were located in the cities of Middle Egypt and the Delta. They still remained Arvadites and Hittites. They dwelt in separate cities, and the national distinctions were as strictly kept up in Egypt as in Canaan. This was the universal custom in ancient times. It prevails to a considerable extent among the inhabitants of the East to the present day. In our western parts of the world, it is peculiar to one tribe only the Jews. A very natural consequence of this distinction had evidently befallen Arvad and Heth in Egypt, during the interval between the reigns of Amosis and Sethos. There had been a war between them. Heth had been worsted and expelled from Egypt. The Xoite kings had taken the part of Arvad. The Hittites crossed the desert, and the story of their wrongs roused the vindictive passions of their brethren in Canaan. They confederated with other tribes, made war upon Arvad, and invaded his territory in Canaan, and those also of his ally the Xoite king of Egypt, under whom Arvad held possessions in suzereignty. In this emergency the king of Xois sought the aid of the Theban Pharaoh, Sethos I. These were the causes of the war, the results of which are embodied in the vast picture which surrounds the side portal in the north external wall of the palace of Karnak.

The belligerents in this war were Sethos I. of

Heth, and the hereditary and native Pharaoh of Lower Egypt as the king of Arvad.

The war lasted for seven years certain probably much longer. In the latter years of it Amosis seems to have abandoned all further attack upon the territory of the Memphite Pharaohs, and to have even confederated with them against the Canaanites and Assyrians, who were threatening Egypt with an invasion across the desert of Suez.

Thus clearly does it appear from both the monumental and traditive records of the event, that the fall of Memphis exercised no adverse influence whatever upon the position of Israel in Egypt. The Delta entire still remained, by the declaration of both authorities, under the rule of the descendants of the patron of Joseph.

In the year after the capture of Memphis, Amosis crossed the desert and took by storm the strong hold of Adasa, in the south of Canaan. Doubtless the strong defences with which, as Manetho records, the Shepherds fortified their northern border, would deter him from further aggressions upon their territories. There was also another motive for this diversion of the war, at least equally powerful in ancient times. Enormous booty fell into the hands of the conqueror, on the capture of Memphis. But a still larger prey escaped the conquerors, and was carried across the desert by the Canaanite confede

rates of the Memphite king. It was in pursuit of this, that Amosis marched upon Adasa. It would appear, that upon the loss of Memphis the Aphopean Pharaoh had purchased peace by the further cession of Hermopolis in Middle Egypt; retiring, altogether to the Delta, as Manetho writes: for the wars of the six following years of the reign of Amosis are all foreign wars with Arvad, Heth, and Naharaim, the spoil whereof he embarks on the Nile at the cities of Tanis and Athribis in the eastern Delta: both cities being at the time in the hands of the Shepherds, as the mode of writing their names in hieroglyphics plainly indicates.

The immediate successors of Amosis (the Theban Pharaohs, as we may now call them) seem to have principally occupied themselves with the prosecution of the conquests begun by their ancestors over Cush to the southward. Mesphres, the father of Thothmosis, is the first of them who has recorded his name on any monument in the Delta. founded the city of Alexandria on its north-western point, but apparently as a colony, not as a conquest.

He

The cession of Heliopolis to Thothmosis was the first event adverse to Israel, that had yet occurred in the history of Egypt. In his reign a gang of captive Israelites is represented making bricks in the tomb of Ris-share, the superintendent of his

constructions at Thebes; but in all probability they were Simeonites or Levites, and misdemeanants against the laws of Egypt. The Delta still acknowledged the sovereignty of the Xoite kings, the descendants of Apappus.

Events adverse to Egypt were never related to strangers by the Egyptian priesthood, whatever record of them may have existed in the temple muniments. It was only the wide circulation in Egypt in the days of the Ptolemaic kings [B. c. 304 to B. c. 19] of the Jewish account of the Exodus, and its undeniable truth, that extorted from them the mutilated and falsified story of the Shepherd invasion, which we have just quoted. Great misfortunes befel the kingdom of the Theban Pharaohs in the days of the successors of Thothmosis; but not a word or hint of them appears in the Greek tradition. Their history is altogether monumental.

ARMAIS, the grandson and second successor of Thothmosis, experienced in the seventh year of his reign a disastrous defeat from the Phutim of the Sahara, in the immediate neighbourhood of the island of Philo, close to the southern border of Egypt. Armais fled northward before his enemies, who pursued him, and entered Thebes his capital in triumph. There they were joined by a faction in Egypt, headed by the half-brother of Armais, a very dark mulatto, whom they placed on the throne,

giving him to wife a Phutite princess. Headed by this pretender, they continued the pursuit of Armais, who fled to Memphis, where he seems to have purchased the assistance of the Apophean Pharaoh at Xois by the cession of Heliopolis, and by this aid to have been able to make some stand against his negro conquerors. He remained at Memphis and Alexandria long enough to inscribe his name on temples, the ruins of which exist to this day. At the former city he dedicated a temple to the Sphinx of Sephres, the builder of the second pyramid of Ghizeh. This huge colossus, which is a hewn rock in its place, remains to this day. The Xoite or Aphophean Pharaohs whose alliance he was then seeking, were especially devoted to the worship of Sephres, and named themselves after this ancient king. The Greek lists say that the brother of Armais finally expelled him from all Egypt.

The consequence of these events to Upper Egypt was a disputed succession to the throne of Thebes. For several descents, a line of Negro kings, on the eastern bank of the Nile, contended for the sovereignty of Egypt with the sons of Amosis on the western bank. The war was of course a religious war for such was the nature of all civil wars in Egypt at all periods of her history. It seems to have been the attempt to identify Amun with the sun (of which Nesteres of the 11th dynasty had been the