conspicuous place in the Greek mythology. (Vid. Herculis Columna, and Mediterraneum Mare-II. A city of Palestine, 12 miles east of Gadara (Euseb. v. 'Abe 'AμTév). Ptolemy is supposed to refer to it under the name Abida, an error probably of copyists. (Mannert, 6, 1, 323.)—III. A city of Calesyria, now Bellinas, in a mountainous country, about 18 miles north-ine one seems to have been Casci or Cassei (Saufeius west of Damascus. Ptolemy gives it the common name 'Abiha. Josephus calls it 'A6e2a, and also 'Abehuaxea, the latter coming from the Hebrew name Abel Beth Maacha, or Malacha (Reland, Palest., 520). ABILENE, a district of Coelesyria. (Vid. Abila III.) ABISĂRES. Vid. Supplement. ABITIANUS. Vid. Supplement. ARLABIUS. Vid. Supplement.

marked, blending with a remnant of the Siculi, sprang the nation of the Latins; and between Saturn and the time assigned for the Trojan settlement, only three kings of the Aborigines are enumerated, Picus, Faunus, and Latinus. (Niebuhr, Rom. Hist. 1, 62, Cambr.) As to the name of this early race, the old and genuin Serv. ad En. 1, 10); and the appellation of Aborigines was only given them by the later Roman writers. (Heyne, Excurs. 4, ad En. 7.) Cluver, and others, have maintained the identity of the Aborigines and Pelasgi, a position first assumed by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Mannert (9, 436) thinks, that the Pelasgi were a distinct race, who, on their arrival in Italy, united with the people in question, and that both became gradually blended into one race, the Etrurian. Some are in favour of writing Aberrigines, and refer to the authority of Festus, who so styles them as having been wanderers (ab, erro), when they took possession of that part of the country where they subsequently dwelt. In this Festus is supported by the author of the Origin of the Romans, but the opinion is an incorrect one.

ABORRAS. Vid. Chaboras.

ABNOBA, according to Ptolemy (2, 11), a chain of mountains in Germany, which commenced on the banks of the Monus, now Mayne, and, running between what are now Hesse and Westphalia, terminated in the present Duchy of Paderborn. Out of the northeastern part of this range, springs, according to the same authority, the Amisus, now Ems. Subsequent writers, however, seem to have limited the name Abnoba to that portion of the Black Forest where the Danube commences its course, and in this sense the term is used by Tacitus. A stone altar, with ABNOBA inscribed, was discovered in the Black Forest in 1778; and in 1784, a pedestal of white marble was found in the Duchy of Baden, bearing the words DIANAE ABNOBAE. These remains of antiquity, besides tending to designate more precisely the situation of the ancient Mons Abnoba, settle also the orthography of the name, which some commentators incorrectly write Arnoba. (Compare La Germanie de Tacite, par Panckouke, p. 4, and the Atlas, Planche deuxième.) ABONITICHOS, a small town and harbour of Paphla-posed to coincide with Avranches (D'An Geogr. Anc gonia, southeast of the promontory Carambis. It was the birthplace of an impostor, who assumed the character of Esculapius. Lucian (Pseud. 58) states, that he petitioned the Roman emperor to change the name of his native city to Ionopolis, and that the request of the impostor was actually granted. The modern name Ineboli is only a corruption of Ionopolis. (Marcian, Peripl., p. 72.—Steph. B.)

ABRADATAS, king of Susa, who submitted, with his army, to Cyrus, when he learned that his wife Panthea, who had been made prisoner by the latter, was treated by him with great kindness and humanity. He was subsequently slain in fighting for Cyrus. wife, unable to survive his loss, slew herself upon his corpse. Cyrus erected a monument to their memory. (Xen. Cyrop. 5, 6, &c.)

His

ABRINCATUI, a nation of Gaul, situate, according to the common opinion, on the western coast, north of the Liger, or Loire, and whose capital, Ingena, is sup

Cellar. Geogr. Ant. 1, 161, Schw.). If we follow Ptolemy, this people rather seem to have occupied what would now correspond to a part of Eastern Normandy, in the district of Ouche, and stretching from the vicinity of the Rille to the banks of the Seine (Mannert, 2, 167).

ABRO, I. an Athenian, who wrote on the festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. His work is lost. (Steph. B. s. v. Bárn.)—II. A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome in the reign of Augus tus. He was a pupil of Tryphon. (Suid. s. v.)—III. A grammarian, who wrote a treatise on Theocritus, now lost.-IV. An Athenian, son of the orator Lycur gus. (Plut. Vit. X. Orat.)-V. An Argive of most luxurious and dissolute life, who gave rise to the proverb, "Abpwvos ẞíos (Abronis vita). (Erasm. Chil. p. 487.)

ABORIGINES, a name given by the Roman writers to the primitive race, who, blending with the Siculi, founded subsequently the nation of the Latins. The name is equivalent to the Greek avróx@oves, as indicating an indigenous race. According to the most credible traditions, they dwelt originally around Mount Velino, and the Lake Fucinus, now Celano, extending as far as Carseoli, and towards Reate. This was Cato's account (Dionys. H. 2, 49); and if Varro, who enumerated the towns they had possessed in those parts (Id. 1, 14), was not imposed on, not only were the sites of these towns distinctly preserved, as well as their names, but also other information, such as writings alone can transmit through centuries. Their capital, Lista, was lost by surprise; and exertions of many years to recover it, by expeditions from Reate, proved fruitless. Withdrawing from that district, they came down the Anio; and even at Tibur, Antemnæ, Ficulea, Tellena, and farther on at Crustumerium and Aricia, they found Siculi, whom they subdued or expelled. The Aborigines are depicted by Sallust and Virgil as savages living in hordes, without Inanners, law, or agriculture, on the produce of the chase, and on wild fruits. This, however, does not agree with the traces of their towns in the Apen-a nines; but the whole account was, perhaps, little else than an ancient speculation on the progress of mankind from rudeness to civilization. The Aborigines are said to have revered Janus and Saturn. The latter taught them husbandry, and induced them to choose settled habitations, as the founders of a better way of life. From this ancient race, as has already been re

ABROCOMAS, I. a son of Darius, by Phrataguna, daughter of Otanes. He accompanied Xerxes in his Grecian expedition, and was slain at Thermopyla. (Herod. 7, 224.)-II. A satrap. (Vid. Suppleinent.) ABRON or HABRON. Vid. Supplement.

ABRONIUS, Silo, a Latin poet of the Augustan age, and the pupil of Porcius Latro. He wrote some fables, now lost. (Senec. Suasor. 2, 23.) Vossius says there were two of this name, father and son.

ABRONYCHUS. Vid. Supplement.

ABROSTOLA, a town of Galatia, on the frontiers of Phrygia, and, according to the Itinerary, twenty-four miles from Pessinus. It is recognised by Ptolemy (p. 120), who assigns it to Phrygia Magna. ABROTA, the wife of Nisus, king of Megaris. As memorial of her private virtues, Nisus, after her death, ordered the garments which she wore to become models of female attire in his kingdom. Hence, according to Plutarch, the name of the Megarian robe ȧpúbpwua. (Quest. Græc. p. 294.)

ABROTONUM, a town of Africa, near the Syrtis Mnor, and identical with Sabrata. (Vid. Sabrata.) ABSINTHII. Vid. Apsynthii.

ABSYETIDES, islands at the head of the Adriatic, in the Sinus Flanaticus, Gulf of Quarnero; named, as tradition reported, from Absyrtus the brother of Medea, who, according to one account, was killed here. (Hygin. 23.-Strabo,315.-Mela, 2, 7.-Pliny, 3, 26.) Apollonius Rhodius (4, 330) calls them Brygeïdes, and states (v. 470) that there was in one of the group a temple erected to the Brygian Diana. Probably the name given to these islands was a corruption of some real apellation, which, though unconnected with the fable, still, from similarity of sound, induced the poets to connect it with the name of Medea's brother. The principal island is Absorus, with a town of the same name. (Ptol. 63.) These four islands are, in modern geography, Cherso, Osero (the ancient Absorus), Ferosina, Chao. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, 1, 137.) ABSYRTOS, a river falling into the Adriatic Sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered. The more correct form of the name, however, would seem to have been Absyrtis, or, following the Greek, Apsyrtis | (Ayupric). Consult Grotius and Corte, ad Luc. Pharsal. 3, 190.

ABSYRTUS (AUρroç), a son of Æetes, and brother of Medea. According to the Orphic Argonautica (v. 1027), Absyrtus was despatched by his father with a large force in pursuit of Jason and Medea, when their flight was discovered. Medea, on the point of falling into the hands of the young prince, deceived him by a stratagem, and the Argonauts, having slain him, cast his body into the sea. The corpse, floating about for some time, was at last thrown up on one of the islands, thence called Absyrtides. According to Apollonius Rhodius (4, 207), Ábsyrtus, having reached the Adriatic before the Argonauts, waited there to give them battle. Mutual fear, however, brought about a treaty, by which the Argonauts were to retain the fleece, but Medea was to be placed in one of the neighbouring islands, until some monarch should decide whether she ought to accompany Jason, or return with her brother. Medea, accordingly, was placed on an island sacred to Diana, and the young prince, by treacherous promises, was induced to meet his sister by night in order to persuade her to return. In the midst of their conference he was attacked and slain by Jason, who lay concealed near the spot, and had concerted this scheme in accordance with the wishes of Medea. The body was interred in the island. Both these accounts differ from the common one, which makes Medea to have taken her brother with her in her flight, and to have torn him in pieces to stop her father's pursuit, scattering the limbs of the young prince on the probable route of her parent. This last account makes the murder of Absyrtus to have taken place near Tomi, on the Euxine, and hence the name given to that city, from the Greek roun, sectio; just as Absyrtus, or Apsyrtus, is said to have been so called from dró and cupw. (Hygin. 23.-Apollod. 1, 9, 24.-Cic. N. D. 3, 19.-Ovid, Trist. 3, 9, 11.Heyne, ad Apollod. I. c.) According to the Orphic Poem, Absyrtus was killed on the banks of the Phasis, in Colchis.

ABULITES. Vid. Supplement.
ABURIA GENS. Vid. Supplement.
ABURNUS VALENS. Vid. Supplement.

Asus, a river of Britain, now the Humber. Camden (Brit., p. 634) derives the ancient name from the old British word Aber, denoting the mouth of a river, or an estuary. The appellation will suit the Humber extremely well, as it is rendered a broad estuary by the waters of the Ouse.

ABYDENOS, I. a pupil of Berosus, flourished 268 B.C. He wrote in Greek an historial account of the Chaldeans, Babylonians, and Assyrians, some fragments of which have been preserved for us by Eusebius, Cyrill, and Syncellus. An important fragment, which clears up some difficulties in Assyrian history,

has been discovered in the Armenian translation of the Chronicon of Eusebius.—II. A surname of Palæphatus. (Vid. Palæphatus, IV.)

ABYDOS, 1. a celebrated city of Upper Egypt, northwest of Diospolis Parva. Strabo (813) describes it as once next to Thebes in size, though reduced in his days to a small place. The same writer mentions the palace of Memnon in this city, built on the plan of the labyrinth, though less intricate. Osiris had here a splendid temple, in which neither vocal nor instrumental music was allowed at the commencement of sacrifices. Plutarch (de Is. et Os. 359, 471, Wytt.) makes this the true burial-place of Osiris, an honour to which so many cities of Egypt aspired; he also informs us that the more distinguished Egyptians frequently selected Abydos for a place of sepulture. (Zoëga, de Obel. 284.—Creuzer's Comment. Herod. 1, 97.) All this proves the high antiquity of this city, and accounts for the consideration in which it was held. Ammianus Marcellinus states (19, 12) that there was a very ancient oracle of the god Besa in this place, to which applications were wont to be made orally and in writing. (Compare Euseb. H. E. 6, 41.) Abydos is now a heap of ruins, as its modern name, Madfuné, implies. The ancient appellation has been made to signify, by the aid of the Coptic, "abode, or habitation, common to many." (Creuzer,l. c., 1, 100.)—II. An ancient city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, founded by the Thracians, and still inhabited by them after the Trojan war. Homer (Il. 2, 837) represents it as under the sway of prince Asius, a name associated with many of the earliest religious traditions of the ancient world (vid. Asia). At a later period the Milesians sent a strong colony to this place to aid their com merce with the shores of the Propontis and Euxine. (Strabo,591.--Thuc. 8, 62.) Abydos was directly on the Hellespont, in nearly the narrowest part of the strait. This, together with its strong walls and safe harbour, soon made it a place of importance. It is remarkable for its resistance against Philip the Younger, of Macedon, who finally took it, partly by force, partly by stratagem. (Polyb. 16, 31.) In this quarter, too, was laid the scene of the fable of Hero and Leander. Over against Abydos was the European town Sestos; not directly opposite, however, as the latter was somewhat to the north. The ruins of Abydos are still to be seen on a promontory of low land, called Nagara-Bornou, or Pesquies Point. (Hobhouse's Jour. 2, 217, Am. ed.) Wheeler has rectified in this particular the mistake of Sandys (Voyage, 1, 74), who supposed the modern castle of Natolia to be on the site of the ancient Abydos. The castles Chanak-Kalessi, or SultanicKalessi, on the Asiatic side, and Chelit-Bawri, or Kelidir-Bahar, on the European shore, are called by the Turks Bogaz-Hessarleri, and by the Franks the old castles of Natolia and Roumelia. The town of Chanàk-Kalessi, properly called Dardanelles, has extended its name to the strait itself (Hobhouse, 215). Over the strait between Abydos and Sestos, Xerxes caused two bridges to be erected when marching against Greece, and it was here that, seated on an eminence, where a throne had been erected for him, he surveyed his fleet, which covered the Hellespont, while the neighbouring plains swarmed with his innumerable troops. (Herod. 7, 44.) The intelligent traveller above quoted remarks: "The Thracian side of the strait, immediately opposite to Nagara, is a strip of stony shore, projecting from behind two cliffs; and to this spot, it seems, the European extremities of Xerxes' bridges must have been applied, for the height of the neighbouring cliffs would have prevented the Persian monarch from adjusting them to any other position. There is certainly some ground to believe, that this was the exact point of shore called from that circumstance Apobathra (Strabo, 591), since there'is, within any probable distance, no other flat land on the Thra

cian side, except at the bottom of deep bays, the choice of which would have doubled the width of the passage. Sestos was not opposite to the Asiatic town, nor was the Hellespont in this place called the Straits of Sestos and Abydos, but the Straits of Abydos. Sestos was so much nearer the Propontis than the other town, that the ports of the two places were 30 stadia, or more than 3 1-2 miles from each other. The bridges were on the Propontic side of Abydos, but on the opposite quarter of Sestos; that is to say, they were on the coasts between the two cities, but nearer to the first than to the last." (Hobhouse, l. c.) The ancient accounts make the strait in this quarter seven stadia, or 875 paces, broad, but to modern travellers it appears to be nowhere less than a mile

across.

ACACALLIS. Vid. Supplement.

ACACESIUM, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill called Acacesius, and lying near Lycosura, in the southwestern angle of the country. Mercury Acacesius was worshipped here (Paus. 8, 36). Some make the epithet equivalent to undɛvòç kakov mapaírios, nullius mali auctor, ranking Mercury among the dei averrunci (Spanh. ad Callim. H. in D. 143.—Heyne,ad Il. 16, 185).

ACACIUS, I. a disciple of Eusebius, bishop of Casarea, whom he succeeded in 338 or 340. He was surnamed Movóp0a2μoç (Luscus), and wrote a Life of Eusebius, not extant; 17 volumes of Commentaries on Ecclesiastes; and 6 volumes of Miscellanies. Acacius was the leader of the sect called Acacians, who denied the Son to be of the same substance as the Father. (Socr. Hist. 2, 4.-Epiph. Hær. 72-Fabr. Bibl. Gr. 5, 19.-Cave's Lit. Hist. 1, 206.)-II. A patriarch of Constantinople in 471, who established the superiority of his see over the eastern bishops. He was a favourite with the Emperor Zeno, who protected him against the pope. Two letters of his are extant, to Petrus Trullo, and Pope Simplicius. (Theodor. 5, 23.-Cave, 1, 417.)-III. A bishop of Bercea, assisted at the Council of Constantinople in 381. (Theodor. 5, 32.)—IV. A bishop of Melitene, in Armenia Minor, present at the Council of Ephesus in 431, and has left in the Councils (vol. 3) a Homily against Nestorius (Nicephor. 16, 17.--Cave 1, 417).-V. A bishop of Amida, distinguished for piety and charity in having sold church-plate, &c., to redeem 7000 Persian prisoners on the Tigris, in Mesopotamia. His death is commemorated in the Latin church on April 9th. (Socr. 7, 21.-Fabr. Bibl. Gr. 5, 19.)

Acicus. Vid. Supplement.

sense, Diogenes Laertius makes a threefold division of
the Academy, into the Old, the Middle, and the New.
At the head of the Old he puts Plato, at the head of
the Middle Academy, Arcesilaus, and of the New, La-
cydes. Sextus Empiricus enumerates five divisions of
the followers of Plato. He makes Plato founder of
the 1st Academy; Arcesilaus of the 2d; Carneades of
the 3d; Philo and Charmides of the 4th; Antiochus of
the 5th. Cicero recognises only two Academies, the
Old and New, and makes the latter commence as above
with Arcesilaus. In enumerating those of the Old
Academy, he begins, not with Plato, but Democritus,
and gives them in the following order: Democritus,
Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Parmenides, Xenophanes,
Socrates, Plato, Speusippus, Xenocrates, Polemo,
Crates, and Crantor. In the New, or Younger, he
mentions Arcesilaus, Lacydes, Evander, Hegesinus,
Carneades, Clitomachus, and Philo. (Acad. Quæst.
4, 5.) If we follow the distinction laid down by Di-
ogenes, and alluded to above, the Old Academy will
consist of those followers of Plato who taught the
doctrine of their master without mixture or corruption;
the Middle will embrace those who, by certain inno-
vations in the manner of philosophizing, in some meas-
ure receded from the Platonic system without entirely
deserting it; while the New will begin with those who
relinquished the more obnoxious tenets of Arcesilaus,
and restored, in some measure, the declining reputa-
tion of the Platonic school.-II. A Villa of Cicero
near Puteoli (Pliny, 31, 2). As to the quantity of the
penult in Academia, Forcellini (Lex. Tot. Lat.) makes
it common. Bailey cites Dr. Parr in favour of its being
always long in the best writers. Maltby (in Morell's
Thes.) gives 'Akadŋuía, and 'Akadημɛia. Hermann
(ad Aristoph. Nub. 1001) makes the penult of 'Araðŋμía
short by nature, but lengthened by the force of the ac-
cent, as the term was in common and frequent use.
(Compare the remarks of the same scholar, in his
work de Metris, p. 36, Glasg.)

ACADEMUS, an ancient hero, whom some identify with Cadmus. According to others (Plut. Thes. 32), he was an Athenian, who disclosed to Castor and Pollux the place where Theseus had secreted their sister Helen, after having carried her off from Sparta; and is said to have been highly honoured, on this account, by the Lacedæmonians. From him the garden of the Academia, presented to the people of Athens, is thought to have been named (vid." Academia).

ACALANDRUS, or ACALYNDRUS, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the Bay of Tarentum. Pliny (3, 2) places it to the north of Heraclea, but incorrectly, since, according to Strabo (283), it flowed in the vicinity of Thurii. The modern name, according to D'Anville, is the Salandrella; but, according to Mannert (9, 2, 231), the Roccanello.

ACAMANTIS, I. a name given to the island of Cyprus, from the promontory Acamas. (Steph. B.)-ÏI. An Athenian tribe.

ACADEMIA, a public garden or grove in the suburbs of Athens, about 6 stadia from the city, named from Academus or Hecademus, who left it to the citizens for gymnastics (Paus. 1, 29). It was surrounded with a wall by Hipparchus (Suid.); adorned with statues, temples, and sepulchres of illustrious men; planted with olive and plane trees; and watered by the Cephissus. The olive-trees, according to Athenian fables, were reared ACAMAS, I. a promontory of Cyprus, to the northfrom layers taken from the sacred olive in the Erech-west of Paphos. It is surmounted by two sugarloaf theum (Schol. Ed. Col. 730.-Paus. 1, 30), and af- summits, and the remarkable appearance which it thus forded the oil given as a prize to victors at the Pana- presents to navigators as they approach the island on thenæan festival (Schol. l. c.-Suid. v. Mopía) The this side, caused them, according to Pliny (5, 31), to Academy suffered severely during the siege of Athens give the name of Acamantis to the whole island.-II. by Sylla; many trees being cut down to supply tim- A son of Theseus and Phædra. He was deputed to ber for machines of war (Appian, B. M. 30). Few accompany Diomede, when the latter was sent to Troy retreats could be more favourable to philosophy and to demand Helen. During his stay at Troy he became the Muses. Within this enclosure Plato possessed, as the father of Munitus by Laodicea, one of the daughpart of his humble patrimony, a small garden, in which ters of Priam. He afterward went to the Trojan war, he opened a school for the reception of those inclined and was one of the warriors enclosed in the wooden to attend his instructions (Diog. L. Vit. Plat.). Hence horse. On his return to Athens, he gave name to the arose the Academic sect, and hence the term Academy tribe Acamantis. (Paus. 10, 26.—Quint. Sm. 12.— has descended, though shorn of many early honours, Hygin. 108.) even to our own times. The appellation Academia is frequently used in philosophical writings, especially in Cicero, as indicative of the Academic sect. In this

ACAMPSIS, a river of Colchis, running into the Euxine; the Greeks called it Acampsis from its impetuous course, which forbade approach to the shore, a, non,

Rápis, inflectio. This name more particularly applied to its mouth; the true appellation in the interior was Boas. (Arrian, Per. M. Eux. 119, Blanc.)

ACANTHUS, I. a city near Mt. Athos, founded by a colony of Andrians, on a small neck of land connecting the promontory of Athos with the continent. Strabo (Epit. 1. 7, 330) places it on the Singiticus Sinus, as does Ptolemy (p. 82), but Herodotus distinctly fixes it on the Strymonicus Sinus (6, 44; 7, 22), as well as Seymnus (v. 646) and Mela (2, 3), and their opinions must prevail against the two authors above mentioned. Mannert (7, 451) supposes the city to have been pla-ity against each other, a circumstance adverse to the ced on the Singiticus Sinus, the harbour on the Sinus Strymonicus. On the other hand, Gail (Geogr. d'Hérod. 2, 280.—Atlas, Ind. 2.-Anal. des Cartes, p. 21) makes two places of this name to have existed, one on the Strymonicus, the other on the Singiticus Sinus. Probably Erissos is the site of ancient Acanthus. Ptolemy speaks of a harbour named Panormus, probably its haven (p. 82.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, 1, 262.-Walpole's Collect. 1, 225.) The Persian fleet despatched under Mardonius, suffered severely in doubling the promontory of Athos; and Xerxes, to guard against a similar accident, caused a canal to be dug through the neck of land on which Acanthus was situated; through this his fleet was conducted. (Herod. 7, 22.) From the language of Juvenal (10, 173), and the general sarcasm of Pliny (5, 1, "portentosa Gracia mendacia"), many regard this account of the canal as a fable, invented by the Greeks to magnify the expedition of Xerxes, and thus increase their own renown. But vestiges of the canal were visible in the time of Ælian (H. A. 13, 20); modern travellers also discover traces of it (Choiseul-Gouffier, Voy. Pittoresque 2, 2, 148.-Walpole, l. c.)-II. A city of Egypt, the southernmost in the Memphitic Nome. Ptolemy gives it a plural form, probably from the thorny thickets in its vicinity, ukavbat: Strabo (809) adopts the singular form, as does also Diodorus Siculus (1,97). Ptolemy places this city 15 minutes distant from Memphis. It is the modern Dashur.

ACARNAN. Vid. Supplement.

ACARNANIA, a country of Greece Proper, along the western coast, having Etolia on the east. The natural boundary on the Etolian side was the Achelous, but it was not definitely regarded as the dividing limit until the period of the Roman dominion. (Strab. 450.) Acarnania was for the most part a productive country, with good harbours (Scylar 13). The inhabitants, however, were but little inclined to commercial intercourse with their neighbours; they were almost constantly engaged in war against the Etolians, and consequently remained far behind the rest of the Greeks in culture. Hence, too, we find scarcely any city of importance within their territories; for Anactorium and Leucas were founded by Corinthian colonies, and formed no part of the nation, though they engrossed nearly all its traffic. Not only Leucadia, indeed, but also Cephalenia, Ithaca, and other adjacent islands, were commonly regarded as a geographical portion of Acarnania, though, politically considered, they did not belong to it, being inhabited by a different race. (Mannert, 8, 33.) The Acarnanians and Etolians were descended from the same parent-stock of the Leleges or Curetes, though almost constantly at variance. The most important event for the Acarnanians was the arrival among them of Alemæon, son of Amphiaraus, who came with a band of Argive settlers a short time previous to the Trojan war, and united the inhabitants of the land and his own followers into one nation. His new territories were called Acarnania, and the people Acarnanians. The origin of the name Acarnania, however, is uncertain. It was apparently not used in the age of Homer, who is silent about it, though he mentions by name the Etolians, Curetes, the inhabitants of the Echinades, and the Teleboans

or Taphians. According to some, it was derived from
Acarnas, son of Alemæon (Strabo, 462.-Apollod. 3,
7, 7.-Thuc. 2, 102.-Paus. 8, 24). But the remark
just made relative to the silence of Homer about the
Acarnanes seems to oppose this. More likely the ap-
pellation was grounded on a custom, common to the
united race, of wearing the hair of the head cut very
short, ȧkaphs, a intens., and reípw, in imitation of the
Curetes, who cut their hair close in front, and allowed
it to grow long behind (vid. Abantes). The to-
lians and Acarnanians were in almost constant hostil-
idea of a common origin. It is curious, however, that
the Etolians appear to have had no other object in
view, in warring on their neighbours, than to compel
them to form with them one common league; which
they would scarcely have done towards persons of a
different race. (Mannert, 8, 46.) This constant and
mutual warfare so weakened the two countries event-
ually, that they both fell an easy prey to the Macedo-
nians, and afterward to the Romans. The latter peo-
ple, however, amused the Acarnanians in the outset
with a show of independence, declaring the country to
be free, but soon annexed it to the province of Epirus.
The dominion of the Romans was far from beneficial
to Acarnania; the country soon became a mere wil-
derness; and as a remarkable proof, no Roman road
was ever made through Acarnania or Ætolia, but the
public route lay along the coast, from Nicopolis on the
Ambracian Gulf to the mouth of the Achelous. (Man-
nert, 8, 60.) The present state of Acarnania (now
Carnia) is described by Hobhouse (Journ. 174, Am.
ed.) as a wilderness of forests and unpeopled plains.
The people of Acarnania were in general of less re-
fined habits than the rest of the Greeks; and from
Lucian's words (Dial. Meretr. 8, 227., Bip.), xoipioкos
'Akapvávios, their morals were generally supposed to
be depraved. Independently, however, of the injus-
tice of thus stigmatizing a people on slight grounds,
considerable doubt attaches to the correctness of the
received reading, and the explanation commonly as-
signed to it. Guyetus conjectures 'Axapveús, and
Erasmus, explaining the adage, favours this correction.
(Compare Bayle, Dict. Hist. 1, 40.) The Acarnani-
ans, according to Censorinus (D. N. 19), made the year
consist of but six months, in which respect they re-
sembled the Carians; Plutarch (Num. 19) states the
same fact. (Compare Fabricii Menol. p. 7.)

ACARNAS and AMPHOTERUs, sons of Alcmæon and Callirhoë. Alcmeon having been slain by the brothers of Alphesiboa, his former wife, Callirhoë obtained from Jupiter, by her prayers, that her two sons, then in the cradle, might grow up to manhood, and avenge their father. On reaching man's estate, they slew Pronous and Agenor, brothers of Alphesiboa, and, soon after, Phegeus her father. Acarnas, according to some, gave name to Acarnania; but vid. Acarnania. (Paus. 8, 24.)

ACASTUS, Son of Pelias, king of Iolcos in Thessaly. Peleus, while in exile at his court, was falsely accused by Astydamia, or, as Horace calls her, Hippolyte, the wife of Acastus, of improper conduct. The monarch, believing the charge, led Peleus out, under the pretence of a hunt, to a lonely part of Mount Pelion, and there, having deprived him of every means of defence, left him exposed to the Centaurs. Chiron came to his aid, having received for this purpose a sword from Vulcan, which he gave to Peleus as a means of defence. According to another account, his deliverer was Mercury. Peleus returned to Iolcos, and slew the monarch and his wife. There is some doubt, however, whether Acastus suffered with his queen on this occasion. He is thought by some to have been merely driven into exile. (Ov. Met. 8, 306.-Heroid, 13, 25.-Apollod. 1, 9, &c.-Schol. ad Apoll. Rh. 1 224.)

ACCA LAURENTIA, I. more properly LARENTIA

(Herns. ad Ovid. Fast. 3, 55), the wife of Faustulus, | rendered celebrated for the successful stand which it shepherd of king Numitor's flocks. She became fos- made, with the aid of the British, under Sir Sidney ser-mother of Romulus and Remus, who had been Smith, against the French, under Bonaparte, who was found by her husband while exposed on the banks of obliged to raise the siege after twelve assaults. the Tiber and suckled by a she-wolf. Some explain strength of the place arose in part from its situation. he tradition by making Lupa (she-wolf") to have been The port of Acre is bad, but Dr. Clarke (Travels, 6, name given by the shepherds to Larentia, from her 89) represents it as better than any other along the mmodest character (Plut. Rom. 4); a most improba- coast. All the rice, the staple food of the people, enle solution. We have here, in truth, an old poetic ters the country by Acre; the master of which city, egend, in which the name Larentia (Lar), and the an- therefore, is able to cause a famine over all Syria. inals said to have supplied the princes with sustenance This led the French to direct their efforts towards the (vid. Romulus), point to an Etrurian origin for the fa- possession of the place. Hence, too, as Dr. Clarke ble. When the milk of the wolf failed, the wood- observes, we find Acre to have been the last position pecker, a bird sacred to Mars, brought other food; oth- in the Holy Land from which the Christians were exer birds, too, consecrated to auguries by the Etrurians, pelled. hovered over the babes to drive away the insects. (Niebuhr's Rom. Hist. 1, 185.)-II. The Romans yearly celebrated certain festivals, called Larentalia, a foolish account of the origin of which is given by Plutarch (Quast. Rom. 272). There is some resemblance between Plutarch's story and that told by Herodotus (2, 122) of Rhampsinitus, king of Egypt, and the goddess Ceres; and it may, therefore, like the latter, have for its basis some agricultural or astronomical legend. (Consult Baehr, ad Herod. 1. c.)