By THOMAS H. NORTON, Ph.D., Sc.D. individual deposits they may be important, are rhodonite,, THE NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF CHEMICAL MnSiO3, the silicate of manganese; pyrolusite and INDUSTRIES, HELD IN NEW YORK.* psilomelane, oxides of manganese; limonite, Fe2(OH)6. Fe2O3, a hydrated oxide of iron; magnetite, Fe3O4, the magnetic oxide of iron; gypsum, CaSO4, calcium sulphate; the pyroxenes, complex metasilicates of lime, magnesia, iron, alumina, and manganese; the amphiboles, similar in composition to the pyroxenes and including hornblende, actinolite, &c.; the micas and chlorite, complex silicates; the felspar group, orthoclase, albite, oligoclase, anorthite, &c., silicates of alumina. with lime and the alkalies; garnets, complex silicates; alunite, K(AIO)3(SO4)2,3H2O, a hydrated sulphate of alumina and potassa; and other minerals of less frequent Occurrence. In an ore, the mineral composition, aside from the contained ore minerals, may be of importance. In smelting copper ores, the mineral form in which the iron of the ore occurs, for example, whether as pyrite, or combined as a silicate, or perhaps as magnetite, may decidedly influence the metallurgical treatment. It is often of importance to know whether the silica present in the ore is there as quartz, or in the combined state as a silicate. In the milling of gold and silver ores by the cyanide process, the presence of antimony, copper, or manganese, may cause difficulties if these elements are present in certain mineral form, such as stibnite, malachite, or psilomelane, respectively, but if they be present in stephanite, bornite, and rhodonite, for example, they may have little influence on the treatment. In the cyanidation of silver ores, it is im portant to know the mineral in which the silver occurs, for the solubility of the various silver minerals in cyanide solution differs greatly; thus, although argentite is readily soluble, proustite is soluble only with difficulty. It follows, therefore, that a chemical analysis only of an ore is not sufficient as a guide to the proper metallurgical treatment for that ore, but it must be accompanied by the mineral analysis. ADDRESSES AND LECTURes. In addition to all the many features appealing to the eye, not only in the diverse exhibits, but also in the daily production of many admirable series of motion pictures, portraying various phases of chemical industry, the management of the Exposition provided a very extensive lists of lectures, addresses, and symposia, dealing with a large number of chemical topics of timely interest. In most of these the patriotic note was prominent, and revealed the intense earnestness with which the American chemist faces his responsibilities during these days of strain and stress. From the addresses the following extracts are made, as especially pertinent to the current situation or bearing upon topics connected with this section of the chemical engineer. On the opening day Mr. CHARLES F. ROTH, the manager of the Exposition, in welcoming the assembled chemists, called attention to the fact that chemistry had swayed the balance of power among the nations, had revolutionised warfare, and made its ends more destructive and conquests more rapid. It had, in fact, transformed the entire industrial life of the United States, and established the nation in the foremost rank of the industrial nations of the world. In closing he stated :"A noted German chemist once said America was the natural home of the coal-tar industry. We are proving that now, and building to make it permanently so. Not only of this industry is this true, but of all other chemical industries. Our raw materials have in the past been exported and returned to us in the manufactured form in which we used them. "The Exposition has done and is doing much to further industries. It will this year inspire us to a greater feeling the development of a complete cycle of domestic chemical of security for the future, showing that many fields are now efficiently producing, and that we shall be in good position to not only fill all domestic needs, but to meet foreign competition in distant lands where a trade for the In speaking of ores, the terms oxidised and unoxidised or sulphide ores are frequently used. For the copper, lead, zinc, and silver ores the original deposition is chiefly in the form of the sulphide and of sulpho-arsenide, arsenide, or antimonide minerals, accompanied by the commonly found gangue minerals. In the upper part of the deposits, under the influence of the atmosphere and surface waters, certain of the minerals, particularly the sulphides, are subjected to oxidation, with the formation of new mineral compounds, the so-called oxidised minerals. Thus, chalco-products of our chemical industries is already developed." pyrite, under the influence of oxygenated carbonated waters is changed to limonite, malachite, and azurite; pyrite and pyrrhotite to limonite; argentite, by the action of surface waters containing chlorides, into cerargyrite, &c. Many ore deposits thus have two distinct zones, an upper or oxidised zone, and a lower or sulphide zone, the first being usually the smaller. Its extent is largely dependent upon climatic conditions and topography. This change in mineral composition in an ore deposit from the surface downward has, of course, an important effect on the proper metallurgical treatment of the ore, and must receive careful consideration in the design of the metallurgical plants that are to treat the ore. (To be continued). First Report of the Bristol Grammar School Scientific Society, 1915-1917.-This report shows that the Bristol Grammar School is in the fortunate position of possessing an unusually flourishing scientific society. The excellent laboratories are open for practical work to the members of the society on certain evenings during the week, and in addition lectures are given at intervals. The society has a library of over 650 volumes and a herbarium of some 600 mounted specimens, and both the staff and the boys are to be congratulated upon the vigour and enterprise displayed by the members. Dr. CHARLES H. HERTY, Chairman of the Exposition Advisory Committee, followed with a stirring address, outlining the work now being accomplished by American chemists: "The services of the chemist to the nation in these unusual times have been prompt, efficient, and lasting. Our soldiers soon to enter batile should be protected by the most lavish use possible of high explosives. Every possible pound of high explosive that this country can produce should be manufactured and transported to the European battlefields. Trench warfare has met its master in high explosives. The terrible sacrifice of life can be lessened by the curtain of artillery fire. "There is no time to lose. High explosives must keep pace, nay, must increase faster than our man power. When writing out my address I did it by gas-light, and I hated the thought that I was burning gas which contains toluene, every trace of which should be on its way to Europe in the form of trinitrotoluol. "Within the ranks of that army now being formed for battling in the cause of freedom are many of our young chemists-some from the industries, some the seniors and graduates from the universities. At Princeton all are gone, at the University of North Carolina every senior * From the Chemical Engineer, October 1917. 45 chemical engineer has enlisted. At the Massachusetts pendence on European sources for almost every article in Institute of Technology the new course in chemical en- which quality, the higher quality, is essential. gineering has been abandoned until after the war, because "In the heat of effort of these years only the most all of the advanced men, who prepared to enter the course urgent and immediate of our needs have been met. Some this Fall, have enlisted, and so it goes all over the land. of these results still depend for their stability upon war "The battle for national self-containedness in that conditions; they are still too liable to collapse when the portion of the line held by the American chemist is pro-world returns to its normal life and trade is free once gressing favourably. It is not yet won, but many heights more. In this situation, fraught with magnificent possihave been conquered, many formidable streams crossed, bilities for much greater chemical achievements, but also and the open plains of full national service are almost in with great dangers for the permanency of some of the sight. The Exposition, increasing in magnitude each year American chemical industries, the American Chemical by 100 per cent of its original size, constitutes the bulletin Society, for which I am speaking, sees its opportunity of by which the nation is informed of the progress made. being of new and still greater service to the country. In"In the centre," Dr. Herty continued, "the advance up cluding in its membership of more than 10,000 the great the steep slopes of capitalisation' has been marked. In majority of leading technical chemists as well as 1915 there was added to the chemical industries practically all the foremost men of the chemistry staffs of 65,565,000 dols., in 1916 99,244,000 dols., and in 1917, up our universities and colleges, the Society is in a position to September 1, 65,861,000 dols., a total gain of to render service in any branch of chemistry, service that 230,670,000 dols. On the extreme right the forces of will be expert and at the same time judicial and unbiased 'empiricism' have steadily yielded ground to the advances in its spirit. of our research chemists. More and more called upon for utmost effort, they have never failed to respond. On the left flank a steadily increasing force of the ablest American chemists is being gathered to capture the hill of obsoletism of army equipment,' and is providing the great armies we are now raising with the most efficient forms of modern chemical means for both offensive and defensive warfare. "On the right centre the terrain of Congressional apathy has been partly won, as typified by favourable protective legislation for our dye-stuff industry, and by the guarding of the all-important electro-chemical industries at Niagara Falls from power shortage, due to On the left centre the quagmire lapsing legislation. plains of public indifference' have been largely dried and made passable through the clearing skies of a sympathetic daily press, which has constantly emphasised the value to the independence of the nation of a full-rounded chemical industry. Finally, the counter attacks of subtle propaganda against the ability of American chemists and the worthiness of our products, such as American dye-stuffs, have ingloriously failed. The optimism engendered by such splendid progress will prove, however, a indeed if it leads us to overlook the secious features of the present situation." curse Prof. JULIUS STIEGLITZ, of Chicago, President of the American Chemical Society, in his forcible Address said : "Every cloud has its silver lining, and even the great black cloud of war which has been oppressing the world these three years has been penetrated here and there by bright rays of good accomplished. One of these brighter effects of the disaster, so far as this country is concerned, has been the influence of the war on our chemical industries. Facing the necessity not only of very greatly expanding their output, but also of developing many new products and of making older products of a far higher grade in quality than ever before, our American industries, as evidenced by the three great Expositions held in this place, have met and conquered one great problem after the other. We may confidently expect, and, indeed, we must insist, that out of this period of forced effort we shall emerge independent of all foreign nations in regard to our ability to supply the basic chemical needs of our country, not only in quantity but also in quality. "As a single instance of the progress these years have witnessed in a field we must continue to hold after the war, let me recall the dismay of our universities-and, I am sure, also of our industrial laboratories-when early in 1915 we saw the supplies of Jena glass and of other finer glass cut off. Yet to-day we are manufacturing In the United States glassware as good as, if not, indeed, superior to the German brands we thought we never could do without. When the war is over, no matter how fierce trade competition may be, we must see to it that our new industries survive, that we do not relapse into our old de "Thus the Society, influenced by the conviction that our national welfare demands independence in dye manufacturing, was active in aiding the movement to secure a much needed measure of protection by duties on dyes. Dr. COLIN G. FINK, President of the American Electro chemical Society, said: "Never before in the history of electro-chemistry has ducts been so forcibly brought to the attention of our the vast importance of the various electro-chemical proGovernment and of our people as in the present year of chemical industry with its numerous and diversified the great war. Take from this country the electromanufactures, and the martial strength of our country is hopelessly crippled. Think of the hundreds of machine shops that are utterly dependent on the electro-chemical abrasives, carborundum, and alundum! Think of the thousands of rifles and guns turned out every month with the aid of high-speed steel made from electric ferro alloys! Think of the millions of pounds of electrolytic copper that are absolutely essential for our electrical apparatus! There is the air-plane, whose light strong stays are made from the electro-chemical metals aluminium and magnesium; there is liquid chlorine, a product of the electrolytic cell and basis of the Carrel Dakin method of treating the wounds of our heroes; there is electrolytic hydrogen, used in all of our scout and observation balloons, and there are numberless electric alloys entering into the composition of nearly every item of the Government's vast military equipment." Prof. M. T. BOGERT, of Columbia University, Chairman of the Chemistry Committee of the National Research Council, outlined very fully and vividly the nature of the work now being done by American chemists to add to the country's effective power during the world conflict : "Our Committee was organised before the outbreak of the war by the National Research Council at the request of President Wilson through the agency of the National Academy of Science with the co-operation of the American Chemical Society. Its business consisted of the coordination of scientific activities under various Sub-Committees; a census of research chemists. Returns from this census have been classified and indexed, and all SubCommittees have been furnished with lists of chemists experienced in particular lines of work; detail of drafted chemists to positions of value. Already more than 300 individual problems of widest range have been given careful consideration, and reports made to various departments concerning these problems. Its chief function has been to serve as a central clearing house and co-ordinating agency for the chemical research work throughout the country. It serves also as a bureau of information by which accumulated information is given wide usefulness. NEWS It is estimated by the British authorities from their, rushed to the rescue of the Allies at the beginning of the "Since then the chemists of France and England also have shown abundantly what they can do when conditions require it, and everything points out that after this war is over the supremacy of Germany in some of the chemical industries in which she heretofore was a leader will be a thing of the past. "As far as the mineral chemical industries are concerned this country, even before the war, could stand excellent comparison with Germany or any other country. In fact, when it comes to the production of acids and heavy chemicals, the United States in several of these branches was decidedly ahead of Germany. There is no doubt, however, that we were behind in the manufacture of synthetic organic chemicals, which include the coal-tar dyes. But there was nothing strange or abnormal in this situation. The importation of these products in the United States before the war did not exceed 10,000,000 "As a result of the Committee's experience to date chemists are needed in the following lines: -For teaching, the recruiting stations of the chemical laboratories being the educational institutions for the control and direction of industrial operations of all kinds; munitions, gas, metals, leather, rubber, oils, paints, &c.; for the inspection and analysis of Government supplies; to identify poisonous gases, to detect poisons in water supply; for the develop ment of new plants and processes throughout the country, these being called for by increased demand and cutting off of former sources of supply; for small scale manufacturing operations in educational and research institutions; for the security and defence of the country by protection against the enemies' contrivances; as advisers to the Government as to the best existing knowledge on various subjects, and as to the best qualified men to initiate whatever research may be needed; in the Govern-dols. a year, this covering more than 1000 different kinds ment laboratories to supplement the present forces. Many reagents and synthetic drugs, needed only in small quantities and therefore not of any particular interest to the commercial manufacture, are now being made in universities and research institutions just as is being done in England, and thereby are furnished materials of utmost importance for the prosecution of the war and safety of the country. "Drafted chemists should be exempted on account of industrial needs. They are rendering just as valuable and important service as those in the trenches, and should be given insignia to indicate such exemption, as is done in France. At present there are more volunteers for research than problems to be solved. The Committee is trying simply to supplement the work of the existing Government laboratories, but the number of problems is daily increasing. "Military power is dependent upon scientific efficiency. This was no more strikingly illustrated than by the Germans, who replaced their exhausted supply of Chilean nitrate by atmospheric nitrate. It is difficult to talk on this subject with its many ramifications at a meeting like this, so I will talk on only one or two of its phases, "One of these is hydrogen. It may not be believed, but it is true that the balloon and the submarine are problems in common. There is the necessity of analysing the hydrogen used in inflating balloons for the discovery of foreign matter likely to be detrimental to the balloon's fabric. Then there is the development or creation of static electricity in the fabric of the balloon. That is another thing the chemist has to look out for. "American chemists have devised two automatic hydrogen detectors and turned them over to the GovernThe purpose of these detectors is to warn the submarine crew of the escape of chlorine gas from the storage batteries. ment. "The first gas attack was made by the Germans on April 15, 1915. Within four days after this first attack the Allies had equipped 3,000,000 men with temporary gas masks. At the present time there are 15,000 workers in England alone engaged in making masks for the military forces. They are turning out 20,000 masks a day, while contracts had been made for 25,000,000. One hundred and fifty chemists in this country are working on the mask problem for the American soldiers." of products, all of which require special processes of "If Germany specialised in this branch of chemical "Nevertheless, as far back as the early seventies, a few enthusiasts started the manufacture of aniline dyes in the United States. They were making quite some headway, but in 1883 they had to perch through unfavourable tariff. legislation. At that time German agents were already at work in this country, and were leading our textile manufacturers by the nose, and they helped them in their lobbying for the lowest tariff on dye-stuffs, claiming that Germany would serve them, furnishing them with what they called their raw material.' This situation acted as a boomerang and paralysed out textile industries at the beginning of the war. "Since then this country has realised that we must not estimate the value of the colour industry in dollars and cents, but by the direct bearing it has as a key to all other industries. A few cents' worth of the right kind of dyes decides whether a hundred dollars worth of textiles can be sold or not in the open market. What is most extraordinary, almost a wonder, and bears witness to the flexibility and adaptability of American enterprise, is that in less than three years we should have made ourselves independent of Germany in the line where she bad the start on us since half a century. "The steady development of our industries of heavy chemicals, in the mineral or inorganic line, will very probably proceed as in the past. America's greatest development will consist in the further extension of industries in the organic field. "In a country blessed beyond comparison with all the necessary natural resources for a large chemical industry, with a home consumption greater than that of any other gas-country, are very short of cheap water powers. Our great development of the electro-chemical industries in the Dr. L. H. BABKELAND, in an Address upon "The Future of the American Chemical Industry," brought out many important points: "We have carried the mass production of synthetic explosives to a point never dreamed of. With truth, it can be said that if it were not for one of our largest chemical manufacturing companies, which promptly United States was due to the fact that for the first time Unless we change our present condition, it looks as if our electro-chemical industries, our leading chemical industries, were going to be wrested from us to find a more inviting home in Canada and in Norway. Unfortunately, here again the condition is one of 'dog-in-the-manger politics. A hydro-electric plant as a Government enterprise would not involve much of a new departure as compared with that splendid example of good engineering, the Panama Canal." Mr. W. S. KIES, Vice-President of the National City Bank, told of the development of the American export trade in chemicals : "The capital invested in chemical production from 1880 to 1915 has increased about eight times. The number of employees in the industry during that period increased but a trifle over three times, and the wages and salaries paid increased about five times-from 6,000,000 dols. to 31,000,000 dols. In 1914 the chemical industries of this country exported in round numbers chemicals, drugs, and dyes to the amount of 27,000,000 dols. In the fiscal year, 1917, these exports amounted to 185,000,000 dols. In explosives the value of our exports grew from 6,000,000 dols. in 1914 to 820,000,000 dols. in 1917. Under the heading other explosives' the value of our exports grew from 1,000,000 dols. in 1914 to 420,000,000 dols. in 1917, showing that in the industries closely allied with chemicals the growth has been quite as striking as in chemicals proper." Dr. B. C. HESSE dwelt upon the relations of the tariff to the manufacture of coal-tar chemicals : "There are not a few products of even the coal-tar chemical industry in which an import duty may in effect become a premium on inefficiency in operation and management, particularly in those cases where the costs of the basic materials employed are substantially the same at home and abroad in such cases, after the manufacturing technique has been acquired and a degree of efficiency in operation and utilisation fairly comparable with the maximum has been achieved, the sole disability to the foundation of the industry will have been removed, and domestic makers should then be in position to compete on those goods with foreign makers in our own markets without any artificial help through protective import duty, and thus give these articles to such of our other domestic industries as use them at prices equal to those anywhere. "In order that too much time be not taken in getting going, the conditional five-year limit to the life of the sur-tax of 5 cents per pound on certain dyes and of 23 cents per pound on intermediates was obviously inserted in the present dye and allied chemicals tariff, which, in my opinion, is a very wholesome and a very equitable spur to our domestic manufacturers." Mr. G. A. O'REILLY, of the Irving National Bank of New York, spoke upon "Chemistry and the Banker":"The true relation of banking to chemistry is found in the theory of practical everyday business. This theory must be taken seriously and literally by both banker and chemist if they are to derive the greatest benefit from each other and from business. Regardless of tradition and of personal inclination, they must descend from their respective pinnacles, whether of financial exclusiveness scientific preoccupation, and get together in the intensely practical and really very comfortable atmosphere which the thoroughly up-to-date business man of to-day has created and prepared for them. If in doing this it becomes necessary to disturb an occasional delightful fiction or to smash an occasionai professional idol, it is believed that both may be done to the entire benefit of all concerned. or war has brought into the world, the conclusion becomes irresistible. The indifference with which in former years private interest viewed national problems and difficulties finds but slight resemblance in the magnificent response which business everywhere has made to the nation's call. "And so while considering the business relationship between chemistry and banking we should concede sufficiently to the business advantages which will result to both from a proper getting together, we must not lose sight of the fact that the big thing in this relationship will be the national interest. For us there are just two worth. while things in the world to-day-one, to win the war ; the other, to protect American interest afterward. Naturally, winning the war comes first, but preparations to that end should be definitely based upon the understanding that wars are to be won principally that nations may live in greater peace and security and prosperity afterward." Dr. ARTHUR D. LITTLE, of Boston, the well-known chemical engineer, dwelt upon the same theme :"The formation of indigo in the plant is a chemical reaction no less than when indigo is made by synthesis in the laboratory. Bankers were not particularly interested in the laboratory work until it became a commercial success, whereupon they began to take a decided interest in the credit of the indigo planter. Agriculture, which is so fundamental to the well-being of any country, depends very largely upon chemistry, which makes possible fertilisers, furnishes data upon which methods of civilisation may be based, and revises methods for the utilisation of what would otherwise be an absolute waste. example, the utilisation of cotton-seed has added more than a hundred million dollars annually to the value of the cotton crop, and cotton itself has become the raw material for very diverse chemical processes of the highest importance, such as explosives, celluloid, lacquers, and other well known items of commerce. For "The chemist is made to feel that he speaks a foreign language when talking to the banker, but events of the last three years are changing that. The flying corps risks its life daily solely for the advantage of a different viewpoint. The banker is in as great need of a new viewpoint, and can avail himself of it very much easier and without such risks. The waste that the chemists see on every hand really hurts, but it seldom moves the banker. The chemists through the prevention and utilisation of these wastes could doubtless do more than any other profession in paying the debts of the war. This certainly should interest the banker. Of scarcely secondary interest is the chemistry of insurance, and the work which chemists can do in preventing the great annual fire losses. If Niagara Falls ran coal instead of water, how long do you suppose it would be maintained for the sake of a spectacle, and yet great obstacles have been placed in the way of the chemical engineer who would utilise Niagara's energy more fully than at present without seriously endangering the spectacle." Dr. LITTLE, on another occasion, discussed the dyestuff situation :- "Roughly speaking 75 per cent of the dye-stuffs needed are made in this country, and of this three-quarters, some are made in such excess that a considerable export trade is carried on with friendly countries, especially England. "Of others needed there is a shortage, and this is serious in such basic colours as magenta, methylene blue, auramine, methyl violet, and a few more. The prices of many of them are way up, which has lured into the business a number of minor concerns in which the art is lacking to secure adequate yields. Some also are under incomplete chemieal control, and they fail to purify their materials properly. This is incidental to pressing need and hasty establishment which the whip of time will correct. On the other hand, the very highest praise should be awarded to the conscientious manufacturers who have strained every nerve to meet the country's needs, often at the expense of profit. "We have then three-quarters of the dye-stuffs needed, some aplenty and others scarce. In regard to quality, American-inade dyes are the same as German dyes, only there are not so many of them. If some small makers are still short in their yields the loss is theirs. If they do not purify their materials enough the defect is more likely to be in shade than in fastness. This is a complete catalogue of the defects of American-made dyes and it does not apply to the products of the important makers. Nevertheless, dyers have been sorely put to it. They have had to use one material when they wanted another, and the substitutions have often been unhappy. They have also been compelled to relearn the art of using dyewoods for many purposes which are new to the present generation, and this is not to be learned in a day. The trouble, however, has principally come from the makeshift substi tution of wrong materia's for the right ones, because the right ones are lacking. The colours themselves are the standard articles whether made in Germany, France, Switzerland, England, or here. And missing and scarce products are coming upon the market as agreeable surprises at short intervals." H. GARDNER MCKERROW dwelt also upon the same topic : "In point of quality American colours will, for the most part, compare well with the best imported colours. Both as regards brilliancy, fastness to washing and light, and general wearing qualities, the new styles are fully equal to the well known German type, as indeed there is no reason why they should not be, for the making of a dyestuff is, given the requisite intermediates of good quality, simply the following out of a fixed formula and the carrying out of certain prescribed successive steps. NOTICES OF BOOKS. The Training and Work of the Chemical Engineer. London: The Faraday Society. Pp. 60. Price 3s. 6d. THIS pamphlet contains a full report of a general discussion held by the Faraday Society, and is reprinted from the Transactions, vol. xiii., September, 1017. The introductory address was delivered by the Chairman, Sir Robert Hadfield, F.R.S., and various aspects of the subject were put before the audience in papers by Sir George Beilby, who opened the discussion, Prof. F. G. Donnan, and others. Schemes of work were outlined in these papers, and many criticisms and suggestions were made. Many eminent men took part in the proceedings, and stress was laid upon the need for reforms in our educational system, beginning at the bottom. The consensus of opinion was decidedly in favour of adequate training in both chemistry and engineering, and in giving students access to works where they may learn how to understand and handle men. It is looked upon as essential that men of large scale practice should help in teaching and managing at the Universities, and that University laboratories should have possibilities of teaching students to carry out chemical processes on the scale of a small experimental plant. MISCELLANEOUS. Le Cercle de la Chimie.-A society entitled Le Cercle de la Chimie has recently been founded in Paris, the offices being situated at 54, Rue de Turbige, Paris, 3e. The obect of the society is the bringing together of chemists, engineers, manufacturers of chemical products, &c., to enable them to discuss matters of common interest, and to keep themselves informed of the developments of science, and in particular of the chemical industries in France. The Revue des Produits Chimiques, published at the above address, will be the official organ of the Society. NOTES AND QUERIES. * Our Notes and Queries column was opened for the purpose of giving and obtaining information likely to be of use to our readers generally. We cannot undertake to let this column be the means of transmitting merely private information, or such trade notices as should legitimately come in the advertisement columns. Books Required (Reply to S. K.).-It is highly improbable that the volumes can be purchased at the present time. If, however, S. K. is a Fellow of the Chemical Society he would be able to borrow them from the Library under the customary regulations.-F. W. C. "The industry is well established, and there is no longer any fear of a shortage of dye-stuffs, or a shutting down of factories on an account of an absence of colours, and the new fashions are showing as much variety and brilliancy of shade as ever. It is true that some of the more delicate and fancy shades are not yet obtainable in American-made dyes, and it may be some time before these are forthcoming, for the simple economic reason that they are used in comparatively small quantities and only by certain specialised industries, such as certain kinds of silk manufacture. Doubtless these specialised manufacturers feel themselves aggrieved because their needs are not among those which have been filled, and are inclined to say dyestuff manufacturers, like all others engaged in undertakings which are primarily expected to be profitable, will naturally tend to produce those commoditfes which are in the most general demand and in the largest use. Whether our newest addition to the industrial accomplishments of the country continues to live and thrive after the war is MONDAY, over, and when, presumably, we shall meet with the desperate competition of interests which are struggling to save for themselves the remnants of trade life which have been left to them, depends on two things - a proper degree of protection against dumping and undervaluations of imports, and an earnest and patriotic co-operation on the part of our manufacturers and colour users themselves." MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK (Cantor Lecture) "High Temperature Processes and Products," by C. R. Darling. TUESDAY, 29th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Palestine and MesopotamiaDiscovery, Past, and Future," by Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie. 28th.-Royal Society of Arts, 4.30. WEDNESDAY, 30th.-Royal Society of Arts, 4.30. "The Manufacture THURSDAY, 31st.-Royal Institution, 3. "Illusions of the Atmosphere FRIDAY, Feb. SATURDAY, Royal Society. "The Growth of Trees," by A. Mallock. "Action of Light Rays on Organic Compounds and the Photo-synthesis of Organic from Inorganic Compounds in presence of Inorganic Colloids," by B. Moore and T. A. Webster. "Isolation and Serological Differentiation of Bacillus tetani," Capt. W. J. Tulloch. "Investigation into the Periodicity of Measles Epidemics in the different Districts of London for the Years 1890-1912," by J. Brownlee. 1st.-Royal Institution, 5.30. "Gravitation and the Principle of Relativity," by Prof. A. S. Eddington. "The Ethics of the War," by 2nd.-Royal Institution, 3. M. P. H. Loyson. |