Here B was first calculated by (22). Table III. contains values of B and (F/c)o calculated for a large number of substances from Traube's data. The first column gives the range in the molecular volumes V of the solutions used by Traube. The second gives values of (F/c) calculated by Equation 23. The next column gives values of B by (22). In some cases the maximum concentration used by Traube was not sufficient to yield a saturated surface. This was shown by a marked lack of constancy in the values of AF for the higher concentrations. In such cases the value of B could not be determined, or at most only a lower limit for B could be found. (To be continued). THE NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, HELD IN NEW YORK.* By THOMAS H. NORTON, Ph.D., Sc.D. WHOLLY apart from its appeal to the eye, but of vastly greater importance, was the undercurrent of intense seriousness which sooner or later inevitably forced itself upon visitors to the National Exposition of Chemical Industries held in New York. In the following analysis of the event, the writer interprets its psychological as well as its commercial significance, and also gives a thorough review of the exhibits and addresses. The Third National Exposition of Our Country's Chemical Industries, held on the week beginning Sep tember 24, at the Grand Central Palace in New York City, was in every way a notable event. The first exposition, in September, 1915, was largely tentative, but proved to be a distinct success. When its successor was held in 1916 the number of exhibits was doubled and the attendance largely increased. In 1917, despite the fact that we are fairly embarked upon a war, prospectively the greatest in our national histoty, the exposition proved to be a pronounced advance upon that of the preceding year. The exhibitors numbered 325, and the space occupied was triple that of 1915, three floors of the vast building being covered by their displays. The number of admissions was over 100,000. It was estimated that about 25,000 chemists, consumers of chemicals, producers of chemicals, and manufacturers of the accessories required by the latter were brought together by the exposition. It was eminently educative, although practical business purposes were the chief incentive in the case of mos exhibitors. As a rule, what they displayed in their booths was so arranged and labelled or explained by competent attendants that the layman could easily grasp the economic importance of the wares shown. Their origin, their relation to one another, their uses were all brought out clearly, and in most instances attractively and tastefully. There was, however, an almost complete absence of * From the Chemical Engineer, October, 1917. the spectacular. An undertone of great seriousnesa was evident. Not only the topics of conversation among the throngs in attendance, but the character of the exhibits and the dominating note in the various addresses and lectures all revealed a consciousness that we have entered upon an historical epoch destined to test to the uttermost the entire fabric of American chemistry as well as American ingenuity, adaptation, and inventive skill. There was an inspiring conviction that the chemists of our nation are fully competent to deal with the manifold problems accompanying this greatest of the world's wars, in which we are now about to play a leading part, possibly the decisive role. It is pre-eminenly a war of engineers and chemists. Can American chemists show themselves fully equal to the chemists of Europe in evolving methods of offence and means of defence? The booths of the exposition contained the answer. They revealed to the eye the wonderful accomplishments of the past three years. They showed how swiftly and how effectively it has been possible to create on American soil the manufacture of a multitude of products, for which a few months ago we were entirely dependent upon European sources. The eye rested frequently upon the imposing mechanical appliances requisite for the life of new-born chemical industries. Leaders of American chemistry pourtrayed eloquently how we have become a giant purveyor of powerful explosives; how we are dealing with a multitude of problems intimately associated with war in the air and beneath the ocean's waves as well as in the trenches. The intelligent and patriotic citizen could not leave the halls of the exposition without the profound conviction that our chemists form a first line of national defence, that without their whole-hearted far-reaching co-operation the power of the legions we send across the Atlantic would be sadly crippled. In analysing the exposition more in detail there was general recognition of the leading role played by the coaltar chemical industry. Its products were shown in abundance upon every hand. They lend themselves admirably to effective displays for the eye, and they re vealed in a concrete form the marvellous creation during a few months of what will constitute permanent factors in our economic structure. Next in interest came the varied mechanical devices provided for the chemist to accomplish his wonders. There is little doubt but that the confidence and assurance felt by our chemists in facing the numerous problems of to-day and of the morrow is vastly reinforced by the realisation of the equal ability of our engineers to furnish the most varied equipment for their needs. Closely associated in this connection was the evidence of the success recently following Ame ican enterprise in making from American materials the many diverse articles in glass and porcelain needed constantly by the chemist, but obtainable hitherto only from Germany. In this category falls also the fine quality of optical glass now made in the United States. accompanied the various names on the chart, which numbered slightly over 200. The realistic diagram is of pronounced educational value, and could most helpfully be employed in every school of science specialising in coal-tar chemistry. It seems, however, desirable to group together those exbibits which revealed in a very striking manner the present status of coal-tar chemistry in the arts, and the tremendous advance made during the past two or three years. Enough detail is furnished in connection with the name of each company exhibiting to give a fair idea of the extent and variety of its operations. The list includes The American Coal and By-products Coke Co., Chicago. all exhibitors engaged in the production of coal-tar crudes, This company had an interesting exhibit of the plans in the refining of the crude products, in the transformation and materials used in the construction of the Roberts of such crudes into intermediates, and in the manufacture flueless coke oven. The importance of this oven, as perfrom such intermediates of finished dye-stuffs, medicinals,mitting a vastly enlarged utilisation of numerous deposits and other allied substances. It includes, further, the of bituminous coal, hitherto regarded as valueless for exhibits of natural dyes and of the leading firms supplying coking purposes, has attracted widespread attention. As the special mechanical equipment of the plants devoted the only by-product coke-oven of purely American origin to coal-tar chemicals. it promises to solve urgent problems connected with the satisfactory and economic distillation of many forms of soft coal, now untouched for this purpose, and also of the enormous deposits of lignite in our Western States. The company displayed a tasteful array of coal-tar crudes and their derivatives coming from the plant at Canal Dover, O. The H. Coppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. In their entirety these exhibits formed the most striking feature of the exposition and attracted general attention. The Barrett Co., New York. The exhibit of this company was one of the most attractive and instructive in the whole exposition, showing the great range and variety of the current commercial products isolated from coal-tar. The list of these crude and refined substances is given in full in order to convey an adequate idea of the extent to which differentiation has been carried in the primary stage of the coal-tar chemical industry for the purpose of meeting a multitude of well-defined economic needs :-Benzol, pure; benzol, 100 per cent; benzol, 90 per cent; benzol, 50 per cent; benzol, straw colour; toluol, pure; toluol, commercial; toluol, straw colour; xylol, pure; xylol, commercial; solvent naphtha; crude solvent naphtha; hi-flash naphtha; crude heavy solvent naphtha; No. 10 naphtha; heavy naphtha; pyridine, denaturing; pyridine, commercial; heavy solvent oil; shingle stain oil; special heavy oil; | special heavy oil, grade 2; neutral hydrocarbon oil; creosote oil; crude carbolic acid, in 8 grades; dip oil; phenol, U.S. P., natural; phenol, U.S.P., synthetic; cresol, U.S.P.; refined cresylic acid, No. 5; ortho-cresol; paracresol; meta-cresol; xylenol; naphthalene, flake, small balls, large balls, crushed, powdered, granulated, rice, lump, one ounce cakes, square tablets, and round tablets; cryst alba; anthracene (crude), 25 per cent; anthracene, 40 per cent; anthracene, 80 per cent; carbazole; phenanthrene; pyxol; tarola, X; special cresol compound; disinfecting powder; disinfectants, coefficients 2 to 20. Quite recently the company has taken up the manufacture of various intermediates and medicinal compounds. The exhibits in this field were: Paracumaron resin ; para - amido-pheno! ; nitronaphthalene; alpha-naphthylamine; resorcin, technical; resorcinol, U.S.P.; salicylic acid, U.S.P.; sodium salicylate, U.S.P.; methyl salicylate, U.S.P.; salol, U.S.P.; salicylimide. In the 30 different plants of the company over 200 distinct chemical products are now currently manufactured. Great quantities of benzene and toluene are furnished under contract to the Allied governments to use in making munitions. The Barrett Company has been the chief organisation in this country to perfect the methods of separating the different constituents of coal-tar, and to popularise the use of the varied products in almost numberless directions. It is to the efforts of this company, extending back for years, that our synthetic chemists found it possible since 1914 to secure promptly large amounts of coal-tar crudes, refined to the requisite state of purity, as they laid the foundation for an American dye-stuff industry, and for the production of numerous medicinals. Synthetic phenol was made by the Barrett Company some ten years ago, although no effort was then attempted to place it regularly upon the market. An impressive feature of the exhibit was a large wall chart showing the genealogical derivation of the leading products resulting from the destructive distillation of coal. Samples of these products, in vials of uniform size, An instructive exhibit was made of the details of construction of the coke-ovens installed by this company at various points, and contributing largely to our current supply of coal-tar crudes. The immediate products of coking were shown in a well arranged set of samples. The United Gas Improvement Co., Philadelphia. An extensive series of refined coal-tar crudes was shown by this company, which manufactures on a large scale all of the products obtained directly from tar. The pure compounds included benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene. The manufacture from the latter of phthalic anhydride has recently been installed, and a daily production of 200 lbs. has been attained. Other exhibits were crude phenol, solvent naphthas, heavy naphthas, dead oil, creosote oil, paving and roofing pitches, road compounds, &c. The Semet-Solvay Co., Syracuse, N.Y. One of the most attractive features of the exposition was the finely arranged display of the company's products obtained from coal-tar. These included the hydrocarbons and the high explosives picric acid and trinitro-toluene derived from them; phenol and such derivatives as salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, &c. The relationship of the various compounds to coal was shown on several tables holding sample bottle with arrows indicating the different changes as the result of chemical change. The whole exhibit was unusually instructive, and illustrated the growing tendency among manufacturers to present the basic facts in their processes so clearly and simply that they may easily be grasped by the nonscientific mind. This organisation has contributed much to the rapid expansion of the coal-tar chemical industry by its intelligent handling of the crude material controlled by it in large amounts in connection with the establishment of Semet-Solvay by-product coke ovens. The company now operates twenty-one plants under its system, and claims to be the largest individual producer in the world of coal distillation products. It has not attempted to manufacture a great variety of compounds, but a limited number have been produced upon a very extensive scale. Sulpbar black is the only dye-stuff which the company has manufactured. The National Aniline and Chemical Co., Inc., New York. The exhibit of this company attracted general attention from the fact that it is the largest single factor in the American coal-tar colour industry. It represents a consolidation of various interests, producers of coal-tar crudes, of intermediates, of synthetic colours, and of the chemicals required in the various stages of manufacture, which will enable it to develop along numerous special ammaco alizarine orange W B, ammaco alizarine yellow 331, alizarol yellow 3G. Certified colours, for food products, confectionery, &c. : lines at a minimum of cost of production. A few months ago it was organised by the merging together of the following companies :-Schoellkopf Aniline and Chemical Works, Inc., Buffalo; W. Beckers Aniline and Chemical-Amaranth 107, ponceau 3R 56, orange I 85. tartrazine Works, Inc., Brooklyn; National Aniline and Chemical Co., New York; Benzol Products Co., Marcus Hook, Pa.; Standard Aniline Products, Inc., Wappingers' Falls, N.Y.; and also certain plants and properties of the General Chemical Co., the Barrett Co., and the SemetSolvay Co. The extensive exhibit included a number of different categories, and covered nearly the whole range of coaltar products. They are given in detail, as illustrating in a striking degree the wide diversity of output of our leading producer of artificial dyes and its lack of dependence upon outside sources for the materials employed. Coal-tar chemicals, used in textile or other industries :— Aniline oil, aniline salt, B-naphthol, cresol, phenol, diphenylamine, dimethyl-aniline, hydroquinone, metaphenylene diamine, meta-toluylene diamine, naphthylene, nitro-benzene, paranitraniline, paramidophenol, para. phenylene diamine, phenol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, resorcin, sodium benzoate, thiocarbaniline, thiocarbtoluide, thiocarbxylide, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid. Intermediates, used chiefly in making synthetic dyes:Amido-salicylic acid, benzidine, chromotropic acid, dinitro-benzene, dinitro-toluene, G salt, H acid, Koch acid, metanilic acid, N W acid, naphthol-1-sulphonic acid (1:5), ortho-toluidide, phenyl-hydrazine-sulphonic acid, paramido-acetaniline, phenyl acid, picramic acid, pseudocumidine, R salt, sulphanilic acid, Schaeffer salt, xylidine. Direct aniline colours, for cotton, union goods, &c. :Erie Black GXO0, Niagara blue 2B, Niagara dark blue 3R, Niagara blue D B, ammaco direct blue 3B, Erie brown C, Erie brown G R, direct brown T, Erie green W T, ammaco direct green W B, Erie green M T, Erie orange 2R, benzo purpurine 4B W, Congo red 4B, Niagara garnet R, ammaco primuline W B, Niagara violet B W, Niagara fast yellow F, Niagara yellow K M, ammaco chloramine yellow W B, ammaco delta red 2B. Sulphur colours, for cotton, fast to washing, crossdyeing, &c. :-Sulphur black F conc paste, sulphur black sap powder, sulphur blue paste, sulphur blue sap, sulphur direct navy blue, sulphur brown 2G, sulphur brown sap, sulphur brown W F, sulphur brown LY conc, sulphur green sap, sulphur yellow B W, sulphur khaki, all shades. Acid colours, for wool, silk, leather, lake making, &c. : -Buffalo black, N B R, Buffalo black 10B, Buffalo black 8B, Buffalo black 3G, Buffalo black R B, ammaco acid black T R, Buffalo black A R, acid black 4A B, Buffalo fast blue R, Buffalo cyanone 3R, induline, resorcin brown, fast brown, ammaco acid green L, orange A conc, orange S conc, orange 2G crystals, brilliant scarlet 3R, xylidine scarlet, fast red S conc, scarlet B R, azo rubine extra, Buffalo fast crimson R, azo Bordeaux, Buffalo fast fuchsine D, Buffalo fast fuchsine G, Buffalo fast suchsine R, Buffalo fast fuchsine 6B, wool red 40F, cloth red G, cloth red R, croceine scarlet moo, lanacyl violet M, acid violet, Buffalo violet 4B, Buffalo fast violet B, wool yellow ex conc, azo yellow A 5W, metanil yellow 1955. Basic colours, for leather, paper, lake making, cotton printing, &c. :—Brush blacks, methylene blue BS conc. ammaco basic navy blue D A conc, Bismarck brown Y ex, Bismarck brown 53, ammaco Victoria green W B, chrysoidine Y ex, chrysoidine 3R, safranine A, ammaco safranine B L, methyl violet. 94, sodium indigo, disulphonate 692, Ceylon red, Sultan red, Burmah red, Coralline red, Rajah red, raspberry red, strawberry red, Brazil brown, Caracas brown, Maracaibo brown, deep chocolate, yellow colour, egg shade; Tokio orange, Tangier orange. Miscellaneous colours, Nigrosines, water and spirit soluble :-Oil black, chrysoidine base, Victoria green, base, oil colours, fur black, fur brown. Most of the colours were accompanied by handsome specimens of their uses on different textiles, leather, &c. The company has branch agencies in twelve cities, and is steadily increasing the number of its tinctorial products. It is in an admirable position to present a bold face to foreign competition when the time arrives in the early future. It is not easy for the layman, or even for the average chemist, to realise adequately the full extent to which our textile and many allied industries are indebted to the above organisation and its component parts for diminishing by wonderful energy and skilful utilisation of available materials the pinch of our dye-stuff famine. The Central Dye-stuff and Chemical Co., Newark, N.J. the foundation of the American artificial colour industry, This company has been an important factor in laying its origin dating back to 1898. It has specialised in azo dyes, and its products have been of great value in meeting the pressing demands of the past three years. The current output was displayed in a most attractive manner, and included the following colours :-Fast red, orange G and Y, erythrine, benzopurpurine B, naphthol blue, scarlet 2R, methyl violet 3B, chrysoidine X, diamine blue 2B, azo rubine, claret red R B, Bismarck brown R and Y, amaranth, chrome black, fast acid red 6B G, amido black B, wool orange G, wool scarlet 4R, Bordeaux, lake violet, lake scarlet, lake brown, lake orange, roccelline, methylene blue, wool claret, induline, various nigrosines, and numerous oil colours. The company is one of the leading producers of B-naphthol and exhibited this compound, as of all the colours were present in abundance, and the entire well as a naphthol and a-naphthylamine. Sample dyeings display gave admirable evidence of the energetic manner in which the older coal-tar colour firms are extending the range of their operations. Consolidated Colour and Chemical Co., Newark, N.J. This company manufactured a few colours on a reIt has not increased latively small scale before the war. greatly the variety of its output, but is producing very large quantities. It displayed methylene blue, methylorange, chromotrope, alizarine brown, acid yellow, cotton yellow, chrome black, chrome blue, chrome yellow, Victoria leather oil, and a variety of sulphur dyes. Sample dyeings accompanied each colour. Marden, Orth, and Hastings Corporation, New York. This firm had a very tastefully arranged display of the products made in its seven factories, which included a large number of general chemicals, especially such as are required by dyers and tanners. The firm has branched out extensively into coal-tar products, and showed the following: Coal-tar Crudes and Intermediates.- Aniline oil, aniline salt, benzidine base, benzidine sulphate, benzol, 8naphthol, chlor-benzol, dichlor-benzol, dimethylaniline, :-dinitro-naphthyline, dinitrophenol, hydroquinone, naphthalene, naphthionic acid, nitro-benzol, nitro-toluol, paranitraniline, phenol, picric acid, salicylic acid, salol, sulphanilic acid, toluidine mixture, toluol, xylidine, orthotoluidine, para-toluidine, sodium naphthionate, sodium salicylate sodium sulphanilate. Chrome colours, for wool, fast to light, fulling, &c. Buffalo chrome black 2B N, ammaco chrome black, B N, alizarol black 3G, alizarine blue G, alizarine datk blue GN, alizarine dark blue RB N, alizarine bright blue 3RY N, serichrome blue R, alizarol brown B, alizarol brown RB, serichrome green B, Buffalo chrome green C B, Acid Colours.-Acid black, acid blue, acid green, acid red, fast; croceine scarlet, orange No. 2, metanil yellow, acid yellow, azo orange. Basic Colours.-Bismarck brown Y, chrysoidine Y, malachite green, methylene blue, methyl violet, nigrosine blue (water and spirit soluble), nigrosine jet (water and spirit soluble), Victoria blue S. Chrome Colours,—Alizarin yellow R W, khaki No. 1 (for wool), anthracene acid brown G. Direct Colours.-Direct black, Congo red, chrysamine Oil Soluble Colours.-Oil black, oil blue, oil brown, oil green, oil jet, oil orange, oil red III., oil red IV., oil scarlet, oil yellow, oil yellow D, oil yellow T. The extraction of vegetable dyes is one of the company's specialities, and it introduced into general use aurantine paste and powder, obtained from our domestic osage orange. It exhibited the following. Dyewood Extracts.-Logwood chips, logwood extract, hematine paste, hematine powder, hematine crystals, aurantine paste, aurantine powder, cutch, fustic extract, quercitron extract, sumac extract, cutch extract, hypernic extract, khaki No. 2 (for cotton). The numerous samples, illustrating the use of the above colours, were grouped very effectively. (To be continued). PYRITES MINED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. It is officially announced that the Ministry of Munitions is prepared during the period of hostilities to purchase iron pyrites mined in the United Kingdom. The pyrites must contain not less than 37 per cent of sulphur and not over 1 per cent of arsenic. The price payable will be 355. per ton of pyrites f.o.r. for quentities of not less than one truck load; but the Minister reserves the right to revise the price after 31st December, 1918, or if over 5000 tons are delivered from one deposit before that date the price may be revised in respect of further deliveries from such deposit forthwith. In the first instance samples of all ore tendered will be selected by the local agent of the Ministry, and if, upon analysis, the ore proves suitable, payment of 75 per cent of the amount of the purchase price for each consignment will be made on receipt of the railway company's certificate that the pyrites has been put on rail. The balance will be paid within sixteen days of the receipt of correct Food Production.-The weekly pamphlets issued by the Food Production Department of the Board of Trade give practical and up-to-date information on questions of stock feeding, crop growing, seed testing, &c. Special attention is paid to the work of the tractors, and most satisfactory reports of progress are made. Notes are frequently given dealing with the work of women on the land to which the most enthusiastic praise is accorded, and the pamphlets will be of considerable value to farmers and allotment holders. The information will occasionally be found of interest to the public, as, for example, the details of the price, &c., of fruit and vegetable preserving jars, which should be secured in good time so that none of next season's crops may be wasted. NEWS 4, 1918 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. ROYAL SOCIETY. Ordinary Meeting, December 13, 1917. Sir J. J. THOMSON, O.M., President, in the Chair. PAPERS were read as follows: Formation of Nitrites from Nitrates in Aqueous Solution by the Action of Sunlight and the Assimilation of the Nitrites by Green Leaves in Sunlight." By Prof. B. MOORE, F.R.S. Dilute solutions of nitrates exposed either to sunlight or length (such as light from mercury vapour arc enclosed in to a osurce of light rich in light-energy of short wavesilica) undergo conversion of nitrate into nitrite. There is an uptake of chemical energy in this reaction carbon compounds in foliage leaves; it is to be added to transformed from light-energy as in formation of organic the relatively small number of endothermic reactions induced by light. Interposition of a layer of glass between source of light and solution of nitrate greatly slows the reaction, showing that the most effective rays are those of short length. When green leaves are immersed in nitrate solution comparatively little nitrite accumulates, indicating that nitrites are rapidly absorbed by the green leaf. Nitrates taken up by plants from soil would, in presence of sunlight, be changed to nitrites which are much more reactive than nitrates. This indicates that the early stages of synthesis of nitrogenous compounds are carried out in the green leaf and aided by sunlight. Rain-water collected for considerable time contains no nitrites, all having been oxidised to nitrates, but if exposed to bright sunlight or ultra-violet light for a few hours a strong reaction for nitrites is always obtained. Freshly collected rain-water or dew always contains a mixture of nitrites and nitrates, as shown by the nitrite test appearing without any previous treatment of the water and the great enhancement of this on exposure to strong illumination. Air bubbled through nitrite and nitrate-free distilled water gives a mixed reaction afterwards when the water is tested for nitrites and nitrates showing presence of both forms of oxides of nitrogen in air. There is no hydrogen peroxide or ozone in air at surface level. The fresh odour in open air, commonly referred to as "ozone," is probably nitrogen trioxide which at high dilutions has the odour of ozone. The oxides of nitrogen are probably formed by the action of sunlight, rich in ultra-violet rays, in upper regions of the atmosphere upon air and aqueous vapour. Attention is drawn to the importance of these actions of light in purification of air and water and enrichment of soils and water by this continuously supplying of matter essential to organic growth, the energy of which, like that for upbuilding of non-nitrogenous organic compounds, comes from sunlight. "Transition from Rostro-carinate Flint Implements to the Tongue-shaped Implements of River-terrace Gravels." By J. R. MOIR. 1. Seven flint implements, exhibiting a beak-like pro le, have been found, associated with early paleoliths, in certain ancient valley gravels. 2. The carina of the rostro-carinate implements was apparently used as a cutting and scraping edge. This edge was extended gradually from the anterior to the posterior region of the implement. This extension resulted in the diminution and final disappearance of the dorsal platform. 3. The rostro carinate is triangular in section and has one cutting edge represented by the apex of the triangle. 4. The earliest paleoliths have two edges and the section is roughly rhomboidal. 5. This rhomboidal form was probably attained by a gradual reduction in width of the ventral surface of the rostro-carinate form until a sharp cutting-edge was produced. 6. It is necessary to form two flat" striking platforms" when making a rostro-carinate or a paleolith. In the latter the remains of one or both of these platforms may sometimes be seen towards the posterior region of the implements. 7. The implements described exhibit certain characteristics of form only before seen in the rostro-carinates discovered beneath the Pliocene Red Crag and in other pre-paleolithic deposits in East Anglia. They show also by the nature of their flaking aud provenance that they❘ are of early palæolithic age. 8. The dual character of these specimens is very marked, and points to the conclusion that the knowledge of the manner in which to make a paleolith was acquired by long experience in producing rostro-carinates. This view finds support in the experiments in flint flaking which have been carried out. 9. The specimens have been recovered from a wide area in Southern England, and it seems reasonable to regard them as presenting transitional types linking the rostrocarinates with the earliest palæoliths. CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Ordinary Meeting, December 6, 1917. Prof. W. J. POPE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. REFERENCE was made to the loss sustained by the Society, through death, of the following Fellows:-Alexander Macomb Chance and William Ralph Dodd. Messrs. A. J. Daly, S. Albert Pearman, H. E. Cox, T. van B. Gilmour, G. J. Francis, and F. W. Gamble were formally admitted Fellows of the Society. Arthur Doulton Dibley; William Alexander Dickie, B.Sc.; John Don, M.A., B.Sc.; Vernon Edge, B.Sc.; Charles Alfred Edwards, D.Sc.; Herbert Wilfrid Erhrhardt, M.A., B.Sc.; George Herbert Frank; Harold Hollings, M.Sc.; John Gordon Hume; George Henry Johnson; James Ivor Morgan Jones, B.Sc.; Reginald Arthur Joyner, M.Sc.; Benedict Trembath Kitto; Oscar Altred Le Beau, B.A., B.Sc.; Jacob Longman, B.A.; Thomas Henry Mallagh; Edward Bradford Maxted, B.Sc., Ph.D.; Robert Binnie Pettigrew, M.A.; Robert Ignatius Phipps, B.Sc.; Constant Nicolas Polychronis, M.Sc.; Arthur Stanley Quick; Humphrey Rivaz Raikes, B.A.; Alfred Arthur Roberts; Harold Salt; Shinjiro Sato, M.Sc.; Gerald Creagh Scully, M.A.; Alfred Thomas Stanley Sissons, B.Sc.; James Carter Spensley, M.A.; George Spurge; Henry Stephen, M.Sc.; Disney Younger Watt ; Albert Francis Wenger; David Emrys Williams, B.Sc.; Ernest Perry Bradley Wilson; Frederick Charles Wood, B.Sc ; Joseph Harry Wood. Dr. F. L. PYMAN delivered a lecture entitled "The Relation between Chemical Constitution and Physiological Action." A vots of thanks to the Lecturer for his Address, proposed by Prof. H. E. ARMSTRONG and supported by the PRESIDENT, was carried with acclamation. Ordinary Meeting, December 20, 1917. Prof. W. J. POPE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Robert Fleming, B.A., 2, Warbour El Moyab, Cairo, Egypt; Ernest Hardiker, 3, Park Street, Bolton; Owen Rhys Howell, B.Sc., Darley House, Venner Road, Sydenham, S.E. 26; Arnold Bradley Lownes, 78, Wellesley Road, Ilford; Arthur Macdonald Munro, M.A., 44, Rossett Road, Blundellsands, Liverpool; Robert Atkinson Oddy, The Laboratory, Abbey Street, Toad Lane, Rochdale; John Cameron Clarke Taylor, 2, Queensbury Terrace, Cummertrees, Annan; Hugh Arwel Thomas, B.Sc., 9, Church Circle, S. Farnborough; Albert Edward Timmins, 81, Teasdale Road, Walney, BarrowSalis-in-Furness; Leonard Ellerton Vlies, Belmont, Gowan Road, Manchester, S.W.; Glen Raymond Wakeham, B.Sc., Stanborough Park, Watford, Herts; Godfrey Warburton, Gas Works, Ponders End; Harry Wignall, M.Sc., 16, Roseneath Road, S.W. II. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Edgar Alfred Coakill, 4, Market Parade, Brimsdown; Ransome Wallace Cooper, Chiltern Place, Beaconsfield; Thomas Crowdy, 13, Clifton Road, Devizes Road, bury; John Clare Newlands Eastick, 137, Upper Clapton Road, E. 5; Thomas Fraser, B.A., The Grammar School, Cirencester; Julius Geldard, 610, St. Helens Road, Bolton; William Frank Grant, B.Sc., The Normal Training College, Bloemfontein, O.F.S.; William Robinson Grist, Finsbury Technical College, Leonard Street, E.C. 2; Joseph Eli Hanson, Quarry House, Ossett Lane, Earlsheaton, Dewsbury; Thomas John Hitchcock, 28, Albany Road, Manor Park, E. 12; Harold Housley, M.Sc., Huntsville, St. Andrews Road, Huddersfield; Kumudchandra Ghelabhai Laiwala, M.A., B.Sc., care of Messrs. Thomas Cook and Son, Ludgate Circus, E.C. 4; Harold Lawrence, Ridgs View, 81, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey; Elias Mendoza, 53, Manor Road, N. 16; Theketh Kumaran Nair, B.A., B.Sc., East Indian Railway, Jamalpur, India; Horace Finningley Oxley, B.A., care of Messrs. Levinstein, Ltd., Blackley, Manchester; Henri Marc Pezzani, 3, Staff Quarters, Eastriggs, Dornock; David John Prichard Phillips, B.Sc., Pemberton Stores, Burry Port; Snow Blagburn Tallantyre, B.Sc., 14, Inglewood Road, West Hampstead, N.W.6. Messrs. R. G. Fargher and Chas. Gilling were elected Scrutators, and a ballot was held for the election of Fellows. The following were subsequently elected as Fellows of the Society:-William Gordon Adam, B.A.; Pierce Alfred Arnold; Jack Reginald Hanlon Bartlett; Albert John Bishop, B.Sc.; Elon Bond, B.Sc.; Fred Bridge; Rainald Brightman, M, Sc.; Robert Lidwill Brown; Arthur Calvert; Sarat Chandra Chatterjee, M.Sc.; George William Chester; Ukrendra Nath Rai Chowdhuri; Edward de Wykersley Swift Colver, D. Met.; Henry Joseph Cunningham, B.Sc.; Tom Dempster; The following papers were read :"Synthesis of 3:4-Dihydroxyphenanthrene (Morphol) and of 3: 4-Phenanthraquinoue." By G. BARGER. "Vacuum Balance Cases." By B. BLOUNt. PHYSICAL SOCIETY. Ordinary Meeting, November 23, 1917. Mr. W. R. COOPER, M.A., Vice-President, in the Chair. A PAPER, entitled "Some Problems of Stability of Atoms and Molecules," was read by Prof. J. W. NICHOLSON, F.R.S. The paper is mainly concerned with the possible existence and stability of atoms. and of molecules formed after the manner suggested by Stark, the link between the atoms in a molecule being provided by a stationary electron on the molecular axis. Atoms on the Rutherford model, though dynamically unstable, are stable for the simple vibrations ordinarily excited; but it is shown in the paper that atoms with such a stationary electron have a much more limited degree of stability. Moreover, they cannot exist even in an undisturbed state unless they are endowed with a negative charge, for no steady motion is possible, and this conclusion extends even to atoms regulated according to a dynamics such as that of Bohr. |