THE CATHOLIC AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE EDITED BY CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, PH.D., LL.D. EDWARD A. PACE, PH.D., D.D. THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D. CONDÉ B. PALLEN, PH.D., LL.D. ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1912 REMY LAFORT, S.T.D. CENSOR Imprimatur JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK Copyright, 1912 BY ROBERT APPLETON COMPANY Copyright, 1913 BY THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC. The articles in this work have been written specially for The Catholic Encyclopedia and are protected by copyright. All rights, including the right of translation and reproduction, are reserved. PRESSWORK AND BINDING BY J. B. LYON CO., ALBANY, N. Y., U. S. A. Contributors to the Thirteenth Volume ÁLDÁSY, ANTAL, PH.D., ARCHIVIST OF THE LIBRARY OF THE NATIONAL MUseum, Budapest: Rosenau, Diocese of; Roskoványi, August. ALLARIA, ANTHONY, C.R.L., S.T.D., ABBOT OF S. THEODORO, LECTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND THE OLOGY, GENOA: Saint Andrews, Priory of; SainteGeneviève, Abbey of; Saint-Victor, Abbey of. ALSTON, G. CYPRIAN, O.S.B., LONDON: Rood; ALVAREZ, JOSÉ MARÍA, O.P., PREFECT APOS- CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: São Thiago de Cabo AMADO, RAMÓN RUIZ, S.J., LL.D., PH.L., COLLEGE OF ST. IGNATIUS, SARRIA, BARCELONA: Salamanca, Diocese and University of; Santander, Diocese of; Saragossa, Diocese of; Segorbe, Diocese of; Segovia, Diocese of; Seville, Archdiocese of; Sigüenza, Diocese of." AYMÉ, EDWARD L., M.D., NEW YORK: Rose of TORY, BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND: Rhodo; Rufinus Tyrannius; Ryder, Henry Ignatius Dudley. BARNES, MGR. ARTHUR STAPYLTON, M.A. (OXON. AND CANTAB.), CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND: Saint Peter, Tomb of; Sexburga, Saint. BAUMGARTEN, MGR. PAUL MARIA, J.U.D., S.T.D., ROME: Saint Peter, Basilica of. BAUR, CHRYSOSTOM, O.S.B., PH.D. (LOUVAIN), COLLEGIO DI SAN ANSELMO, ROME: Severian. BECHTEL, FLORENTINE, S.J., PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND SACRED SCRIPTURE, ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI: Sabbath; Sabbatical Year. BEISSEL, JAMES C., C.SS.CC., HONOLULU, HaWAIIAN ISLANDS: Sandwich Islands, Vicariate Apostolic of the. BENIGNI, MGR. UMBERTO, PROTHONOTARY APOSTOLIC PARTECIPANTE, PROFESSOR OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, PONTIFICIA ACCADEMIA DEI NOBILI ECCLESIASTICI, ROME: Rienzi, Cola di; Rieti, Diocese of; Rimini, Council and Diocese of; Ripatransone, Diocese of; Roman Colleges; Rome; Rome, University of; Rossano, Archdiocese of; Rossi, Pellegrino; Rota, Sacra Romana; Ruvo and Bitonto, Diocese of; Sabina, Diocese of; Saint Paul-without-the-walls; Salerno, Diocese and University of; Saluzzo, Diocese of; San Marco and Bisignano, Diocese of; San Marino; San Martino al Cimino; San Miniato; Sardinia; San Severino; Sanseverino, Gaetano; San Severo, Diocese of; Santa Agata dei Goti, Diocese of; Santa Lucia del Mela, Prefecture Nullius of; Sant' Angelo de' Lombardi, Diocese of; Sant' Angelo in Vado and Urbania, Diocese of; Santa Severina, Archdiocese of; Sardinia; Sarsina, Diocese of; Sassari, Archdiocese of; Savona and Noli, Diocese of; Segni, Diocese of; Sessa-Aurunca, Diocese of; Sicily; Siena, Archdiocese and University of. BERGH, FREDERICK THOMAS, O.S.B., ABBOT OF ST. AUGUSTINE'S, CARSHALTON, SURREY, ENGLAND: Sarum Rite. BERTRIN, GEORGES, LITT.D., FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY, PROFESSOR OF FRENCH LITERATURE, INSTITUT CATHOLIQUE, PARIS: Rollin, Charles; Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Madame de. BLAKELY, PAUL LENDRUN, S.J., ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI: Saint Louis, University of. BLUME, CLEMENS, S.J., MUNICH: Rhythmical Office. BOUDINHON, AUGUST-MARIE, S.T.D., D.C.L., DIRECTOR, "CANONISTE CONTEMPORAIN", PROFESSOR OF CANON LAW, INSTITUT CATHOLIQUE, PARIS: Sanction; Secular Clergy; Secularization. BOYLE, PATRICK, C.M., SUPERIOR OF THE IRISH COLLEGE, PARIS: Schools, Apostolic. BRAUN, JOSEPH, S.J., ST. IGNATIUS COLLEGE, VALKENBURG, HOLLAND: Rochet; Sandals, Episcopal. BRENNAN, ANDREW J., S.T.D., CHANCELLOR OF THE DIOCESE OF SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA: Scranton, Diocese of. BROCK, HENRY M., S.J., ORE PLACE, HASTINGS, ENGLAND: Riccioli, Giovanni Battista; Ruysch, John; Scheiner, Christopher; Schott, Gaspar; Schwarz, Berthold. BROWN, CHARLES FRANCIS WEMYSS, LOCHTON CASTLE, PERTHSHIRE, SCOTLAND: Samar and Leyte. BRUCKER, JOSEPH, S.J., EDITOR OF "ETUDES", PARIS: Ricci, Matteo; Schall von Bell, Johann Adam. BÜCHI, ALBERT, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF FRIBOURG: Schinner, Matthæus. BURNS, JAMES A., C.S.C., PH.D., PRESIDENT OF HOLY CROSS COLLEGE, WASHINGTON: Schools: BURTON, EDWIN, S.T.D., F. R. HIST. SOC., Vice- Russell, Richard; Sadler, Thomas Vincent BYRNE, JOSEPH, C.S.SP., DARIEN, CONNECTICUT: CAHILL, JAMES A., S.J., WOODSTOCK COLLEGE, MARYLAND: Schoenberg, Matthias von; Schrader, Clement. CALLAN, CHARLES J., O.P., S.T. L., PROFESSOR OF PHILIOSOPHY, DOMINICAN HOUSE OF STudies, WASHINGTON: Sacchoni, Rainerio; Silvester, Francis. CAMPBELL, WILLIAM, EDITOR OF "THE SOUTHERN MESSENGER", SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS: San Antonio, Diocese of. CATHREIN, VICTOR, S.J., PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY, ST. IGNATIUS COLLEGE, VALKENBURG, HOLLAND: Right. CHABOT, JEAN-BAPTISTE, S.T.D., DIRECTOR OF THE "CORPUS SCRIPTORUM CHRISTIANORUM ORIENTALIUM", PARIS: Semitic Epigraphy. CHANDLERY, PETER JOSEPH, S.J., MANRESA HOUSE, ROEHAMPTON, LONDON: Shrines of Our Lady and the Saints in Great Britain and Ireland. CHAPMAN, JOHN, O.S.B., B.A. (Oxon.), PRIOR OF ST. THOMAS'S ABBEY, ERDINGTON, BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND: Semi-Arians and Semi-Arianism. CHARLES, BROTHER, PRINCIPAL, CATHEDRAL SCHOOL, NATCHEZ, MISSISSIPPI: Sacred Heart, Brothers of the. CHOQUETTE, MGR. CHARLES PHILIPPE CANON, M.A., L.SC., PRESIDENT OF THE SEMINARY, ST. HYACINTHE, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, CANADA: Saint Hyacinthe, Diocese of. CLAYTON, JOSEPH, HAMPSTEAD, LONDON: Samson, Abbot of St. Edmunds; Savaric; Simon of Sudbury. CLEARY, GREGORY, O.F.M., J.C.D., J.Civ.D. S.T.L., SOMETIME PROFESSOR OF CANON LAW AND MORAL THEOLOGY, ST. ISIDORE'S COLLEGE, ROME: Roch, Saint; Rose of Viterbo, Saint; Scarampi, Pierfrancesco. DE BROECK, WILLIAM, C.SS.CC., BRAINE-LECOMTE, BELGIUM: Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, Congregation of the. DEDIEU, JOSEPH, LITT.D., INSTITUT CATHOLIQUE, TOULOUSE: Rusticus of Narbonne, Saint. DEGERT, ANTOINE, LITT.D., EDITOR OF "LA REVUE DE LA GASCOIGNE", PROFESSOR of Latin LITERATURE, INSTITUT CATHOLIQUE, TOULOUSE: Sainctes, Claude de; Saturninus, Saint; Ségur, Louis-Gaston de. DELAMARRE, LOUIS N., PH.D., INSTRUCTOR IN DELANY, JOSEPH, S.T.D., NEW YORK: Sacrilege; DEVITT, E. J., S.J., PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY, DOYLE, JAMES, EDITOR OF "THE CATHOLIC REGISTER", SAN THOMÉ, MADRAS, INDIA: Saint Thomas of Mylapur, Diocese of. DRISCOLL, JAMES F., S.T.D., NEW ROCHELLE, NEW YORK: Sabaoth; Sadducees; Salome; Samson; Sara; Saul; Scribes: Simeon; Simeon, Holy; Simon of Cremona. DRISCOLL, JOHN THOMAS, M.A., S.T.L., FONDA, NEW YORK: Shamanism. DRUM, WALTER, S.J., PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND SACRED SCRIPTURE, WOODSTOCK COLLEGE, MARYLAND: Rhymed Bibles; Salmeron, Alphonsus; Seven-Branch Candlestick; Shammai the Elder. DUBRAY, C.A., S.M., S.T.B., PH.D., PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY, MARIST COLLEGE, WASHINGTON: Scalimoli; Secularism. CLUGNET, JOSEPH-LÉON-TIBURCE, LITT.L., DUBRUEL, MARC, S.J., BORDEAUX, FRANCE: PARIS: Rocamadour. CORMACK, GEORGE, I.C., RECTOR, ST. JOSEPH'S MONASTERY, CLONMEL, IRELAND: Rosmini and Rosminianism (Antonio Rosmini-Serbati). CRIVELLI, CAMILLUS, S.J., PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY, INSTITUTO CIENTÍFICO DE SAN JOSÉ, GUADALAJARA, MEXICO: Saltillo, Diocese of. CUTHBERT, FATHER, O.S.F.C., ST. ANSELM'S HOUSE, OXFORD: Rites: Friar Minor Capuchin. D'ALTON, E. A., CANON, LL.D., M.R.I.A., BALLINROBE, IRELAND: Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista; Roman Catholic Relief Bill: In Ireland; Sarsfield, Patrick. vi Sacred Heart of Jesus, Society of the. DUHEM, PIERRE, PROFESSOR OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX: Saxe, Jean de; Saxony, Albert of. DUHIG, JAMES, S.T.D., BISHOP OF ROCKHAMPTON, ELLIS, JOHN HENRY, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA: ENGELHARDT, ZEPHYRIN, O.F.M., SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA: Sánchez, José Bernardo; |