thing. The predicate is the word or words which express what is affirmed of the subject. It may be in one word-any finite verb,-or in two or more-a copulative verb (e.g. is, seems) with its following substantive, adjective, participle, or adverbial phrase; as, " He was with me."

2. THE ATTRIBUTIVE COMBINATION is illustrated by the agreement of an article with a noun,-The man. Articles, adjectives, participles, pronouns, and substantives used as adjectives, or in apposition, are attributive words.

3. ADVERBIAL COMBINATION. --Adverbs and adverbial phrases, or nouns under government of prepositions, make adverbial combinations with verbs or adjectives.

4. OBJECTIVE COMBINATION.-The object of a transitive verb is said to be in objective combination with the verb.

III. SYNTAX OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

Two or more simple sentences form a compound sentence by Co-ORDINATION or by SUBORDINATION.

1. When two sentences are so related to each other as to form one thought, each, however, being in a measure independent of the other, they are connected. by way of CO-ORDINATION; as, "He was ill and called for a physician." "Socrates was wise, Plato also was wise." The two sentences taken together make a coordinate compound sentence.

2. When two sentences are so related to each other that the one defines and explains the other, and the one

is dependent on the other, they are connected in the way of SUBORDINATION; as, "He reported that the king died." "Since the spring has come the roses bloom." This compound sentence is sometimes called a complex sentence, to distinguish it from the compound co-ordinate sentence.

CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES. *

3. COPULATE CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES are such as are connected by the copulative conjunctions or their equivalents, and, as well as, also, not only, but also.

4. AN ADVERSATIVE CO-ORDINATE CLAUSE is one which expresses an opposition or contrast, but of such a nature that the thought in the co-ordinate clause merely limits or restrains the thought of the preceding clause, or wholly denies it. "He is indeed poor, but (he is) brave." "He is not guilty, but innocent.” "Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him."

5. A DISJUNCTIVE CO-ORDINATE CLAUSE unites in one thought with the preceding clause, but expresses at the same time an opposition or separation inherent in the thought. It is introduced by one of the "disjunctive conjunctions," either, or, neither, nor, but, although, except, lest, otherwise, than.

6. A CAUSAL CO-ORDINATE CLAUSE denotes a cause or reason, an effect or inference. fore, on that account.

Because, for, there

*By way of distinction between simple and compound, the several simple sentences which go to form a compound sentence will be called clauses.

mom (Lates are treated as substantives, ales, or adverbs.

A Metama Chatsz, like a noun or infinitive, may be the soljent, the ammoute, or the object of a

A: Fred-His complaint was that you de

3 A: Ojun-He belleves that you injured him. (4 is Appadi - is strange that you should

8. The word sist, which is the sign of subordination in the examples above, also serves to connect subordinate clauses which express a purpose; as, “I have come, that I may see it with my own eyes;" and also clauses that express an effect or consequence; as, "The noise was such that I could not hear a word."

9. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES, like adjectives, describe or define substantives or substantive pronouns. They are usually introduced by relative pronouns.

10. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES define or qualify other clauses. They express relations of Place, Time, Reason, Manner.

Conditional adverbial clauses are introduced by the conjunction if, or some equivalent. "Prove that to me and I shall be satisfied;" Prove that to me if you prove that to me.

As the conditioning clause usually precedes the conditioned, the former (the subordinate clause) is called the Protasis, Condition, and the latter (the principal clause) is called the Apodosis, Conclusion.

APPENDIX B.

GRIMM'S LAW OF CONVERTIBILITY.

(FROM FOWLER'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR.)

§ 161. Every language has its own principles of euphony pervading it. This is strikingly manifest in a comparison of the Romanic languages with one another in their departure from their common parent, the Latin. Thus, the word flos in the Latin becomes fleur in the French, flor in Spanish, fiore in Italian. J. GRIMM, the great historical grammarian of the age, discovered that in the interchange of consonants in the Teutonic languages in their relation to the Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin, which are here reckoned as one, and in their relation to one another, there is a certain law, which, from its discoverer, has been called "GRIMM's Law." According to this, Moso-Gothic, when compared with the Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin, substitutes aspirates in place of the primitive tenues, namely, h for k, th for t, and f for p; tenues in the place of medials, namely, t for d, p for b, and k for g; lastly, medials in the place of aspirates, namely, g for ch, d for th, and b for p. Upper German holds the same relation to the Gothic which this does to the Greek, according to the following summary:

These are only specimens of a law which obtains in

these languages.

LAW OF CONVERTIBILITY IN THE LATIN, ENGLISH, AND GERMAN.

§ 162. As the English language stands on the ground of the Moso-Gothic, and the German on the ground of the ancient High German, we have the following illustrations of “Grimm's Law," from a comparison of the Latin, English, and German.

1. The Latin c (=k) becomes h (for kh) in English and German. Latin, calamus; English, halm; German, halm. Latin, cannabis; English, hemp; German, hanf. Latin, centum; English, hundred; German, hundert.

2. The Latin h (for kh) becomes g in English and German. Lat. hædus; Eng. goat; Germ. geiss. Lat. hostis; Eng. guest; Germ. gast.

3. The Latin g becomes k or c in English and GerLat. gena; Eng. chin; Germ. kinn. Lat. granum; Eng. corn and kernel; Germ. corn and kern.

man.