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audaces mare qui currunt, hac mente laborem sese ferre, senes ut in otia tuta recedant, aiunt, cum sibi sint congesta cibaria: sicut parvola (nam exemplo est) magni formica laboris ore trahit quodcumque potest atque addit acervo,

quem struit, haud ignara ac non incauta futuri.

this point the thought turns more directly toward the main subject of the satire -money-making and, in the review of the four types of discontented men from this point of view, the iuris consultus, who serves for honor rather than fees, is omitted, and the саиро, huckster, innkeeper, is substituted; as a man of the town, he makes a good contrast to the farmer. For variety, the order also is changed. - perfidus: people of the better classes seldom used inns in traveling (compare Sat. 1, 5), and the poor taverns frequented by slaves and laborers had a bad reputation for cheating and robbery.

30. currunt: this verb is used of sailing also in Epist. 1, 1, 45; 1, 11, 27 and perhaps in Carm. 1, 28, 36. Cf. 'run before the wind.' hac mente: this is their object, emphatic by position and explained in the clause ut recedant.

31-35. These lines contain the explanation which men give of their apparent inconsistency in continuing in occupations which they themselves complain of as

dangerous or wearisome, and the words are carefully selected : senes, 'only when they are old'; otia tuta, freedom from labor and danger'; recedant, retire'; congesta, 'scraped together'; cibaria, rations, 'just enough to live on.' It is a reminder of the modernness of the Augustan Age that all these expressions find easy counterparts in the talk of men who are carrying the loads of life in our time.

32. cum sint: subjunctive because it was a part of the indirectly quoted speech.

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33. parvola: colloquial diminutive of parvus, to contrast with magni. exemplo: dat.; 'for this is the pattern which they choose to follow.' - magni .. laboris: hard-working. This genitive usually has a noun of general meaning with it (animal, vir), but the omission is not infrequent. The ant is occasionally referred to elsewhere in Latin literature as a model of industry (e.g. Verg. Georg. 1, 186), but the frequency of the comparison in modern literature is doubtless due to Proverbs 6, 6.

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Quae, simul inversum contristat Aquarius annum, non usquam prorepit et illis utitur ante quaesitis sapiens; cum te neque fervidus aestus demoveat lucro, neque hiems, ignis, mare, ferrum, nil obstet tibi, dum ne sit te ditior alter.

Quid iuvat immensum te argenti pondus et auri furtim defossa timidum deponere terra?

36. Quae: not exactly = at ea. The reply rather accepts the ant as a model, and criticises those who have chosen it as a model for not following their pattern closely enough. Yes, the ant is a good model, for it provides against a time of want and, when the time of want comes, it uses ..' sapiens, 38, is thus an emphatic repetition of haud ignara

. . futuri. - inversum: the year is thought of as a circle, which turns back into itself, and this figure finds expression in many forms, περιτελλόμενος, vertens, volvitur. Aquarius: the sign of the Zodiac which the sun enters in January, the severest part of the Italian winter.

37. utitur: the important word; it not merely gathers, but also uses. 38. sapiens: emphatic by its position at the end, where it is placed to make a strong contrast with te at the beginning of the next clause; 'like the philosopher it is; while you haven't even ordinary sense.'

39. hiems... ferrum:conventional obstacles. Cf. the variation

in Sat. 2, 3, 54 ff., and the English ' to go through fire and water.'

40. dum alter: 'as long as any other man is richer than you are.' Lit., provided that no other. With these words the true subject of the satire is reached, the foolish complaints and false pleas of discontented men having been pushed aside. At this point, too, the dialogue form and the direct address (te, tibi, te) become more distinct. Vss. 28-35, which contain the plea in defence, begin descriptively, then fall into informal indirect quotation, and close (sicut parvola) with what is in effect a direct quotation. And the reply, 36-40, in which the plea is shown to be false, continues and accentuates the directness of dialogue, and thus emphasizes the point toward which the discussion has been tending. The whole introduction, 1-40, is a good example of the manner of Horace.

41-42. These lines depict, with a heaping-up of epithets (immensum, furtim, defossa, timidum), the conventional figure of the miser, already familiar to Latin lit

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'Quod si comminuas, vilem redigatur ad assem.' At ni id fit, quid habet pulchri constructus acervus? Milia frumenti tua triverit area centum,

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erature in the Aulularia of Plautus. The man of business in the Augustan Age had his investments and his varied money interests and no more buried his coin in a hole in the ground than the cautious investor of our time keeps his money in an old stocking. The verses really constitute an argument in the form of a suggested comparison: What is the good of it all to you? You're no better than a regular miser.'

43. Quod: usually taken to be the pron., = at id, as quae, 36, is taken. But it is, I think, the ordinary adversative quod si, which is freely used by Horace; cf. Epist. 1, 3, 25, Epod. 2, 39, and see ex- amples in Kühner, II, 872. In this usage quod conj. has diverged only slightly from quod pron., and when a possible antecedent can be found before it (here pondus), it may easily be mistaken for the pron. But the thought is really general : 'but if you once begin the breaking-up process, your money is soon gone.' These words are not the reply of a real miser, but a perfectly sound maxim of prudence -' if you once begin to dip into your capital, it will soon be gone'; but it is misused by the man of acquisitive temperament to disguise to himself and to others his innate

love of money. In answering (44 -51) Horace does not stop to discriminate between the truth and the error, but strikes at the heart of the matter : 'the ultimate value of money is in its use, not in its acquisition.'

44. At ni id fit: but if you don't do it, that is, begin to use it. quid pulchri: the neut. gen. of the adj. with a neut. pron. instead of the abstract noun. Very common in colloquial Latin. - acervus: with a reminiscence of the ant, 34.

45-46. The figure is from Lucilius, 555 f. (Marx) :

milia ducentum frumenti tollis medimnum,

vini mille cadum.

-triverit: this should be called a fut. perf., to correspond to the fut. capiet, but in many uses of these forms the Latin did not make the sharp distinction between indic. and subj. which we make in our systematic grammar. The phrase is in paratactic relation to capiet, expressing a hypothetical concession; cf. 1, 3, 15; 1, 10, 64; 2, 6, 48, and many places in the Satires and Epistles. area: SO teret area, Verg. Georg. 1, 192, with a slight personification of the threshing floor.

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non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus; ut si
reticulum panis venalis inter onusto

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forte vehas umero, nihilo plus accipias quam
qui nil portarit. Vel dic, quid referat intra
naturae finis viventi, iugera centum an
mille aret? At suave est ex magno tollere acervo.'
Dum ex parvo nobis tantundem haurire relinquas,
cur tua plus laudes cumeris granaria nostris ?

46. hoc: on this account; so
1, 3, 93; 1, 6, 110, and often, es-
pecially with comparatives. — ut,
si: to be taken separately; just
as, if you should carry ..
would receive.

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47. inter: prepositions of two syllables are often placed after the noun in Horace.

48. accipias: pres.; when the train of slaves halts for the noonday lunch. portavit: perf.; on the march, now past.

49. intra naturae finis: this limitation, a doctrine of Stoic philosophy, is necessary to the argument, which is directed, not against great fortunes in themselves, but against the accumulation of unused wealth.

50. viventi: with refert the person interested is expressed by the gen. and no good parallel to this dat. is known. Yet the general sense is such that the dat. is perfectly intelligible.

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nice to have a large bank account to draw upon.' The argument in 52 ff. continues the thought of intra naturae finis viventi, with a side reference to ex magno acervo.

52. tantundem: 'as much as one would take from the great heap.' haurire: properly of drawing off a liquid, used here in anticipation of the next illustration. relinquas contains both the suggestion of 'leave to me in spite of your desire to get everything' and the meaning concede, permit, and in the latter sense takes the infin. haurire.

53. cumeris granaria: cumerae are described by the scholiast as small bins of wickerwork or large earthenware jars, used for storing small quantities of grain. The word is somewhat rare, but is used again by Horace (Epist. 1, 7, 30) and was perhaps familiar to him from the management of his own small farm. It is, of course, set in contrast to the granaria of the large estate, and the sentence really repeats the idea of 45-46 and of 49-51.

puss

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ut tibi si sit opus liquidi non amplius urna, pen vel cyatho, et dicas, ' Magno de flumine mallem quam ex hoc fonticulo tantundem sumere.' Eo fit, plenior ut si quos delectet copia iusto,

cum ripa simul avolsos ferat Aufidus acer;

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at qui tantuli eget quanto est opus, is neque limo turbatam haurit aquam, neque vitam amittit in undis. At bona pars hominum, decepta cupidine falso,

54. ut

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si: just as if, 'that is as if'; to be taken together, not like ut si, 46, where ut has its own verb. -liquidi: here, as in so many cases, Horace begins with the general and advances to the specific; liquidi, instead of aquae, gives a sense like 'something to drink.' So magno de flumine is general, Aufidus, 58, is specific. urna: a pitcher, cyatho, a glass, the precise measurements not being in mind here.

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55. mallem : I should have preferred. The man is thought of as standing near the little spring (notice hoc) and wishing, contrary to the fact, that he were near a river.

56. fonticulo: diminutive of contempt, to contrast with magno.

57. plenior . . . iusto : more than he ought to have; the whole sentence must be rendered freely. -ut: with ferat.

58. cum ripa simul: bank and all. The Aufidus, a rapid river in Horace's native Apulia, would undermine its banks in flood time and be turbid with mud.

HOR. SAT.-3

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59. The distinction here made between eget, wants, desires, and opus est, needs, is fundamental to the whole argument; it repeats intra naturae finis, 49f., and is the opposite of plenior si quos delectet, 57.

60. turbatam, vitam amittit : these ideas merely carry the thought on into vivid details which make the folly of the device more evident, as, in the triumph of using a successful comparison in argument, one is easily tempted to carry it beyond the likeness. Horace does not mean that the money of the rich man was muddy or 'tainted'; that thought was not Roman; nor is he at this point thinking of the loss of real life in over-absorption in busi

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