vasated blood, calm the inflammation, and the faculties return, sometimes instantaneously, as Soemmerring has shewn. 12. Madness has its seat in the brain. This point is settled. But the moral and intellectual faculties, in their perfect state, can only be located there, where their derangement is manifested. All these arguments receive illustration from facts adduced for the purpose by Dr. Gall, who proceeds to answer the objections that may be made to the arguments which we have thus abridged. He investigates in this volume, whether we can find a measure, by means of the size and form of the brain, for the moral and intellectual faculties, wherein he considers the facial line of Camper, and the occipital line of Daubenton. The plurality of the organs of the intellectual and moral faculties. Anatomical proofs of this plurality. Physiological proofs of it. Pathological proofs of it. Objections answered. Of wakefulness, of sleep, of dreams, of somnambulism. In the 3d, 4th and 5th volumes, he developes his craniological system, and his organology. This is what may be called the physiognomic part of his doctrine. He gives us the history and progress of his respective discoveries on this subject; the cases that induced him to infer certain dispositions from certain cranial forms and appearances; and the result of his five-andthirty years observations and examinations of this part of his general system. Gall contends, that the external size and form of the cranium, are indicative of the size and form of the brain within; and, that these last are indicative of the propensities, talents, intellectual and moral qualities of the animal to whom they belong. For, 1st. One of the elements or properties of the activity of an organ, is its greater developement, as in the case of a muscle. 2. The cerebral organs border on and become separated at the periphery of the brain; and the cerebral convolutions form the final expansion of that periphery, and abut against the external circumference of this organ, forming prominences on the scull, (which is moulded on the brain,) ascertainable by those who frequently and carefully endeavour to observe them. This is craniology, of which, the evidence depends on the number of wellobserved, cases, wherein certain mental characters have been observed as associated with certain forms of the scull. Whether the concomitance of the cranial form and the mental character really exists, every person may judge for himself, if he will apply an impartial and accurate attention to the facts that he has an opportunity of observing. Where the concomitances have been repeatedly observed, by several careful observers, it becomes a matter of fact to be relied on. Craniology, to be well studied, requires, 1st, That the known characters, of each class of animals, should be compared with the characteristic forms of their sculls. 2. That these should be compared with their analogies in the human species. 3. That the peculiar mental characteristics of the human species, should be assigned to the characteristic form of the human cranium.4. That the different characters of the sexes should be applied, correspondingly, to the different shapes of the cranium, where the one and the other appear to be constant and permanent.— 5. That the forms of the scull should be particularly noted in persons, who have any particular and prominent talent, aptitude, propensity; or moral, or intellectual quality, well marked and characterized. For the more numerous these concomitances and associations are found to be, the more certainly may the indications be registered and noted. 6. Where heads of living persons cannot be experimented on, plaister-casts of the head may often supply the place. 7. The characters of lunatics and maniacs, particularly monomaniacs, or those who are deranged on a particular subject, should be studied. 8. The varieties of national character should be studied on sculls or casts. Craniology, like other accurate knowledge, requires impartial, attentive, laborious, and persevering observation. Pursuing the study of craniology in this way, during five-andthirty years, Dr. Gall thinks himself entitled to lay down, as it were, a map of the scull, indicative of mental character. He 'divides the head into nine regions, three on the median line, a frontal, a basilary, an intermediate: three on each side, frontal, occipital, lateral. He advises to try to discover and appreciate the real volume or bulk of these organs, instead of dwelling on the insulated elevations which the scull may present; for these elevations often occur, in consequence of the depression of neighbouring parts. Proceeding on the principle, that the predominance of a faculty greatly depends, on the developement of that part of the brain, where the organ of that faculty is situated, he attempts to distinguish the effects resulting from the lengthening, and those that depend on the thickening of the cerebral fibres; the first, indicating the activity; the last, the intensity of the faculty. Dr. Gall enumerates twenty-seven original faculties, each having its peculiar organ. Of these, nineteen are common to man and other animals, and eight peculiar to the human species. The first set are, the instinct of propagation, parental affection, friendship, self-defence, carnivorous appetite, cunning, exclusive property, pride, vanity, circumspection, educatibility, locality, the organs of the senses, of persons, of words, of tones, colours, numbers, and the mechanical instinct. The second set, (peculiar to man) are the organs of comparative sagacity, metaphysics, wit, (esprit de saillie) poetry, goodness, imitation, firmness, religious instinct. M. Spurzheim makes additions to these, but there is enough to hesitate about in Gall's enumeration, without adding to our doubts. Dr. Gall observes, in relation to his twenty-seven divisions, 1st, That the organs common to man and other animals, have correspondent faculties and vice versa. Thus, the posterior and inferior, and the anterior and inferior parts; while those which are peculiar to the human species, are placed in those parts of the brain, (viz. the anterior superior, or forehead) which animals do not possess. 2. The more indispensible a faculty is to the animal economy, the more does its appropriate organ approach the median line and base of the brain. 3. The organs of the faculties which aid each other, or which are analogous with each other, are generally placed one on another. The following are Gall's observations on these organs. 1st, He demonstrates the necessity of any faculty which he denominates primitive and fundamental, and to which he assigns a specific organ, in the nervous apparatus of the brain. 2. He demonstrates that this faculty is really primitive, and will appear so, when the mental phenomena shew, that it has its source in the organization exclusively: as, when it is not common to all animals and all sexes: that in the individual possessing it, it is not proportionate to the other faculties of that individual: that it will have its distinct periods of developement and decrease, independent of the other faculties, when it can be exercised by itself, be healthy by itself, be diseased by itself, and be transmitted hereditarily. 3. He indicates the appropriate cerebral organ, by an empirical examination of animals who have, or who have it not, and of the degrees in which they possess it. This depends, of course, on the number of careful and accurate observations, which go to shew, as matter of fact, that the external indication and the faculty are found associated together.Difficulties may and do arise, from the integuments that cover the cranium, from the channelling of the brain by muscular action, from protuberances, not positive, but appearing in consequence of contiguous depressions, &c. All this, however, proves only, that in craniology as in every thing else, there are difficulties, which repeated experiments are necessary to overcome.— In youth, when the organs are not yet developed, and old age, when they are, in a great degree, obliterated, craniology cannot be safely applied. Nor are antagonist faculties and organs to be neglected: sinuses also, and the recession of the hemispheres from the median line, may occasionally occur. Still, while the passions make use of particular muscles, and while it is the property of a muscle, to increase in size when it is much used, our own opinion is, that there will be a natural and real foundation for physiognomy in the features. While the brain is the organ of faculties, propensities, instincts, and aptitudes, and while the scull is moulded on, and takes its external form from the brain within, the external marks must be indications of similar forms in the organ within-of differences, which cannot exist, without pointing to a correspondent difference in the functions, which those parts are destined to perform. The science of discovering mental character from external indications, being yet in its very infancy, mistakes may and must arise; but no anatomist or physiologist will deny that it has its foundation, and that a real one, in the organization of the animal.— Such are the opinions we entertain on the general question.— We are persuaded that physiognomy and craniology, have their foundation in nature. We consider it as ascertained that the intellectual faculties, and what we call talents, depend greatly on the anterior part of the brain, from the coronal suture to the os frontis, and the general expanding of the forehead. We think that some of Gall's locations are firmly established; about many of them we doubt, for want of opportunities of examination, and from the newness of the investigation to ourselves. But whatever doubts and suspicions of illusion, may hang over the craniological part of these volumes, no man has a right to say, that Dr. Gall is mistaken in his assertions, till the objector himself, has applied some few years of careful observation, to verify or falsify the facts asserted.* That Dr. Gall is a man of the first order of intellect-that he is (beyond doubt) in his own department, the very best anatomist and physiologist of the day-that he has bestowed a large part of his life, and unremitting attention to the study he recommends-and that he has accumulated a vast mass of illustrative fact, and has shewn himself an acute as well as a profound reasoner, is too plain, from this work, to be denied. The assertions of such a man will not be passed over with contempt by the wise, even though his observations should, in many instances, savour too much of theory, and seem to want the necessary confirmation. * See Adelon's account of Gall's System Physiol. v. i. p. 589, et seq. The last volume consists of replies to anatomical objectors: but as we have dwelt long enough on that part of his system, we shall content ourselves by observing, that he appears to us, in most, if not in every instance, to come triumphantly out of the contest, with his anatomical gainsayers. We would gladly have given an account of the facial angle of Camper, and the means of measuring the proportional size of the brain by Daubenton and Cuvier; which methods, particularly the first, in our opinion, Gall treats too lightly. Let any man look at the plate borrowed from Camper, prefixed to White's "Essay on the Gradations of Man," and he will be satisfied, that the method, though very incomplete, is not devoid of truth, so far as it applies. But this review has extended so much under our hands, that we cannot trespass yet again, by extending it further. ART. VI.-The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French; with a preliminary view of the French Revolution. By the Author of Waverly. London, 1827. Philadelphia. Reprinted, 1827. THE French Revolution, the great wonder of our age, has passed away. Its long and stormy day has closed. Its airy hopes, its visionary schemes, its magnificent promises, its gay delusions have disappeared. Like the terrible hurricane of the tropics, it overturned and scattered abroad all that it approached; agitated every land and sea that it could reach, and although at rest now, the waves that it disturbed, still shew symptoms of its violence, and fragments of many a wreck yet float upon their surface. Its course was marked by prodigies. Prudence and experience, wisdom and valour, actual power and ancient opinion sunk before it; changes and revolutions were its concomitants; nations and governments were convulsed by its influence, and, in the language of inspiration, deep fear fell upon all people. Events so wonderful, calamities so dire; peace, in which there was no tranquillity, wars to which there seemed no termi |