this case his figure would have occupied the space of all the four rows as appears in innumerable examples of Egyptian art, the rules of which admitted of no variation. We believe that the worshipper of these kings in Lower Egypt was his queen, and that the monument commemorated an act of pacification between the two factions that had so long divided Egypt. Thothmosis seems to have married the daughter of the king of Heliopolis, perhaps the heiress to the throne. Probably enough, it was in her right that this capital was added to his dominions, and the war which in all the previous reigns had raged between the two factions, ended in a permanent peace. The chamber of Karnak now becomes significant. In token of this pacification the king and queen worship each their respective royal ancestry in the same shrine. This act of worship would be an important concession on the part of Thothmosis to the religion of his queen and her subjects; inasmuch as king-worship had certainly been abolished by the Mencherian reforms.

From this monument we now derive a very important fact connected with the fall of Memphis and of the kingdom of Apappus. The kings of Upper Egypt, of the line of the Shepherds, confederated with the Mencherian reformers in Nubia; for in this genealogy they appear as kings in Lower

Egypt, and contemporary with these their rivals in Upper Egypt. There had been peace and amity between the two factions for some successions when Amosis came to the throne. What more probable, then, than that he himself had set the example which his descendant Thothmosis appears to have imitated, by espousing the daughter of the Shepherd-king of Upper Egypt, and thereby becoming the rightful heir to both pretensions. This circumstance, in itself perfectly natural and usual, removes entirely the historical difficulty as to the causes of the fall of Memphis. The force of Upper Egypt and Nubia was confederated under Amosis. By common consent they made Amun, the god of eastern Thebes, the patron of the war. The priesthood, doubtless, fanned the flame of enthusiasm, and they would rush to the assault of the strongholds of the polluters of the sacred soil of Egypt, the allies of impure foreigners, with all the ardor of a crusade.

Thothmosis wrote in hieroglyphics the chronicle of this capture of Memphis by Amosis, on the exterior of a magnificent shrine of red granite, which formed part of the same palace of Karnak. Of this most valuable record nothing but a fragment remains. It consists of fifty-four lines of hieroglyphics, all greatly mutilated. We have already translated the whole of them.* They embody the followHistory of Egypt, Vol. ii.

*

ing historical facts: Amosis took Memphis when he was twenty-nine years old. Its name is written

"the land of Noph." We have already seen that this was the habitual abbreviation of the name of Memphis with the Hebrews. It is spoken of in this inscription invariably as a Canaanite city. This is the case with all other cities of Egypt in the hands of foreigners, and in all hieroglyphic inscriptions. Their names are spelt according to the foreign pronunciation of them, and are written as those of strange cities. It is highly probable, moreover, that the liberal policy of the Aphophean Pharaohs would be far in advance of the prepossessions of their own Egyptian subjects, and as well as of the rest of the inhabitants of Egypt. The consequence of this would be both large defections to the banner of Amosis, and also revolts within the territories of the Memphite king. These would again tend to drive him to more dependence upon the immigrants from Canaan, and also to alliances with the kings of their confederacy in Canaan itself; so that in every succeeding year, the war would more and more lose its civil, and acquire an international complexion. These considerations divest of all inconsistency with the facts already ascertained-the circumstance that in this chronicle the war of Amosis against Memphis is spoken of as a war with the Canaanite nations of Arvad and

Hoth, and the hereditary and native Pharaoh of I wor Feypt as the king of Arvad.

Pho war lasted for seven years certain: probably

In the latter years of it Amosis

Loharo abandoned all further attack upon

་

the Memphite Pharaohs, and to cod's borghod with them against the CaNong and Assyriane, who were threatening Egypt white pas tuvos the desert of Suez.

Poly to the appear from both the monupot balitave rods of the event, that the Mupdate seeded to adverse influence upon vão posation of Ismel in Egypt. The all remated, by the declaration or under the rule of the descendants

rates of the Memphite king. It was in pursuit of this, that Amosis marched upon Adasa. It would appear, that upon the loss of Memphis the Aphopean Pharaoh had purchased peace by the further cession of Hermopolis in Middle Egypt; retiring, altogether to the Delta, as Manetho writes: for the wars of the six following years of the reign of Amosis are all foreign wars with Arvad, Heth, and Naharaim, the spoil whereof he embarks on the Nile at the cities of Tanis and Athribis in the eastern Delta: both cities being at the time in the hands of the Shepherds, as the mode of writing their names in hieroglyphics plainly indicates.

The immediate successors of Amosis (the Theban Pharaohs, as we may now call them) seem to have principally occupied themselves with the prosecution of the conquests begun by their ancestors over Cush to the southward. Mesphres, the father of Thothmosis, is the first of them who has recorded his name on any monument in the Delta. founded the city of Alexandria on its north-western point, but apparently as a colony, not as a conquest.

He

The cession of Heliopolis to Thothmosis was the first event adverse to Israel, that had yet occurred in the history of Egypt. In his reign a gang of captive Israelites is represented making bricks in the tomb of Ris-share, the superintendent of his