§ 3.

RELATION OF CHURCH HISTORY TO OTHER HISTORICAL STUDIES.

2

Ecclesiastical history forms a part of the general history of culture1 and of religion, and requires attention to other departments of study, that we may judge rightly of the importance of Christianity in relation to general culture, and of its contests with other religions. It is scientifically co-ordinate with political history, the history of philosophy, and the history of literature, with which it stands in so close relationship, that, to be fully understood, it can as little dispense with their aid as they can dispense with it. Besides, it requires, as other histor

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1 J. G. Herder's Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte d. Menschheit. Riga u. Leipzig. 1784-91. 4 Thle. 8. J. G. Gruber's Gesch. des Menschl. Geschlechts a. d. Gesichtspunkte der Humanität. Leipzig. 1806, 7. 2 Bde. 8.

2 Bernh. Picard Cérémonies et Coutumes Religieuses de tous les peuples du monde. Amsterd. 1723–53. 9 vols. fol. F. H. St. Delaunaye Histoire générale et particulière des Religions et du Culte de tous les peuples du monde. Paris. 1791. 2 T. 4. Ch. Meiners Allg. Krit. Geschichte der Religionen. Hannover. 1806, 7. 2 Bde. 8. F. Mayer Gesch. aller Religionen, als Mythologisches Taschenbuch. Weimar. 1811. 8.

3 Universal History, 60 vols. 8vo. London. 1747-63. Translated into German by Baumgarten and Semler, and continued by a society of learned men in Germany and England (A. L. Schloezer, L. A. Gebhardi, E. Tozen, J. G. Meusel, J. F. Le Bret, F. Rühs, and others). 1771-1810. A collection of explanatory writings and additions to the Universal History was published at Halle, 1747-65, in 6 Theile 4to.

History of the European States, published by A..H. L. Heeren and F. A. Ukert. Hamburg. 1829, ff. Up to the present time have appeared-History of the Germans, by J. C. Pfister, 5 vols.; of the Austrian empire, by J. Count Mailath, 5 vols.; of the Prussian empire, by G. A. H. Stenzel, 5 vols.; Saxony, by C. W. Boettiger, 2 vols.; Portugal, by H. Schaefer, 5 vols.; Spain, by F. W. Lembke, 1 vol.; France, by E. Al. Schmidt, 4 vols.; France in the time of the Revolution, by W. Wachsmuth. 4 vols.; Italy, by H. Leo, 5 vols.; England, by J. M. Lappenberg, 2 vols.; the Netherlands, by Van Kampen, 2 vols.; Denmark, by F. C. Dahlmann, 3 vols.; Sweden, by E. G. Geijer, 3 vols.; Poland, by R. Röpell, 2 vol.; Russia, by Ph. Strahl, 2 vols.; the Osmans, by Zinkeisen, 1 vol. C. F. Schlosser's Weltgeschichte in zusammenhängender Erzählung, 4 volumes are already published in seven parts (down to the year 1409). Frankf. on the Maine, 1815–

41. 8vo.

4 Jac. Bruckeri Historia Critica Philosophiae. Lips. 1741-67. 6 Bde. 4. D. Tiedemanns's Geist der Speculativen Philosophie. Marb. 1791–97. 6 Bde. 8. J. G. Buhle's Lehrbuch der Gesch. der Philosophie. Gött. 1796-1804. Gött. 1796-1804. 8 Thle. 8. The same author's Gesch. der neuern Philosophie seit der Epoche d. Wiederherstellung d. Wissensch. Ebend. 1800-5. 6 Bde. 8. W. G. Tennemann's Gesch. d. Philosophie. Leipzig. 17981820. 11 Bde. 8. H. Ritter's Gesch. der Philosophie. (Th. 5 u. 12. Gesch. der Christl. Philosophie.) Hamburg. 2te Aufl. 1837-1854.

5 L. Wachler's Allgem. Gesch. der Literatur. 3te Umarbeitung. Frankf. a. M. 1833. 4 Thle. gr. 8.

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ical studies do, historical geography, chronology," philology," diplomatics, numismatics, heraldry, and derives special assistance from ecclesiastical geography and statistics.1o

For this the following are useful:-Chr. Kruse's Atlas zur Gesch. aller Europ. Länder u. Staaten von ihrer ersten Bevölkerung an bis auf die neuesten Zeiten. 6te Ausg. Halle. Hfte. fol. K. v. Spruner's Historisch-Geographischer Handatlas. Gotha. 1837, ff. bis jetzt 6 Lieferungen in 47 Charten.

1841.

7 The general works on chronology: J. Ch. Gatterer's Abrisz der Chronologie. Göttingen. 1777. 8. L'Art de vérifier les Dates des Faits Historiques, &c., par un religieux Bénédictin. Paris. 1750. 3 Thle. 4. In the latest edition it appeared par M. Viton de Saint-Alais in two parts; L'Art, &c. avant l'ère Chrétienne, 5 Tomes; L'Art, &c. depuis la Naissance de notre Seigneur, 18 Tomes. Paris. 1818 u. 19. 8. Dr. L. Ideler's Handbuch der mathemat. u. technischen Chronologie. 2 Bde. Berlin. 1825, 26. The same author's Lehrbuch der Chronologie. Ebend. 1831. Dr. Ed. Brinckmeier's prakt. Handbuch der Histor. Chronologie. Leipzig. 1843.

In addition to the well-known chronological distinctions ab urbe condita, according to the consuls, emperors, &c., the following eras are important in church history. Aera contractionum or Seleucidarum, beginning B.C. 312, 1st October, formerly the most common in the east, and to this day the ecclesiastical era of the Syrian Christians. Aera Hispanica begins 716 A.U.C., 38 B.C., abolished in Spain in the fourteenth century, in Portugal not until 1415. Aera Diocletiana or aera Martyrum, begins 29th August, A.D. 284, used in the Christian Roman empire, and still current among the Copts. Cyclus indictionum, a fifteen years' cycle constantly recurring, which first began on the 1st September, 312, but in the middle ages assumed the usual commencement of the year. Aera Constantinopolitana reckons after the creation of the world, the 1st September, 5508 B.C., since the council of Trulla (692), in civil use among the Greeks, among the Russians abolished in 1700. Besides the different commencements of the year must be noticed in the reckoning of time. Comp. Ideler's Handbuch ii. 325, ff.

8 For the later Greek and Latin generally: C. du Fresne Glossarium ad Scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis. Lugd. 1688. 2 Tom. fol. C. du Fresne Glossar. ad Scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis. Edit. nova operâ et stud. Monachorum ord. S. Bened. Paris. 1733-36. 6 voll. fol. P. Carpentier Glossar. novum ad Scriptores med. aevi cum Latinos tum Gallicos. Paris. 1766. 4 voll. fol. Glossar. manuale ad Scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis, (by J. C. Adelung.) Hal. 1772-84. 6 voll. 8. Here also belong all glossaries for the dialects of the middle ages. As every department of life and science has its peculiar ideas and expressions, so in like manner the Christian church. For this ecclesiastical and theological terminology, which can not, indeed, fitly lay the foundation of an ecclesiastical philology as a peculiar study, comp. J. C. Suiceri Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus e patribus Graecis. Second edition. Amsterd. 1728. 2 vols. fol. C. L. Baueri Glossarium Theodoreteum, appended to Schulz's edition of Theodoret (Halle. 1774), and Index latinitatis Tertullianeae, by Schütz and Windorf, annexed to Semler's edition of Tertullian (Halle. 1776).

9 General works on Diplomatics : J. Mabillon De Re Diplomatica, ed. 2. Paris. 1709. Supplem. 1704. Nouveau Traité de Diplomatique par deux relig. Bénédictins de la Congr. de St. Maur. (Toustain et Tassin.) Paris. 1750-65. 6 voll. 4. Gatterer's Abriss der Diplomatik. Gött. 1798.8. K. T. G. Schönemann's Vollständiges System der Allgemeinen Diplomatik. Hamb. 1801. 2 Bde. 8.

10 Caroli a S. Paulo Geographia Sacra s. notitia antiqua dioeceseon omnium veteris ecclesiae, cur. J. Clerico. Amstel. 1703. fol. Fr. Spanhemii Geograph. Sacra et Eccles. (Opp. T. i. Lugd. Bat. 1701.) Bingham Origg. Eccl. lib. ix. For later times: K. F Stäudlin's Kirchl. Geographie u. Statistik. Tübingen. 1804. 2 Thle. 8. Kirchl. Statistik von Dr. Jul. Wiggers. 2 Bde. Hamburg u. Gotha. 1842.

Atlas Antiquus Sacer, ecclesiasticus et profanus, collectus ex tabulis geographicis Nic.

$ 4.

OF THE SOURCES OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.

The sources of ecclesiastical history, like those of every other history, may be traced back to private testimony, original documents, and monuments. To the first belong not only the records of ecclesiastical events which are original to us,1 and biographies of remarkable persons in the history of Christianity, particularly of hierarchs and saints, but also other works of Christian writers, especially the theological, and even many

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Sansonis. Tabulas emendavit J. Clericus. Amstel. 1705. fol. Atlas Sacer s. Ecclesiasticus descriptus a J. E. Th. Wiltsch. Gotha. 1843. fol.

1 Literary History of Ecclesiastical History, see C. Sagittarii Introductio in Historiam Ecclesiasticam. Jenae. 1718. Tom. i. 4, with the supplements in Tom. ii. (curante J. A. Schmidio, 1718, p. 1-706.) Ch. W. F. Walch's Grundsätze der zur Kirchenhistorie des N. T. nöthigen Vorbereitungslehren u. Bücherkenntniss. Gött. 1773. 8. Schröckh's Kirchengesch. Bd. 1. S. 141, ft. C. F. Stäudlin's Geschichte u. Literatur der Kirchengesch. herausgeg. v. J. T. Hemsen. Hannover. 1827. 8. Comp. the works about to be quoted in Note 4 below.

2 Especially of the popes. The oldest collection of the biographies of them is Anastasii Bibliothecarii (abbot in Rome about 870) Liber Pontificalis. This, together with the following collections, has been inserted in Muratorii Rerum Ital. Scriptores, T. iii.

3 Existing in great numbers, but only to be used with great caution. Acta Sanctorum, quotquot toto orbe coluntur. Antverp. 1643-1794. 53 vols. fol. A work of the Antwerp Jesuits-Jo. Bolland (he began it; hence the publishers are called Bollandists), God. Henschenius, Dan. Papebrochius, &c., arranged according to the days of the month. The 53d volume contains the 6th of October. The apparatus collected for the work, which was long unknown, to which alone about 700 MSS. belong, came to Brussels from the abbey Tongerloo, in the Bibliothèque de Bourgogne. Since 1839 the Jesuits have been working upon the continuation in Tongerloo at the expense of the Belgian government. De Prosecutione Operis Bollandiani, quod Acta Sanctorum inscribitur. Namur. 1838. 8.

Mémoire sur les Bollandistes par M. Gachard, in the Messager des Sciences et des arts de la Belgique. T. iii. (Gand. 1835), p. 200. On the history of the Bollandists, see what is written in the Bonn. Zeitschrift für Philos. u. kath. Theol. Heft. 17. S. 245, ff. Heft. 20. S. 235, ff.

4 Literary collections relating to the fathers: Nouvelle Bibliothèque des Auteurs Ecclésiastiques, par L. Ellies du Pin. Paris. 1686-1714. gr. 8, with the continuations: Bibliothèque des Auteurs séparés de la Communion de l'Eglise Romaine, du 16 et 17 siècle par Ell. du Pin. Paris, 1718-19. 2 vols., and the Bibliothèque des Aut. Eccles. du 18 siècle, par Claude Pierre Goujet. Paris. 1736-37. 3 vols. gr. 8. Comp. Remarques sur la Biblioth. de M. du Pin par Matthieu Petitdidier. Paris. 1691, ss. 3 Tom. 8, and Critique de la Biblioth. de M. du Pin, par Rich. Simon. Paris. 1730. 4 Tom. 8.

Histoire des Auteurs Sacrés et Ecclésiastiques, par R. Ceillier. Paris. 1729, ff. 24 Thle 4 (reaching to the thirteenth century). W. Cave, Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria. Oxon. 1740. Basil. 1741. 2 voll. fol. (to the Reformation). Casp. Oudini Commentarius de Scriptoribus Ecclesiast. Antiquis. Lips. 1722. 3 voll. fol. (to the year 1460). J. A. Möhler's Patrologie, herausgegeben v. Reithmayer. Bd. 1. Regensburg,

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INTRODUCTION. § 4. SOURCES OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.

writings proceeding from persons not Christians, who came in contact with Christians.

Among the original documents the following must be particularly examined: the laws of different states, as far as they have exerted an influence on the Christian church, or have themselves arisen under the influences of the church itself; the acts and ordinances of ecclesiastical councils; the officiał writings of the heads of churches, especially of the popes; the rules of monastic orders; confessions of faith, liturgies, &c." Monuments are ecclesiastical buildings, monuments of the dead,

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1840. J. Chr. F. Bähr die christl. römische Theologie. Carlsruhe. 1837, and his Gesch. de römischen Literatur im karolingischen Zeitalter, 1840 (a second and third supplementary volume, to his History of Roman Literature).

J. A. Fabricii Bibliotheca Ecclesiastica. Hamb. 1718. fol. Ejusd. Biblioth. Latina mediae et infimae Aetatis. Hamb. 1734-46. 6 vols. 8 (enlarged by Mansi. Patav. 1754. 3 vols. 4), also Fabricii Biblioth. Graeca (Hamb. 1705, ss. voll. xiv. 4, ed. nova variorum curis emendatior curante G. Ch. Harless. Hamb. 1790-1809. vol. xii. 4, incomplete), and Biblioth. Latina (ed. 4. Hamb. 1722. 3 Tomi. 8. auct. ed. J. A. Ernesti. Lips. 1773, 74. 3 Tom. 8), contain accounts of ecclesiastical authors. A Supplement to the last work is presented in C. T. G. Schoenemanni Biblioth. Hist. Literaria Patrum Latin. a Tertullianc usque ad Gregor. M. Tomi ii. Lips. 1792, 94. 8.

Patres ecclesiae are, in the opinion of Catholics, the orthodox ecclesiastical writers as far as the thirteenth century (these, however, are not of normal authority, like the Doctores Ecclesiae, Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, Gregory the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and Bonaventura). Protestants usually restrict the appellation to the first six centuries, as the purer period of the church. The works of the fathers not included in separate collections are found in the large collections, such as: Magna Bibliotheca vett. Patrum. Paris. 1654. 17 Tomi. fol. Maxima Bibliotheca vett. Patrum. Lugdun. 1677. 27 Tomi. fol. Andr. Gallandii Biblioth. vett. Patrum. Venetiis. 1765, ss. 14 Tomi. fol.

5 Chr. W. F. Waleh Entwurf einer Vollständigen Geschichte der Kirchenversamm lungen. Leipzig. 1759. 8. Sagittarianae Introductionis in Histor. Eccl. Tom. ii. curante J. A. Schmidio (Jenae. 1718), p. 707.

Collections of the proceedings of general councils: Conciliorum omnium collectio Regia.. Paris. 1644. 37 vols. fol. Sacrosancta Concilia-stud. Ph. Labbei et Gab. Cossarti. Paris. 1672. 18 vols. fol. (with a supplementary volume by Baluzius. Paris. 1683). Conciliorum collectio Regia maxima stud. J. Harduini. Paris. 1715. 12 vols. fol. Sacrosancta Concilia curante Nicol. Coleti. Venet. 1728, ss. 23 vols. fol. (with the supplementum, by J. Dom. Mansi. Lucae. 1748. 6 vols. fol.) Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Cur. J. D. Mansi. Florent. et Venet. 1759, ss. 31 vols. fol., extending to 1509.

6 Bullarium Romanum. Luxemb. 1727. 19 vols. fol. Ballarium amplissima collectio op. Car. Coquelines, from the seventh volume onward, with the title, Bullarium Romanum s. novissima collectio Apostolicarum Constitutionum. Romae. 1739, ss. 14 Tomi in 28 Partt. fol., with the continuation, Bullarium Magnum Romanum Summorum Pontificum Clementis XIII. et XIV., Pii VI. et VII., Leonis XII., et Pii VIII. Romae. 1833, ss. 89 fasc. fol.

↑ Lucae Holstenii Codex Regularum Monasticarum. (Rom. 1661. 3 voll. 4), auctus a Mar. Brockie. Aug. Vind. 1759. 6 voll. fol.

8 J. A. Assemani Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiae Universae. Rom. 1749. 13 voll. 4. L. A. Muratorii Liturgia Romana vetus. Venet. 1748. 2 voll. fol. Eus. Renaudot Liturgiarum Orientalium Collectio. Paris. 1716. 2 volk. 4.

stone inscriptions, and other works which art has produced in the service of the church.

$5.

USE OF THE SOURCES.

The object of investigations in church history is to reproduce, directly from the original sources, the facts belonging to the sphere of the church, in its external and internal life, in their manifestations as well as their grounds, and also in their causal connections. For this purpose the historian requires not only a penetrating and unbiased interpretation of the sources which present themselves, but also historical criticism, to enable him to judge of the genuineness, integrity, and credibility of the sources, not only in general, but in each particular case.1

This criticism must be the more watchful, since distortions of historical truth frequently appear in the province of ecclesiastical history, produced by credulity and ignorance, by prejudice and partisanship, by the desire to adapt it to certain ends, and even by deceit. In those cases in which the sources afford nothing at all, or what is false, relative either to single facts or their causal connection, the inquirer must have recourse to historical conjectures, whose probability may border very nearly on truth, but often, perhaps, may rise very little above other possibilities. In forming such historical conjectures, he must be guided by a careful consideration of existing relations, of the character of the period and persons, by analogy, and even by the false data of the sources. The ecclesiastical historian must renounce party interest, as well as prejudices arising from the peculiarities of his time. On the other hand, he can not penetrate into the in ternal character of the phenomena of church history without a Christian religious spirit, because one can not generally comprehend aright any strange spiritual phenomenon without reproducing it in himself. It is only investigation of this nature that can discover where the Christian spirit is entirely wanting,

1 Ernesti de fide historica recte aestimanda (in his Opusculis Philologico-Criticis, ed. 2. Lugd. Bat. 1776. p. 64, ss.) Griesbachii Diss. de fide hist. ex ipsa rerum quae narrantur natura judicanda (in his Opusc. Acad. ed Gabler. Jenae. 1824. vol. i. p. 167, ss.)