should be members of the Community, They will be provided with facilities for living agreeable to their inclination at a Public Mess, which shall be open to any inmate of the Community, whose habits, and means of living, lead him or her to wish it. The Members of this Department are eligible to any employment they desire to fill in the Community, if elected.

5. Education,-Embraces Instruction, Labour, Exercises, Cleanliness, Health, Sleeping, Diet, and Amusements of the children above two years old, and under twelve; and of Evening Schools and Lectures, for the youth, above twelve years of age. (See Domestic department for diet and table of children, but under the superintendence of the Teachers in the Schools.)

6. Agriculture,- Embraces the cultivation of all the Land. Gardens, Orchards, Pleasure Grounds, and Plantations, and has charge of all Crops, Horses. Cows, Sheep, Poultry, Pigs, and their produce until it is delivered into the Bazaar or Store. The management of the dairy, and the butcher, are with this department. It also has the management or care of any horses which may be kept for either Caravan or Carriage, for either public or private use, and allots ground as contiguous to the building as convenient, whereon to exercise the children at the spade.

It demands from the Store the purchase of all manure, seed, live stock, implements of husbandry &c. under the superintendent, who will account to the Store the same as the others, for all its produce.

With these departments all working as they ought to do, the duties of the Government will be nothing more than a Patriar chal overlooking of the whole, and this Government may be called the Council of Elders, including all the members, male and female, between the ages of 35 and 50, having no other pretentions, but that of being between these ages.

7. Mechanics.-This department, though of various descriptions of tradesmen, should be under one general superintendence, each branch having its own foreman or director, managing its own affairs, but acting as one common interest. All the demands for the raw material, and' return of goods into the Bazaar, for this department, as is the case with the others, must be through the Superinten'dent.

It includes, Foundry, Smiths, Wrights Joiners, Carpenters, Plumbers, Glaziers, Sawyers, Masons, Stone Cutters, Nailors, Slaters, Tile and Brick Makers, &c.

S. Manufacturers or Artizans.-This de

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partment includes such work as may be done under the roof of the Domestic building as, Printing, Bookbinding, Tailoring Shoemaking, Watch and Clock Making, Carving and Gilding, Spinning &c. (Needle work, Straw hat or plait making, Netting, Glove making &c. may be done in the private rooms, or school rooms for females.) and their department also to be under one General Superintendence, the same as Mechanics, managing their own allairs, but forming one common Interest. B.

Orbiston.

As this Community is the first establishment of the kind in this Country, a great deal of the practical developement of the plan must naturally consist of experiments liable to be retained, altered, or rejected, as the value of each is fairly proved. We are now trying, as an experiment, what at present appears to us the best method of promoting industry, and of ascertaining the value of each person's labour for the general or individual prosperity-We have, for the better managing the business of the Comimunity, divided the whole body into departments, each subdivided into branch. es-The departments consist of Agricul tural, Artizan, Domestic, Horticultural, Mechanic, School, &c. The General Management of each department is vested in a Superintendent; but that of each branch in particular in a director-The former officer regulating the general accounts, purchasing the raw material &c. for the whole department, the latter, directing and arranging the detail of each particu lar branch in the department. The director reports to the Superintendent, the weekly account of work performed by each person in his branch, the value of materials consumed, what fresh articles are required &c.-The superintendent reports to the General Secretary of the Community the state of his department, so that whoever desires to see the progress of each department or branch, can have reference to it by applying to the General Secretary. Each Department manages its own affairs; most of them have weekly meetings for that purpose. It may be added, that the superintendents are chosen quarterly by their own departments, and the directors by their own branch, but all subject to approval of the General Quarterly Meeting of the Community, when all the officers of the society are elected. The following "reports of progress" are now presented, and will be continued, as often as a suffi

Report from the Mechanics' Department.

To gratify the wishes of the friends of our Establishment at Orbiston. it may not be uninteresting to give a short detail of our proceedings as to production. The accumulation of the " Foundry stock " has gone on steadily, and as quick as circumstances would permit.

We have certainly been labouring under many disadvantages, which the aid of machinery in a few days, will completely overcome. The Cupola, for casting, is now set and finished, the pipes for working the blast, ready for laving; the air cylinder also is ready to be placed on its base, which, when all the several parts are connected, will at least save the labour of six men each day during the cast. If our Mon}ders, who are active young men, have been able to produce castings equal to many of our neighbours, with such disadvantages

as

temporary cupola of stone, blown by two hand bellows merely, what may we not expect when the other arrangements are complete. Our situation posseses many local advantages; our moulding sand, which competent judges have declared to be equal to any in the country, is dug within ten yards of the foundry gates, char and coal are got within a mile, also pig iron in our own vicinity; we have likewise a circular saw connected with the water wheel, which is now complete, and has been working for two months past, so that altogether if we are industrious with such aid, we shall soon be able to banish our worst enemy (poverty) from our dwellings.

A. Campbell.

Report from the Artizans.

The Artizans' Department comprises the Printers, Bookbinders, Silk and Cotton Weavers, Carvers and Gilders, Shoemakers, Tailors, Painters, Upholsterers. Rope Spinners, Dress Makers, &c. the members of it generally evince a considerable anxie

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ble, and have made considerable progress in forming such arrangements, as they consider likely to enable them to unite with their brethren, in carrying the object of the institution into the fullest effect:They also shew a willingness to submit to the operation of the circumstances by which they are surrounded, and rather flow with the stream of popular opinion, though contrary to their own inclinations, than endeavour to promote their own views by opposing those of their brethren. As they are now engaged in a mutual inspection of the affairs of each occupation, in order to complete the organization of the whole department, it is hoped that an opportunity will be thereby afforded, to shortly display the general aspect of it in a more conspicuous manner than is possible at present.

J. Lambe Superintendent.

Report from the Elder Boys.

The Elder Boys of the Establishment are proceeding steadily, particularly the Sunday general Meetings, when all the OCC rrences of the previous week are brought forward and discussed; the rest of the day is spent in explaining the principles of the physical and moral sciences.

A number of the boys expressed an ardent wish to be put to the joiners' branch in order to learn that trade, in consequence of which, I took four of the strongest of them and commenced the roofing of a house 40 feet long and about 30 feet wide which we accomplished in about two days, they have since been lathing the ceiling and doing other jobs, and so ardent were they in their proceedings, that I am completely convineed that these boys, under proper management, will, in the course of a few years, be the most useful members in the community.

Thomas Reid and Edward Simpson their Superintendents, have acquired the good will of the whole, for the care and attention which they have shewn to promote their comforts.

A. Campbell.

ORBISTON AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE NEW YEAR.

The experiment at this place, notwithstanding the various predictions to the contrary, is still going forward. Let it be always recollected,-it is an experiment, and, like all other great undertakings, sub ject to a variety of changes and a diversity of applications, till all the parts of the immense and complicated machine can be brought to act in unison with the rest, and thus form one complete whole. Let it be recollected too-The subject of the experiment-human nature that which has for ages past occupied the heads, the tongues, and the pens, of sages and philosophers.

But notwithstanding the great exertions which have been made, to ameliorate the condition of mankind, some great defect as the state of the world abundantly proves, still exists. The great mass of mankind are still immersed in Poverty, Ignorance, Vice, and Crime. To remedy those evils; to surround them with abundance, to make their actions useful to each other, and to open to all the floodgates of knowledge, are the avowed objects of the undertaking.

Great improvements are making so far as Wealth is concerned, by an increased attention to two points--Industry and Economy. The whole of the members are now more efficiently employed, than they have been, since the commencement of the establishment. Economy is attended to, first by curtailing all unnecessary expense; by neglecting to supply our imaginary wants: secondly, by preparing the whole of the food together, instead of separately. The saving from this last source is very considerable indeed.

Considerable mistakes have gone abroad as to the religious tenets of the establishment; the truth is, as an establishment we have no religion: but at the same time, the society guarantees to all its members, the utmost freedom on this subject: all are at full liberty to worship the Deity according to the dictates of their own consciences; that freedom, which a part of the society may claim for themselves, they most cheerfully VOL. II.

PRICE 2d.

allow to others differing from them in opinion.

The assertion that the society is destitute of all religion is contradicted by matter of fact. It is well known that Miss Whitwell has delivered a variety of lectures on theological subjects. There is also a Baptist Church established within the community. Besides this, there are a variety of independent religionists who have not at present formed themselves into a church: Among both of those parties we recognise some of our most valuable members, and who evince by their conduct that they are christians, net in "word only, but in deed and in truth"; that they love their neighbour as themselves, that they do unto others as they would that others should do unto them," that they are not merely professors, but in the language of the title of our work, Adherents to Divine Revelation.

To set the machine properly in motion requires an extensive knowledge of the human mind. With this knowledge, the proper motives may be succesfully applied. But they must be applied so as to secure the will. No species of force must be used. Force may be exercised more ways than one; there is a method of worrying people into an assent: they then submit, not from a conviction of the good of the thing proposed, but from the desire of avoiding a present evil. The language that we use to each other should be kind and generous, really evincing that we sincerely wish each other well: any other method will raise a host of passions and when the passions are raised, the understanding can no longer perform its office. After attending to this point, the next is to inquire, to reason, to argue, and we should endeavour to do this in as comprehensive a manner as possible; that is, take in the whole of the circumstances, the state of mind of the whole of the individuals, the extent of their desires, all their capabilities: We must not sacrifice justice to generosity. The cardinal virtues, must not exist at each other's expense. Equality of wealth, equal distribution, is a thring highly to be A