accomplished without extreme difficulty and very great loss. The inhabitants of the countries through which they had marched now feized with eagerness the favorable moment to retaliate upon the French army, which, loaded with the fruit of their rapine, were more fedulous to escape with their spoils than to incur any further risk of lofing their treafure, together with their lives. The Auftrian troops alfo hung on the rear and flanks of the French so closely, that no refpite was allowed them; almoft daily conflicts took place, nor did Jourdain think his army in safety, till, repaffing Bamberg and Wurtzburg, he gained the banks of the Lower Rhine. In an action near Altenkirchen the French loft a moft able officer in general Marceau, a young man whofe gallant conduct and rifing talents had excited the admiration of his generous adverfary the archduke, who caufed all military honors to be paid to his memory. By this retreat of the army of the Sambre and Meuse the fituation of that of the Rhine and Mofelle was rendered extremely critical, as the left flank of Moreau was left uncovered, and a part of the Austrian forces were falling into his rear, while fresh battalions advanced on the fide of the Tyrolefe, fecming to threaten the furrounding him-the archduke fteadily maintaining his position in front, infulated as he now was in the centre of Germany, and the garrifons of Mentz, Manheim, and Philipsburg, ftill remaining in the hands of the enemy. General Moreau had indeed ventured to crofs the Ifer, in the hope that his farther advances to Vienna would incite the archduke to change his pofitions, and enable Jourdain to refume the attack. But finding that his imperial highnefs had joined, September 1ft, the army of general Kray at Bamberg, and that the defeat of Jourdain was in confequence complete, he faw the neceffity of concentrating his forces, in order to provide for his own fafety. He immediately withdrew his troops in the best order from the electorate of Bavaria, and, repaffing the Lech, encamped in a strong pofition be

tween

tween the city of Ulm and the Lake of Conftance. Preffed both in front and rear, he determined to give battle to the enemy, and on the 3d of October he gained at Stenhausen a decifive victory over the Austrian general Latour, making no less than five thousand men prifoners. But this advantage was far from extricating him from the great and numerous dangers with which he was environed; fince the archduke had fucceeded in cutting off all communication with the Rhine, by feizing upon thofe paffes in the Black Foreft through which Moreau had to retreat, and in gaining poffeffion of the Villes Foreftières, which lay on the Rhine, and which bounded the Swifs territory. An advanced body of Austrians, under the generals Nauendorf and Petrafch, lay in wait to attack the French in front; while general Latour, now strengthened by reinforcements, pursued them closely in the rear. At the entrance of the Black Foreft the mountains rife fo boldly, and the defile through which Moreau attempted to force a paffage was fo narrow, that scarcely could fifty men march abreast. tacked as he was on all fides, he fucceeded beyond all previous expectation and probability in repulfing the efforts of the enemy; and, in the face of the greatest dangers and the most powerful oppofition, he at length brought his army, without any material lofs, to Fribourg, through a hoftile country 300 miles in extent-making a most courageous and lion-like retreat, often turning upon his purfuers, defeating them in a variety of conflicts, and taking very many prifoners, colors, and cannon.

At

The winter drawing on, general Moreau abandoned the Brifgau, and paffed the Rhine at Brifac and Huninguen, leaving a strong garrifon in the fortrefs of Kehl, the trenches before which were opened by the archduke November 25. It was defended with heroic bravery by general Desaix, and was not reduced till the end of the year, the works being converted into an heap of ruins. Thus ended the expedition of the French into the imperial territory; and thus

successful were the Austrians, under the gallant condu&t of their young commander, in overthrowing the gigantic plans of conqueft formed in the delirium of uninterrupted profperity by an exafperated and formidable enemy.

The campaign in Italy this summer was still more interefting and important than that of Germany. During the three preceding years the French had attempted in vain to pierce through Piedmont into the interior of Italy. The immenfe barrier of mountains which divide that country from Savoy feemed to oppose an infurmountable obstacle to their progrefs. The republicans were indeed in poffeffion of the coast from Nice to Genoa; but the paffes into Lombardy were guarded with such care, that no apprehenfion feemed to be entertained by the court of Turin, with respect to the future. But in confequence of the magnificent plan of military operations formed this year by Carnot, formerly war-minifter, and now a member of the Directory, great reinforcements were fent to the army of Italy, and the command of it entrusted to a young officer of the name of Buonaparte, a native of Corfica, whofe extraordinary talents had upon divers recent occafions recommended him to the notice, and had obtained him the confidence, of that moft difcerning judge of merit.

The first action of the Italian campaign took place near Savona, on the fhores of the Mediterranean, in the vicinity of which the French general occupied a poft at Voltri, fixteen leagues diftant from Genoa. In this fituation he was attacked (April 9, 1796), by the Auftrian and Sardinian army under general Beaulieu, and driven back to his lines near Savona. Prefuming on their fuccefs, the Auftrians advanced rapidly in the hope of cutting off the retreat of the French troops. General Buonaparte, foreseeing the probability of this fanguine pursuit, detached a body of troops under general Maffena, who, taking advantage of the night, gained the rear of the Auftrian army. General Beaulieu began the attack near Montenotte at break of day.

The

The fuccefs was various, until the divifion under Maffena appeared on the left flank and rear of the enemy. Astonished at this unexpected manoeuvre, the Auftrians were thrown into the utmost confufion, and fled the field with the lofs of 3,500 men, of whom 2,000 were made prifoners. This victory was followed by another far more fignal and decifive near the village of Millefimo. General Buonaparte pushing forward to the banks of the Bormida, the Auftrians, retreating to the paffes of the mountains on the left of this river, halted at Millefimo, and fortified the defiles leading to it. These were affaulted April 11th, with great impetuofity, by general Augereau, and forced after a vigorous refiftance. General Provera, with his divifion of 1,500 Austrian grenadiers, throwing himself into the ruins of an old castle, defended his poft with fuch refolution for feveral days, that the Austrian army had leisure to rally, and take new positions. On the 17th of April a general engagement took place, and the generals Maffena and La Harpe, paffing the Bormida, surrounded the left wing of the Auftrian army, a great flaughter enfued, and 8,000 men were made prifoners, with thirty-two pieces of cannon. General Provera was immediately obliged, with his brave divifion, to furrender themselves prisoners of war.

On the following day general Beaulieu furprised the French, repofing in full fecurity after the fatigues of battle, at Dego on the banks of the Bormida, but was nevertheless repulsed with confiderable lofs. The Piedmontese and Sardinian army now retreated with precipitation towards Turin, being fucceffively driven from the pofts of Ceva, Mondovi, and Cherafco. The French troops being within two days' march of that capital, his Sardinian majesty proposed a suspension of arms, which was agreed to on terms dictated by general Buonaparte. A definitive treaty was soon after concluded by the king of Sardinia with the French government at Paris, by which Savoy and Nice were ceded for ever to the republic; the cities of Coni, Alessandria,

and

and Tortona, delivered provisionally into their hands; and the fortreffes of Suza and Brunetta, on the French frontier, were totally demolished, leaving the paffage to Italy at all times open to the troops of the republic. The hard fortune of the king of Sardinia was the lefs to be lamented, as, by taking, unprovoked, an early and decided part with the enemies of France, this monarch had entirely departed from those rules of prudence which had in general marked the conduct of the princes of the house of Savoy, whose pride and policy it was to hold the balance of Italy between the two great powers of France and Austria.

The aristocracy of Venice, which, thinking itself hitherto little interested in the events of the war, had manifefted an impolitic partiality to Auftria, now perceived the neceffity of bending before the genius of the Gallic democracy. The count de Provence, eldeft brother of the late king of France, and who, fince the death of the infant dauphin, had affumed the empty title of Louis XVIII. had refided for fome time paft in the city of Verona. This phantom of a king now received orders from the Venetian government to withdraw from their territories. On the delivery of the meffage he afferted his privilege as a Venetian nobleman; but offered to depart on receiving the fword of Henry IV. prefented by him to the republic, and on the farther condition of the erafure of his name from the Golden Book. The podefta replied, "that the latter, at his request, would be easily granted, but the fword of Henry IV. was retained as a pledge for a debt of 12 millions due from him to the republic."-After wandering about Europe for many months, this unfortunate prince found at last an afylum at Mittau in Courland, where, under the magnificent protection of the court of Petersburg, he was enabled to form a permanent establishment.

In confequence of the repeated difafters experienced by general Beaulieu, that commander determined to retire beyond the Po; and paffing that river at Valenza, he labored affiduously