Dalmatics and Tunicles in Eafter tide, and the Rulers Red alfo in the Feasts and Commemorations of the Virgin and Octaves, and of S. Michael; but on the Dedication of the Church, and in the Octave, and in both Feasts of S. John the Evangelift, and of any Virgin, White (Jee post). S. Ofmund orders, however, that these Rulers should wear Red Vestments in both Feasts of the Holy Cross, and in every Feast of Martyrs, and in finging the Tract in Simple Feafts in Lent, in Paffion Sunday and Palm Sunday.

Thus

Thefe Rules fhould be varied and added to by the special directions contained in the Breviary, Miffal, Gradual, Proceffional and Manual. according to Sarum Ufe on Ember Saturday in Advent, the Clerks finging the Tract at the step of the Choir fhould wear Black Copes, that is, their usual drefs. So on the Vigils of Eafter and Pentecoft.

On Ash Wednesday the Office should be executed by the Priest of highest dignity arrayed in Sacerdotal Vestments with a Red Cope over them. On this Day when the Seven Penitential Pfalms and following prayers are said, a Boy should hold an Afh-coloured Banner at the left horn of the Altar, which fhould precede the Proceffion at the ejection of the Penitents, so alfo their reception on Maundy Thursday.

On Palm Sunday in the Benediction of Flowers and Fruits, the Priest fhould wear a Red Silk Cope, and fo in the Proceffion; alfo on Maundy Thursday at the reception of the Penitents.

On Good Friday the Priest should wear a Red Silk Chafuble. So a Red Cope on the Vigil of Eafter at the Mass, at the Confecration of Chrism, at the Litany and Benediction of the Fonts, and the Benediction of the new Fire.

Except the above, no Colour is mentioned as peculiar to Lent. As noticed above (p. 94), all the Ornaments of the Church, of whatever kind, should be fedulously covered up during Lent, and a Veil hang down in the Presbytery before the Altar. Thefe coverings for the Ornaments and alfo for the Altar were of fome fad Colour, probably a dingy white. In fome of the Inventories are found mentioned Coverings for Lent of White Fustian spotted with flames or with drops of blood, fometimes of Diaper.

The Miffalia of Sarum Ufe of the end of the 15th century, fupplement the former directions thus :

"In Eafter-tide of whatsoever be the Mafs (except in the Invention of the Cross), let the Minifters of the Altar wear White Veftments at the Mafs. Let it be fo likewife in the Feaft of the Annunciation and Conception of the Bleffed Mary, and in both Feafts of S. Michael, and in the Feast of S. John the Apostle in the week of the Nativity and throughout the Octave, and in the Octaves of the Affumption and Nativity of the Bleffed Mary, and in Commemorations of her throughout the whole year, and throughout the Octave and in the Octave of the Dedication of the Church. Let them ufe Red Vestments on all Sundays throughout the year without Eastertide when it is the Sunday Office, and on Ash Wednesday and Maundy Thursday, in both Feasts of the Holy Cross, and in every Feaft of Apoftles, Martyrs, and Evangelifts without Eafter-tide. In all Feafts of Confeffors or many Confeffors, let them ufe Vestments of a Saffron (crocei') Colour." All these Rules are open to the obfervation before made, that whereas in words they apply only to Rulers and Ministers of the Altar (under which term Deacon and Subdeacon only are usually included) a latitude was probably left as to the Colour of the Vestments of the Bishop and Priest.

It is obfervable that no change of Colour is here indicated for Advent or Lent, at least in the Sunday or Festival Red Colour. Advent was, as before mentioned, confidered as a preparation for a triumph, and not as the Orientals use it, as a Fast; and the First Sunday thereof as a high Solemnity. From the Inventories, however, of 1222, it is certain that Indigo was then the Colour on certain occafions. We find enumerated "Two Tunics and Dalmatics of Indigo Silk, two Copes called Violet, a Chafuble of Purple embroidered, and Sandals of Indigo Silk." For the greater part of the Vestments no Colour, however, is indicated; and judging from the Ufe of Wells previously mentioned, and that of the rest of England, it may be inferred that (except as above) Purple or Dark Blue had in the 13th and 14th centuries become ufual for Advent and Lent, and for Ember Days and Vigils except perhaps on the Ember days of Pentecoft.

The Wells Confuetudinary in the correfponding portion (c. 11) enjoins that the Rulers of the Choir fhould wear Red Veftments in both Feasts of the Holy Cross, and in every Feast of Apostles, Martyrs, on Trinity Sunday, and Corpus Chrifti Day, and throughout the Octave; throughout the Summer,

and from the firft Sunday after the Octave of the Epiphany to Septuagefima when it is the Sunday Service, and in finging the Tracts in Simple Feasts in Lent, in Paffion and Palm Sundays; in the Feasts of S. Mary Magdalene, S. Anne, and of all Confeffors, Green or Saffron ("crocea") Copes should be worn (See post).

In the Hereford Books nothing is to be found about Colours, except that on All Souls Day the officiating Minifter, vefted in Albe and over it a Cope of Black Samet, fhould, with his Ministers, fay the Commendation folemnly at the Altar.

John of Avranches (Migne 62, 210) does not mention Colours, except to say that the Tunicle was then ufually of a Hyacinthine, i.e. Azure Colour, and that the Dalmatic had two Reddish Purple stripes (" coccineis lineis"), going over the shoulders on each fide, both before and behind, and reaching down to the ground.

II. At Westminster Abbey (circa 1290-1330), according to the partial tranfcript of the Cotton MS. which is in the Chapter Library, the rule as to the Colour of the Vestments and of the " Parimenta Altaris" was this :-In the First Sunday in Advent and on other Sundays from that Day up to the Purification, or up to Septuagefima if it happen before the Purification, the Priest at Vefpers and the Hebdomadary at the Mafs fhould wear White Copes, and the Prieft at both Maffes, whether the Celebration be of the Sunday or of the Nativity, should wear a White Chafuble, the Deacon and Subdeacon alfo White Chafubles or Dalmatics as belong to the Seafon; and the Apparels of the Albes, if they have them, fhould be of the fame Colour. This is to be obferved alike at the Mafs of the Vigil and at the first and second Mass on Christmas Day, and in both Maffes on the Circumcifion, and in the Capitular Mafs on the Day of S. Edward, and in both Masses in the Octave of the fame; and in the Capitular Mafs of the Day up to the great Mass throughout the Octave of the Epiphany, and so up to the Purification, as often as Mass is celebrated publicly (in conventu) either of Christmas or of the Epiphany, or even of the Sunday (unless a funeral intervene, or the Celebration be of the Bleffed Mary). This injunction feems to have applied to all the Veftments in Choir or otherwise. White alfo is to be used on Afcenfion Day, and in the Vigil and throughout the Octave, and throughout the Octaves of the Nativity of S. John Baptift, of the Affumption and Nativity of the Virgin, and in the Feast of S. Jude. The Reddish Colour ("fubrubeus") is ordered from Septuagefima to Quinquagefima inclusive for Sundays and the great Mass on Ferials for the Chafuble of the Priest; and so for the Chafubles of all the Ministers and for the Copes in Choir. Black is to be used from the First Sunday in Lent inclufive to Paffion Sunday exclufive, and on Ferials of that Seafon; and this included the Apparels of the Albes.

Red (and this included "fubrubeus et etiam hujufmodi") is to be used from

Paffion Sunday inclufive until the Afcenfion, and on the other Sundays of the year not otherwise specially mentioned when the Mafs is of the Sunday; and on the Decollation of S. John Baptist, on both Feafts of S. Edward, of the bleffed Thomas Archbishop, and of Martyrs of both fexes.

On Pentecoft Sunday and throughout the Octave embroidered Vestments are not to be worn; the Colour is to be "Scintillatus" (fparkling, fiery), or Red or even Saffron ("croceus") or Yellow (" glaucus"). On S. John before the Latin Gate the Copes of the Cantores at Vefpers are to be White, and the Priest's Copes of Saffron or Yellow colour.

III. At Canterbury (Dort, App. viii.) the Inventory (A. D. 1285), enumerates Chafubles 2, Tunics 2, Dalmatics 2, Mantles ("mantella"), all of White Colour. For Martyrs, Chafubles 3, Mantles 2, Red. For Confeffors, Chafubles, Mantles of Green. For Relics, Chafubles, Mantles 3, no colour mentioned. For the Dead, Chafubles 3, Mantles 2, Black.

In the Inventory of 1315 (Dort, App. iv.) are enumerated: Copes, Chafubles, and Vestments, Red 55, Black 11, Indigo and Purple 13, White 4, Green 11, Yellow 3, 8 or 10 of Cloth of Gold and diapered. The Pallia of the Great Altar, and for those of SS. Dunstan and Elphege (ibid. viii. xviii.) were numerous, each with 4 or 5 Frontellæ. One had three Frontellæ, one White of Cloth of Gold, the second mixed of Green and Red, the third "de lozengis" fewn on and embroidered. At least 100 are mentioned of various Colours; most of them of " Baudekyn" or Silk Cloth of Gold, which includes every Festal Colour. We know from the Breviary of Archbishop Chichele, (No. 69 in the Lambeth Library), that at Canterbury the Ufe of Sarum was then closely followed, and no doubt that included the Colours also.

IV. S. Paul's Confuetudinary has no Calendar of Colours, but the Inventory of 1295 (Dugdale, 310) proves that although the Sarum Ufe was not formally adopted till circa 1440, yet that the Ufages were then nearly fimilar thereto, and not unlike thofe of Wells and Canterbury. Of Principal Veftments, Copes, Chafubles, &c., 51 are faid to be Red, White 22, Purple and Indigo 23, of Green only 3, Yellow 8, Baudekyn or Cloth of Gold 9, Black 7, befides feveral of mixed Colours. It is to be remembered that (except at funerals) Violet or Purple was interchangeable with Black (fee Durand. III. 15, and the fourteenth Ordo Romanus). The Hangings or pieces of Baudekyn enumerated are between 50 and 60, of which 14 are Purple or Indigo in the campus" or ground, 12 Red, 5 Mulberry, only one Green. In the Pontifical of Clifford, Bishop of London (circa 1400), is contained a Table of the different Ecclefiaftical Colours throughout the year, nearly in the fame language as that in the Ordinale of Grandiffon, Bishop of Exeter, A. D. 1337, hereinafter detailed; but in both instances they are faid to be "juxta morem Curiæ Romanæ," "after the custom of the Roman Curia." In this volume of