His son Thomas was created by Richard III. Earl of Surrey; he was made prisoner at the battle of Bosworth, when his father was slain, and was graciously pardoned by King Henry VII. He commanded the English army, 5th Henry VIII., in Scotland, and gained the victory of Flodden Field, in which battle James IV. of Scotland was slain within a lance's length of the Earl of Surrey, and the flower of the Scottish nobles fell near their monarch.

The poet of Scotland, in a masterly stanza, describes the evolutions of the British general, which enabled him to intercept the retreat of King James into his kingdom.

And why stands Scotland idly now,
Dark Flodden! on thy airy brow,
Since England gains the pass the while,
And struggles through the deep defile?
What checks the fiery soul of James?
Why sits that champion of the dames,
Inactive on his steed,

And sees, between him and his land,
Between him and Tweed's southern strand,

His host Lord Surrey lead?

The Earl of Surrey's* two sons, the Admiral Thomas Howard †, and Sir Edmund Howard,

* He was finally Lord Treasurer, and died 16th Henry VIII. He was buried in Thetford Abbey.

+ His second brother, Edward Howard, the famous English Admiral, was previously killed at sea.

were the first to engage in the battle. The Earls of Huntley and Home routed the division under Sir Edmund, who was not, however, slain.

But Fortune on the right,

With fickle smile, cheer'd Scotland's fight.
Then fell that spotless banner white,

The Howard's lion fell.-Scott.

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He was then, in consequence of gaining so signal a victory, restored to the dukedom of his gallant but unfortunate father. Henry VIII. granted this honorary escutcheon to the Duke of Norfolk: that in the middle of the white bend of the arms of Howard, there should be added-In an Escocheon or, a demy Lion shot through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure adorned with Lilies on both sides Gules. Which comes very near to the arms of the Kings of Scotland. He was succeeded by his son Thomas, whom our own age saw tossed about with the ebbs and flows of fortune. His grandchild Thomas, by his son Henry, (which Henry was the first of our English nobility that graced his high birth with the ornaments of learning,) being attainted of High Treason, for endeavouring a match with Mary, Queen of Scots, and in the year 1572 beheaded, was the last Duke of Norfolk. From which time his posterity, as it were, lay dead; but now, by the favour and

bounty of King James, begins to revive and flourish again."-Camden, Clarenceux.

Thomas Howard, the eldest son of that Earl of Surrey who gained the battle of Flodden Field, was created Earl of Surrey, when his father was restored as Duke of Norfolk. He succeeded his gallant brother, Edward Howard, as Admiral of England, upon the death of that brave Admiral in action with the French, whose fleets he had often defeated. In the 12th Henry VIII., he was Lord Deputy in Ireland, and was successful in his government, acquiring the esteem of that nation. He was Lord Treasurer, and succeeded as Duke of Norfolk. The final disgrace of the Howard family, by King Henry VIII., is so well known that we shall not enlarge upon it; suffice it to say, that the accomplished Henry, Earl of Surrey, was beheaded in his father's lifetime, and the Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the Tower, being attainted in Parliament. He married first Anne, daughter of King Edward IV. By his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward, Duke of Buckingham, he had Henry, (above mentioned) and Thomas.

Thomas Howard, son of Henry, Earl of Surrey, was restored in blood, his grandfather's attainder being reversed, 1st Mary I. which was the year of his grandfather's decease. He married Mary, coheiress of Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel,

(see Page 310.) He was beheaded in 1572, as above related by Camden.

His son, Philip Howard, was summoned to Parliament in 1580, as Earl of Arundel, in right of his mother, and by possession of Arundel Castle. He was a zealous Roman Catholic; and in endeavouring, in 1586, to pass beyond the seas, without the leave of Queen Elizabeth, he was fined 10,000%. in the Star Chamber, and was condemned by his Peers, in Westminster Hall, for divers practices in relation to his religion, and favouring the Spaniards. He was imprisoned in the Tower until his death in 1595.

His son Thomas was restored in 1603, as Earl of Arundel and Surrey, whose second son Henry, became Earl of Arundel and Surrey. Earl Henry's eldest son Thomas was restored to the dukedom of Norfolk in 1664, his second son Henry succeeded to the dukedom, his fourth son Charles, was grandfather of Charles, the tenth Duke, whose only son Charles, the eleventh Duke, re-edified Arundel Castle, and died Dec. 16th, 1815; his eighth son Bernard, was the ancestor of Bernard-Edward Howard, the present Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal and hereditary Earl Marshal of England, Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, Baron Mowbray, Howard, Fitz-Alan, Clun, and Oswaldestré. He was born in 1765. His Grace's son, HenryCharles, Earl of Surrey, was born in 1791, and

his grandson, Lord Fitz-Alan, was born in 1815.

Arundel Castle was originally constructed in the time of the Heptarchy; the herring-bone courses visible in some parts, shew an imitation of the Roman forts. The keep situated upon a mound, in great measure artificially raised, and surrounded by a deep dry ditch, occupies the site of a Roman station; it was called sometimes Beaumont, and is in a very tenable position; it appears that famine was the principal cause of its surrender in seventeen days to Sir William Waller, for his dispatch asserts that he followed the royalists quickly to Arundel, and they had no time to lay in a store of provision; their messenger, sent on a parley, surrendered himself prisoner rather than return to a garrison which was perishing with hunger. The Earl of Arundel had quitted for the continent a year before this siege, and the place was conse

*The Roman station at Arundel was an important one, and probably was the origin of this castle: as may be presumed from the famous steyne street, or Roman road, thus long ago described by Camden,-" The famous highway called Stanesstreet causeway, which is in some places ten yards broad, but in most seven yards, comes to this town out of Surrey, by Billinghurst. It is a yard and a half deep in stones, (which they discover by cutting passages to let in water,) and runs in a straight line. It is made of flints and pebbles,though no flints are found within seven miles of it."