History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Tom 7

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood, 1858

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CONTENTS OF VOL	1

Causes of this diversity	2

Injustice of these extreme opinions on both sides	3

He did not want political courage	4

He had no original genius and was not a leader of thought	5

His style of oratory 7 His administrative powers	7

Great merit of his opposition to Reform	8

Ambition was not the cause of his versatility of principle	9

Greater mortality of cities than rural districts	399

Manner in which these circumstances arrest population	400

Effect of these laws combined	401

Free Trade induces at first cheap prices of food and then often famine prices	402

Free Trade was forced upon Sir R Peel	405

Effects of this system on national progress and independence	406

Protection must continue to be the policy of young and growing states	407

Which is the result on their part of necessity	408

Real explanation of his conduct	10

His views on the Currency	11

Explanation thus afforded of his political career	12

His character in private life	13

Formation of the new Ministry	14

Immense difficulties of the country in foreign affairs	15

Still darker prospect in internal affairs	16

Statistical details proving the distress	17

Immense difficulties in finance and from the inadequate national arma ments	18

Great distress in the manufacturing districts	19

Serious riots in England in autumn 1842	21

Measures of repression adopted	22

3539 Answer of Lord John Russell and Lord Palmerston	35

Last budget of Louis Philippe	39

The bill passes both Houses and various amendments are thrown out	40

Reception of the measure in the country	41

Financial difficulties of Sir R Peel	42

4348 Sir R Peels speech on introducing his financial measures	43

Programme of the proposed procession	45

Reception of the plan by the Opposition and the country	49

5054 Argument against the incometax	50

Aspect of the people	51

The bill passes and its reception by the country	55

Reflections on the Tariff and reasons for	56

It might have been easily obviated by an extension of the Currency	57

The incometax was justifiable	58

But this made the tax on perishable incomes more unjust	59

Reasons of this injustice being committed	60

Peels heroic conduct on the Affghanistan disaster	61

Lord Mahons Copyright Bill	62

Reflections on this Act	63

Extension of the dangers of literature	64

The Temperance Movement in Ireland	65

Progress and decline of the movement	66

Commencement of the Repeal agitation	67

Monster meetings	68

Character of these meetings and language used at them	69

Measures of Government and Arms Bill	70

The Clontarf meeting is stopped and OConnell arrested	71

Trial and conviction of OConnell	72

The French take possession of Otaheite	102

Affair of Mr Pritchard which complicates the case	103

The matter is adjusted	105

Spanish marriages	106

Reduction of the 3 per cents ib 104 Favourable financial statement of 1844	107

Reduction of taxes	108

Reduction of Sugar Duties	109

Bank Charter Act	110

108111 Sir R Peels argument in support of his Bill 111113	111

112113 Argument against the Bill 114116	114

The Bill passes both Houses	116

Similar bills for Scotland and Ireland	117

Reflections on this debate	118

What was not foreseen	119

Visit of the King of the French to England	120

Visit of the Emperor Nicholas	121

Political objects of the visit	122

CHAPTER XLII	124

The Railway Mania	126

Effects of the mania on society	127

Effects on the public mind	128

Its immediate benefits to some classes	129

Great effect of these speculations in the country	130

Division in the landed interest occasioned by the railway mania	132

Good effects of the railway mania on the labouring classes	133

Effects of the railway system on commerce and manufactures	134

Beneficial effect of the railway system on the working classes	136

Bill passes reducing railway deposits to a half	137

Its vast effect in stimulating these undertakings	138

Flourishing state of trade and the revenue ib 14 Sir R Peels favourable financial statement	139

Continuance of the Incometax and repeal of more indirect taxes	140

1617 Mr Barings objection to it 142143	142

The bill is carried by a large majority	144

Reflections on this measure ib 20 Causes of this great change	145

Increase in Irish agrarian crime	146

Grant to secular colleges	147

Enlarged grant to Maynooth College	149

Reflections on this measure and its failure	150

History of the subject	151

Causes of the law being evaded	152

The evils of this at last become intolerable	153

Provisions of the bill	155

Proof afforded by experience of the good effected by the bill	159

Charge against Sir James Graham of opening letters ib 32 The Alien Act	160

Progress of the AntiCornLaw League	161

Division on Mr Miles motion	162

Further divisions on the Corn Laws and close of the session	163

The change had become unavoidable from the Monetary and Freetrade systems	164

Advantages and dangers of the potato as the food of man	165

First appearance of the potato rot	167

Increased efforts of the AntiCornLaw League	168

General alarm and symptoms of change	169

4143 Lord John Russells Letter 170172	170

Approach to a repeal of the Corn Laws and resignation of Sir R Peel	172

Failure of Lord John Russell to form a government and restoration of Sir R Peels Cabinet	175

4855 Sir R Peels argument in favour of Free Trade 176183	176

Reception of the measure in the country	184

5758 Mr Disraelis caustic remarks 185186	185

5964 Arguments against the bill 187191	187

Result of the debate	192

Duke of Wellingtons speech on the bill	193

Cause of this inconsistency	194

The Budget for 1846	195

Determination of the Protectionists to drive Sir R Peel from power	196

Increased agrarian outrages in Ireland ib 71 Coalition of parties against the Government	198

7376 Argument in support of the bill 200202	200

7780 Answer of the Coalition against the bill 204206	204

The bill is thrown out by a majority of 73	207

Mr Disraelis account of the scene	208

Sir R Peel resolves to resign	209

8485 Sir R Peels concluding address 210211	210

Reflections on his freetrade measures	212

Was a return to the Corn Laws after the famine was over practicable? ib 88 The danger of scarcity had passed away before the bill was brought forwa...	213

Durable reasons for the repeal of the Corn Laws	215

Real freetrade was not introduced but protection taken from agriculture	216

Strange conduct of the Irish members on the Corn Law question	218

The Duke of Wellingtons characteristic conduct	220

This will not apply to Sir R Peel	221

What were the alleviating circumstances of his case	223

CHAPTER XLIII	225

Both the Whigs and the Tories were destroyed by their own leaders	226

Causes which led to these changes	227

Formation of the new Cabinet	228

58 Government plan for the sugarduties 229232	229

915 Argument of the Protectionists on the other side 233239	233

Sir R Peels singular conduct and passing of the bill	239

Result of this measure to the West Indies	240

Effect on the slave trade	242

Explanation of this given by foreign writers	243

Real explanation of it	244

Proof of the colonies having been disfranchised by the Reform Bill	245

Discussion on flogging in the army	246

Motion on the subject and Wellingtons order	247

Reflections on this subject	249

Difference in the composition of the British and foreign armies	250

Necessity of corporal punishment in the field	251

Lord Palmerstons Cabinet minute on the defences of the country	252

Wellingtons measure for enrolling the pensioners	255

Arms bill for Ireland	256

Sir R Peels measures for the relief of the Irish suffering and those of Lord J Russell	258

Commencement of the Irish famine	259

Deplorable and alarming state of the country	261

Government plans on the subject	262

Enormous extent of the distress	264

Woeful scenes in the country	265

Description of the calamity by Lord Brougham	268

Page 1	269

Amended Poor and Temporary Relief Act 10 and 11 Victoria c 7	270

2	271

3	272

Ratio of indigent persons relieved	273

Great mortality of this period	274

Immense pecuniary efforts made in Great Britain	275

4	276

Still greater emigration to foreign parts	277

Effects of this exodus on the Irish population	279

Which arose mainly from freetrade measures	280

7	281

Voluntary relief in Ireland and causes of its small amount	282

Reflections on the Irish famine	283

Potato famine in Scotland at this period	284

Means taken in Scotland to combat it	285

Lord George Bentincks project for Irish railways	286

5458 His railway scheme 287290	287

8	290

It is opposed by Ministers	291

Division on the subject and reflections on it	294

Character of Lord George Bentinck	295

His family and early history	296

His mental qualities	298

His private character and habits ib 69 The Budget of 1847	299

9	300

Causes which led to the approach of a monetary crisis	301

Great effect of the Irish famine	303

Progress of the panic	304

Difference between this and former crises	305

7982 Answer of the Government and Sir R Peel 309312	309

Nothing followed on this debate	313

ib 10	314

Reflections on it ib 85 Debate on the Navigation Laws	315

8990 Answer of Sir R Peel Sir James Graham and Mr Cobden 318319	318

The bill passes both Houses	320

Reflections on this measure ib 93 Vast difference in the mortality of manufacturing towns and the country	322

49	323

Introduction of a system of limited service	324

Which passes into law	325

Public education	326

New Coercion Bill for Ireland	328

Prorogation and dissolution of Parliament	330

Commercial embarrassments	331

Increased monetary pressure in August	332

Commercial bankruptcies	333

Suspension of the Bank Charter Act	334

Reflections on this change	336

22	337

23	338

Meeting of Parliament and Queens Speech	339

106108 Sir R Peels statement on the Bank Charter Act 340342	340

109111 Answer of Lord G Bentinck and Mr Thomas Baring 343344	343

Result of the debate	345

Reflections on this debate	346

Great distress in the country from the monetary crisis	348

Details of the railway and mercantile losses	349

Rise in cotton from the crash of 1839 in America	350

Vast variations in the price of provisions	351

Pernicious effect of the French Revolution of 1848	352

Extreme severity of the pressure on the middle classes	353

Immediate benefits of the railway expenditure	355

Magnitude and perfection of the railway system in Britain	357

Fall in the exports and revenue	358

Great increase of paupers and criminals	359

26	360

Extreme suffering in Glasgow and the manufacturing districts	362

Outbreak in Glasgow in March 1848	363

Further riots and their suppression	364

Good effects of this success	366

Commencement of the Chartist insurrection	367

Preparations of the Chartists	368

Vigorous preparations in the Government	369

Defeat of the Chartists	372

Detection of the frauds in the Chartist petition	373

Immense sensation this produced on the Continent	374

Renewed agitation by the Chartists and its suppression and their trials	375

Preparations for a rebellion in Ireland	376

Total defeat of the rebellion	378

Trial of OBrien and revealing of the designs of the conspirators	379

Immense effects of the monetary crisis of 1847	382

Their effects and results of the strike 24 Skilful use made of these circumstances 25 Opposite arguments adduced by the AntiCornLaw League and re...	383

The monetary crisis was owing to Free Trade and a Fettered Currency ib 144 Dangers of Free Trade and a Fettered Currency	384

Which keeps the nation constantly on the verge of a monetary crisis	386

Argument on the other side as to the export of gold	388

Danger of gold passing merely through the richer States	390

Erroneous argument of the bullionists on this subject	391

The monetary crisis of 1847 was owing to Free Trade and the monetary laws	392

Sir Robert Peels object in the Act of 1844	394

The very opposite effects have followed ib 153 Way in which the monetary laws inflamed speculation	395

Ultimate effects of Free Trade irrespective of the Currency	396

Capital facilitates manufactures far more than agriculture	397

Everything that is plentiful becomes cheap	398

The effects of Free Trade must be judged of before 1852	409

Necessity of maritime superiority to the present existence of Britain	411

CHAPTER XLIV	413

Great material prosperity of the period	414

Universal thirst for gain	416

Accumulating feelings of discontent in the working classes	417

Great magnitude of the deficits in the revenue	418

Increasing discontent of the working classes	419

Trifling subjects in debate in the Chamber and serious objects of Thiers	420

Objects of general thought and interest at the same time	421

The Chamber of Peers afforded no remedy for these evils	423

Extreme danger of this state of things	424

Great mistake committed in the national education ib 13 Its irreligious character led it to run into Socialism	425

Blindness of the Government and the higher classes to the Socialist dangers	426

Corruption and influence became the great engine of Government	427

The Liberals exert all their efforts to discredit the Government	428

Louis Blancs picture of France at this period	429

Spread of Socialist principles and their origin	430

Which was aided by the want of an adequate currency	431

Which led to a general demand for Parliamentary Reform ib 21 Strong feeling excited in regard to the subservience of France to England	432

Different object on which the attention of Government was set	433

Position and movements of the Catholic clergy	434

2427 Speech of M Arago on Parliamentary Reform 435437	435

2829 Answer of M Thiers	438

Reflections on this debate	439

Great succession of Reform Banquets	440

Banquet at Chatillon	441

Growing importance of the question of wages	442

Commencement of combination and riot in Paris	444

Serious riots in September	445

Vigorous measures of Government to suppress the insurgents	446

Causes which produced this outbreak among the working classes	447

Temporary causes which also concurred ib 41 Effect of the general monetary crisis	448

Total failure of the attempt to make private railway lines in France	449

The Government undertake the lines ib 44 Disastrous state of the finances in consequence	450

Speech of M Humann on the finances	451

Untoward commencement of the Ministry of M Guizot	452

Efforts of England for suppression of the slave trade	453

Treaties of 1831 and 1833 with France regarding the slave trade	454

Treaty of December 20 1841 between France and the Allied Powers	455

Its provisions	456

5053	459

54	461

55	462

56	463

57	465

Short session of 1841	466

59	467

60	468

61	470

62	471

63	472

65	473

Prosecution and acquittal of LedruRollin	474

67	475

ib 69	477

71	478

Reversal of the sentence 73	479

Effects of this decision 74	480

Opening of the Parliament of 1842	481

77	483

Parliamentary measures of 1843 Lord Ashleys Bills for Infant Labour 79 Sir James Grahams unsuccessful Factory and Education Bill 80 New Factor...	484

79	485

29	486

82	488

Reflections on this subject 83	489

Rebecca riots 85	490

Increase of the riots 84 Termination of the troubles and bill removing their cause 85 The Chartist and AntiCornLaw movements 86 Differences with ...	491

88	492

Result of the debate and reflections on it	494

Lamartine as a statesman	500

Corruption of the Ministerial majority in the Chamber	506

CHAPTER XLV	511

Description of the Sahara	512

Influence thence arising to the rulers of the Tel	513

Extreme varieties of the climate	514

The Kabyles ib 6 Statistics of the colony	515

Difficulties of the colony in respect of industry	516

Exports and imports	517

Great importance of Algiers as a school for war	518

Qualities called out in the officers and soldiers ib 1112 Character of Changarnier	520

1314 Cavaignac 521522	521

Canrobert	523

Marshal Bugeaud	524

General de Lamoricière	526

Marshal St Arnaud	527

Marshal Pelissier	528

The Zouaves	529

State of Algiers in 1840	530

First operations of the campaign and capture of Medeah	531

Expedition against Milianah	533

Bloody combat on the Col de Mouzaia	534

Campaign of 1841	535

Successful campaign of 1841 ib 28 Submission of various tribes in the south and west	537

Final defeat and flight of AbdelKader	538

30	539

31	540

Commencement of difficulties with Marocco	541

Which lead to a rupture ib 34 Attack on the French by the troops of Marocco Combat on the Mouillah	542

Conference between General Bedeau and the Marocco chief	543

The conference ends in hostilities	544

Commencement of hostilities with Marocco by sea and land	545

3237	546

Critical position of the French and their resolution to fight	547

Dispositions for the battle	548

Battle of Isly	549

Glorious victory of the French	551

Campaign against the Kabyles and fresh efforts of AbdelKader	552

Capitulation of AbdelKader and its violation by the French	553

General submission and pacification of Algeria	554

General view of Algeria as finally acquired by the French	555

Diminutive scale still of its industrial resources ib 49 Parallel of the British empire in India and the French in Algeria	557

CHAPTER XLVI	559

French excitement on the affair of Otaheite	560

Pacific views of Louis Philippe and M Guizot	561

Violence of the public journals	563

Affair of the University and retirement of M Villemain	564

67 Argument of M Thiers against the Jesuits 565566	565

Answer of M Guizot and M Le Martin du Nord	566

Decision of the Chamber on the subject	567

Negotiations with the Court of Rome on the subject and ordonnance against the Jesuits	568

Effect of these measures	569

Question of the right of search	570

State of Poland since the termination of the war	571

Beneficialchanges in Prussian Poland	572

State of things in Gallicia	573

Disputes about the Corvées	574

Spread of Socialism in Gallicia	575

Injurious influence of the Jews	576

And disbanded soldiers	577

Commencement of the insurrection of the nobles	578

Commencement of the insurrection	579

Horrors of the insurrection	580

Disturbances at Cracow and its abandonment by the Austrians	581

Recapture of Cracow	583

Reflections on the annexation of Cracow	584

Great sensation produced by these events in Europe ib 27 Justification of the annexation which this conduct of the Cracow insurgents afforded	585

Embarrassment of M Guizot and Lord Palmerston on the Polish question	586

Renewed attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe	587

Escape of Louis Napoleon from the Château of Ham	588

Mode in which he effected his escape	590

Slight attention which this event excited Marriage of the Duke de Bordeaux	591

Last election under Louis Philippe	592

The Spanish Marriages History of the question	594

Danger to England from the French and Spanish alliance	595

Repeal of the Salic law and opening of the Spanish throne to queens ib 37 Effects of this change on the interests of England	597

Queen Christinas proposal of a double marriage to Louis Philippe	598

Further conferences on the subject ib 41 Conferences at the Château dEu and at Windsor on the subject	600

The QueenRegent offers the hand of her daughter the Queen to Prince Leopold of SaxeCoburg	602

Intrigue for the simultaneous marriage of the Queen and Infanta which is disapproved by Louis Philippe	603

Lord Palmerstons letter of 19th July to Sir H Bulwer	605

Terror of M Guizot and Louis Philippe of the Coburg proposal	607

The two marriages are contracted on the same day	608

Coldness in consequence of the British and French Governments	609

Disastrous effects of this coldness	610

Its effects on the future of France and England	611

Who was to blame in these marriages	612

Lord Palmerstons was an imprudent slip Guizots a breach of faith	613

Effects of this disunion of France and England on Poland	614

Diplomatic differences of France and England on the Treaty of Utrecht	615

Cordiality of France and England before the affair of the Spanish marriages	617

Affairs of Greece and disaccord of France and England regarding it	618

Which is at first supported and then disowned by Russia	619

Commencement of a coldness which approaches to a rupture	620

Increased division between France and England regarding Greece	621

Differences regarding Portugal and La Plata	622

Affairs at Madrid and alienation of the King and Queen	623

Affairs of Italy Death of the Pope and accession of Pius IX	624

Election and character of Pius IX	625

State of Italian opinion at this time	626

Character of Pius IX	627

General amnesty and transports with which it was received	628

First acts of the Pope	629

Difficulties which beset the Papal Government ib 68 Which are increased by the general concourse of Liberals to Rome	630

Adoption of the same policy in the Grandduchy of Tuscany	631

Movements in Sardinia and Piedmont	632

Papal declaration against Liberalism	633

Revolutionary movement in Rome ib 73 Measures of the Austrian and French cabinets	634

Conduct of the French Government	635

Effects in Piedmont	636

Prince Metternichs views at this crisis ib 77 M Guizots policy as to Italy at this period	637

Policy of the English Government at the same time	639

Great reforms introduced into Piedmont	641

Revolution at Lucca and its annexation to Tuscany	642

Enthusiasm excited at Rome by Lord Mintos arrival	643

Rossis warning remarks to the Pope and the Radicals	644

Riot in Rome	645

Revolt in Sicily	646

Publication of a constitution at Naples	647

Great sensation produced by this change in Italy	648

Convulsions in Sicily	649

Credulity of Lord Palmerston to the Liberal Italian agents	650

Affairs of Switzerland and progress of democracy in it	651

Its origin 90	653

91	654

Origin of the religious disputes	655

93	656

Proceedings regarding the dispute 91 Terms of the treaty and its reception in Great Britain 92 Reflections on it 94	657

95	658

Its history 94 Conclusion of a treaty 97	659

Policy of France and Austria at this crisis ib 98 Policy of Lord Palmerston to support the Radicals	660

99	662

Its terms 96 Reflections on these Treaties 97 Origin of the Otaheite dispute with France 98 Interference of the French missionaries 100	663

101	664

Easy success of the Radicals ib 104 The tardy mediation of the five powers is declined	668

Alarm which these measures of England awakened on the Continent ib 106 Formation of a league against Great Britain	669

Weakness of Great Britain at sea and land at this period	670

Reflections on the extraordinary disproportion of the danger and means of resistance	671

Cause of the opposite foreign policy of France and England at this period ib 110 The completeness of revolution in one country and its incompletene...	672

CHAPTER XLVII	673

23 Prince de Joinvilles letter to the Duke de Nemours 674675	674

Views of the King on the subject	676

Deficiency of the crops in 1845 and 1846	677

Failure of the potato crop in 1846 and monetary crisis	678

Financial state of 1847 and great loans contracted for by the Government	679

Enlarged issue of banknotes	680

General corruption in the Government departments	682

Events which brought it to light	683

Revelation of further scandal	684

Result of the trial and conviction of the accused	685

Murder of the Duchess of Praslin	686

Details of the catastrophe and its termination	687

Use made of these abuses by the Revolutionists	689

Cry for Parliamentary Reform	690

Discontent of the National Guard	691

Coalition of parties against the Government and measures agreed on	692

Commencement of the banquet agitation	694

Duvergier dHaurannes speech	695

de Lamartines speech at Maçon	696

Efforts of the Liberals to keep back the Socialists	697

de Lamartines ulterior views	698

Decline of the banquet agitation in the end of the year	699

Meeting of the Chambers and Kings Speech	700

Discussion on the Address	711

Consternation in the Tuileries	726

Excessive agitation in Paris during the night	732

The King is forced to abdicate	738

Treachery of M de Lamartine	744

Inne wydania - Wyświetl wszystko

History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession ..., Tom 7
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Pełny widok - 1858

History of Europe, from the Fall of Napoleon, in MDCCCXV, to the Accession ...
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History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession ..., Tom 7
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Tytuł	History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Tom 7 History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Archibald Alison
Autor	Archibald Alison
Wydawca	W. Blackwood, 1858
W formie oryginalnej	Uniwersytet Wisconsin - Madison
W formie cyfrowej	9 Paź 2008

Eksportuj cytowanie	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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